Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT NO: 2

(History of Architecture 2)

Submitted to:

Ar. Rene Francis Dimalanta

Submitted by:

Roldan Reeve Roger Reig

BS Arch 2-1

Date Submitted

February 16 2019
 Introduction

Southeast Asian architecture is based on climatically and geographically

historical context. The structures and buildings in South East Asia are made up with their

vernacular materials. Most of the materials are commonly used to have resistant to the

weather and not easily destroyed by the weather. Temples, Stupas, Churches and

Vernacular house are the product of Southeast Asian architecture, because of invasion and

colonizing. Countries in South East Asia are adopting the culture of invaders. A

Objective

The main objective of this research is to give information to the readers

about South East Asian architecture to know their culture history and how they used and

purposed of their materials that they used as constructing the structure, building and houses
History of Southeast Asia Architecture

The architecture of Southeast Asia is mainly influenced by the Chinese and

Indonesians. Most of Southeast Asia’s great temples were built by the 13th century. The

Indian royal temple, which dominated Southeast Asian culture, typically stood on a terraced.

The constructions are made up with stone but it could be brick and sculpted with stucco,

besides temple Southeast Asia is also known for the stuppas that also made with brick and

stucco

The Shailendra dynasty made an impact in Southeast Asia architecture that

flourished in Java in Indonesia. The dynasty was marked by a great cultural renaissance

associated with the introduction of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and it attained a high level of

artistic expression in the many temples and monuments built under its rule. During the reign

of kings, the famous stupa of Borobuḍur.  Borobuḍur a buddhist commemorative mound

usually containing holy relics that found in Java and it has symbolic forms of the stupa.

Myanmar Architecture

Myanmar has 3 essential kinds of religious (Buddhist) structure.(1) Stupas (2)

temples and (3) the monasteries. Stupas are like bell-shaped structures that contain a holy

relic or scripture. The temples this is the place where they worship and the monasteries this

is where the monks meditate and sleep

The main building types found at Pagan and at other ancient and historical

sites—and modern places too—are stupas, temples and monasteries. Stupas are solid

structures that typically cannot be entered and were constructed to contain sacred Buddhist

relics that are hidden from view (and vandals) in containers buried at their core or in the

walls. Temples have an open interior that may be entered and in which are displayed one or

more cult images as a focus for worship. Although this simple distinction between Stupa and
temple is useful, the distinction is not always clear. There are stupas such as the Myazedei

that have the external form of a stupa but are like a temple with an inner corridor and

multiple shrines. A third building type of which there are abundant examples is the

monastery that can be either a one-room building or a vast complex of buildings.

Design Motifs/ Elements (Myanmar)

The lotus motif is a decorative feature found on the architecture of Buddhist

shrines and sacred depositories such as chedis (stupas). The upper part of a chedi just

below the pinnacle consists of the diamond bud—the pennant-shaped vane. The umbrella is

an elongated bulbous portion of the chedi known as the banana bud. Just below it is the

Kya-yint (Mumifh) that is a motif of large lotus petals encircling the chedi. Next is the Kya-lan

(Mumvef), which is the part of the chedi that resembles a spreading upturned lotus flower.

Then comes the Kya-nu which is a motif of small lotus petals. And lastly is the Kya-Hmauk

(MumarSmuf), which resembles an inverted lotus flower. These motifs add to the grace and

beauty of chedis. The lotus motif also decorates the pinnacles of tiered roofs of monasteries

and palaces and there is also a vessel somewhat like a fruit stand decorated with lotus

petals for offering food and fruits at sacred Buddha shrines. The exotic lotus is a motif which

also adorns the gold thrones on which we place Buddha images.

