INDIAN ARCHITECTURE imagination.

Worshiped directly or in the form of

his ten avatara – who Rama and Krishna are
 Seventh largest country famous
 India’s cost 7.5km – with 43% sandy beaches,  Brahma – god of Creation, one of the Trimurti
11% rocky coast, 46% mud or marshy coast along with Vishnu and Shiva
 Indo-gangetic plain fertile – northern, central  Shiva – god of Yogis – destroyer of the world,
and eastern India God of change in the form of death and
 Deccan plateau – southern India destruction
 Thar Desert – rocky and sandy, western India  Ishvara – supreme personal god
 Climatic zone  Avatar – reincarnation to restore dharma
o Alpine Zone – high altitudes of Himalayas  Sthapati – master architect, head of craftsmen
o Sub tropical – prevalent in the north, typical  the main character of Indian architecture is rock
climate architecture
o Tropical – wet monsoon, and dry
o Arid – high temp and low rainfall, prevalent in  HINDU ARCHITECTURE
the west
 Indus Valley Civilization – earliest known civil in
Asia 3000-1500BC
o World’s first urban sanitation system
o Houses with private baths connected to public
drainage
o Cities consisted citadel raised habove
residential and production districts
o Around 1500BC came the Aryans attacking
the Dravidians
o They are Hindus, introduction of Hinduism,
they believed in Karma
o 5th century came the 2 religion: Buddhism &
Jainism
 Hinduism – aka Vedism / Vedic Brahmanism
which includes worship in the form of images
o Teaching centered on mantra of 4 Vedas –
sound, syllable, word, group of words that is
capable of creating transformation
o Religion that has no specific creed, embraces
other beliefs such as Buddhism
 Sikh temples / gurdwara – place of worship for
Shiva and Vishnu, started in Punjab, India
 Gurdwara – doorway to the Guru
 Vastu purusha mandala – traced in the ground,
coordinating with cardinal axes to assess where
temples should be built
 Dharma – ethics / duties
 Samsara – reincarnation – continuing cycle of
birth, life, death and rebirth
 Moksha – liberation/freedom from samsara,
means “release” in Sanskrit
 Yogas – paths or practices
 Artha – livelihood / wealth  Temple architecture
 Kama – sensual desire/pleasure/wish o diff shape of roofing
 Deva – Hindu God, celestial entities, heavenly o structural system: post and beam with
bodies, depicted in art and architecture massive blocks of stone
 Brahman – the supreme Being / God o decorations are fundamental, intricate
o Different gods depending on sect: Vishnu,, o fractals – used in Hindu temple (geometric
Brahma, Shiva, Shakti shapes that repeat themselves as the scale
 Vishnu – diving color of water filled clouds, four changes)
armed holding lotus, mace, conch and chakra o one representation of Hindu temple is the
(wheel). Known as the preserver of the world. aedicules (small shrines)
Having ‘Universal Form’ (Vishvarupa) wc is o Main characters of temple
beyond the limits of human perception or
  garbhagriha – most important
architecture, a dark cuboid cell, innermost
sanctum, womb chamber holding the
image (murti) of deity
 vimana – towering roof structure
 mandapas – multiple pillared halls
 prakaras – concentric enclosure
 gopurams – series of entrance gate
 shikhara – the superstructure, the tower,
dominant feature of north Hindu temple
 kalasha – topmost point of the temple
 jagati – raised platform for sitting and
praying
 antarala – transition between garbagriha
and main hall
 Two main branches of temple architecture:
Nagara (northern), Dravida (southern), plus
the combination of the two Vesara
 NAGARA TEMPLE
o Consists of beehive shaped curvilinear
tower called Shikhara - Sanskrit word means
“mountain peak” – tower in northern Hindu
temple, where the deity is enshrined
- Nagara aedicules
o Latina – common type of Shikhara, form is a
single slightly curved tower with 4 sides of
Pallavas Architecture
equal length, thus square in plan
o Valabhi – earliest alternative to Latina, the
only one that doesn’t include Shikhara,
instead made of aedicular component
crowned by gayaksha (horseshoe motif)
o Shekhari – grandest of all mode with central
Latina spire with urushringa – half spires
added on all sides
 DRAVIDA TEMPLE
- pyramid shaped temples
- intricated carved stones
- step design for the deities
- Sikhara of th North is Vimana / Gopuram
on the South
- Dravida aedicules – Kuta and Shala
 Four kingdoms that ruled and stamped their
architecture influence in South Indian
1. Vesara Badami Chalukya
2. Rashtrakutas
3. Kalyani Chalukya
4. Pallavas
5. Chola

 Chaitya Halls - rock-cut sanctuary, apsidal plan

with pillars defining a barrel vault, consists of sun
window in the center
 Viharas - a monastery, and a living space for
monks – ex. Takht-I Bahi - preserved Buddhist
monastery or Vihara in Gandhara
 Stambha/Pillars - free standing monolithic
column erected over sites because of their
sacred associations
 Sikhara – tower of Northern Hindu temple
 Vimanam – tower of Southern Hindu temple
 Gopuram – monumental tower entrance of a
Southern temple, ornate, prominent feature of
Hindu temple of the South
 Sikhara’s Amalaka – bulbous stone finial
 Chatri – elevated dome shaped pavilion, chatri
means umbrella
 Chajja – the projecting eaves of Indian
architecture, also acts as heat sinks
 Jali – perforated stone or lattice screen
 Jharokha – type of overhanging balcony

 BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
o 536 BC – birth of Buddha
o 269-32 BC – Mauryan ruler Ashoka made
Buddhism an official religion of his empire,
start of Buddhist architecture in India
o 7th century – Buddhism fully absorbed
o After Buddha’s death, pilgrimage grew and
sites were laid along trade routes, merchants
played as patrons ad pilgrims
o Siddharta Gautama –name of the Buddha
o Buddha means “the awakened one”,
believed to transmit highly important
knowledge about the meaning of life
o Tripitaka – writings in Buddhism
o Four Noble Truths: Truth of Suffering
(Dukkha), Truth of the Origin of Suffering
(Samudaya), Truth of the Cessation of THAILAND ARCHITECTURE
Suffering (Nirodha), Truth of the Path to the
Cessation of Suffering (Magga)  “Land of the free”
o Eight Fold Path - the path of Buddhist  Borders of Laos and Myamar on the North,
practices leading to liberation from samsara, Cambodia on the East, Gulf of Thailand on the
the painful cycle of rebirth South and Myanmar on the West
o Stupas – supreme sacred Buddhist  Climate: dry or cool, hot and rainy
monument  Materials: sandstone door parts, lintels,
- solid domical mound crowned with parasol rectangular windows, brick replaced sandstone,
- Stupa at Sanchi – symbol of renewal stucco cover for brick walls, wood used in
- Vedika – railing surrounding the stupa temple construction, porcelain fragments
- Harmika – square platform at the top influenced by Chinese, used in decorations
containing the triple umbrella (yashti)  Religious influence: buddhism, hinduisam, islam,
- Chatri / Yashti – symbol of honor judaism, sikhism, christianity
- Anda – hemi-spherical dome  Sohn Uttar Sthavira – one of the royal monks of
- Medhi – circular platform Ashoka came to Thaildand with other monks and