Vietnam Architecture

Vietnam architecture was influenced by the Chinese and western style of

architecture. The development of the design is focused on natural surroundings and social

economical state of affairs. Bamboos, wood, leaves, stone are their common construction

materials but they developed to use brick and ceramic as they continue to explore new

materials in construction
 The architecture of Vietnam started long time ago. It started from Hung King

Dynasty. In that era wood are the primary construction materials they used wood to build

house to protect them into wild animals. Most of their houses are designed like tortoise

(shell) and boat like shaped

Ly Dynasty

In 11th Century Ly Dynasty created a huge of impact in architecture in

Vietnam. The Ly Dynasty has 5 orthodox styles those fives are citadels, palaces, castles,

pagodas and houses. The architecture of Ly Dynasty are high residential, decorative roofs,

door step, banister and round statues

Tran Dynasty

The Tran Dynasty is known for pagoda, house, temple and citadel

Pho Minh tower/ temple is one of the greatest contribution of Tran dynasty. The structure

was designed in three main sections: the lobby, main hall, and sanctuary. Interior garden

and yard played an important part in total structure complex

 Le Dynasty

Under King Le reign, the orthodox architecture was royal palace and royal tomb. In

16th and 17th century, religion architecture got the new advance.

But Thap temple in Bac Ninh Province is known for its structure and its decorative

statue. Once social organization lost quality, folk-art continued to be reflected in carvings

and paintings, hunting, sloughing, wrestling, and cutting. The pagoda and temple

construction techniques achieved progress throughout the 18th century.  Two pearls of

architecture at that time were Tay Phuong pagoda and Bang Communal House
Architecture in Cambodia

Cambodian Architecture has become synonymous to Khmer Architecture it is

because of growth of Khmer Empire. One of their trademarks is the temples that built in

mountains which faced in eastern side because of their rituals; basically the structures of

Cambodian architecture are mainly used for their religion.

Cambodian architecture is also known for prestigious tone work. The stone

work are carved into different figures that mostly it has definition or purpose in the structure

Architecture in Philippines

The Philippine architecture is a result of natural growth with absorption of

varied influences. The Philippine Architecture was dominated by Spanish and contributes

religious belief and structures like churches and bahay na bato that until now some of the

structures are still remain. The main materials that have been used that time are woods,

rocks bamboos and anahaw

The United States of America also has a huge contribution in Philippine

Architecture. During that time the neoclassical architecture and the art deco are the styles

that have been used. Especially in Manila where some Filipino and American architect was

using the two styles in that time.

In the late 20th century one of the main styles that have been introduced is the

brutalist architecture. During the Marcos prime the Philippine architecture adopted the

brutalist architecture. Some structure are The CCP and PICC which designed by

Arch.Leadnro Locsin.
Architecture in Malaysia

An Influence of Colonial Architecture to Building Styles and Motifs in Colonial

Cities in Malaysia the colonists had adopted their architectural styles in building modified to

the climate context (warm and humid climate). These colonial buildings in Malaysia also

have combinations of the styles from other cultures such as Indian and Chinese due to

migrations and from the local Malay traditions. This paper will discuss about the

development of architectural styles that have been experienced in Malaysia since the

colonial era. These unique architectural styles and motifs have heritage values, many of

which are being conserved until today. Apart from that, we will also look into their influences

in a smaller scale as well as in a larger scale – as this has formed an identity for Malaysia’s

architecture. We have been arguing for some time about the true identity that represents

Malaysia’s architecture, and this matter has recently become a main factor to consider when

deciding the style of architectural decorations to be integrated into building design. On the

contrary, there is also an urgent need to develop new appropriate design linked with the past

and present. A synchronized awareness by both the architects and the planners of the

historical and cultural perspective of a place and its architectural precedence provides a

firmer basis in the pursuit to relate new designs with the local technology and sosio-

economic development

Architecture in Indonesia

The architecture of India is known because of the diversity of cultural and

geographic influences. During their prime era, which is known because of their capability to

invade and colonize other countries. The Indonesia brought cultural changes that affect the

architecture of India and the other countries. One of the examples that contribute to the

other countries is the religious and belief of the Indians.

countries. Their materials in using the house are more likely based on having a resistant

from the weather. Bricks, timber, and bamboo are some of the materials that they commonly

used. The architecture of India uses different styles. Vernacular, Religious and colonial

architecture styles are some of the example of the styles that they used.

Conclusion

South East Asia has a lot of countries those countries enriched with different

history beliefs and culture. Structures are commonly used with purpose. Churches temples

and vernacular house are some of the structures in south East Asia. We can summarize that

Southeast Asian architecture possesses of adaptation and natural nature of beauty.

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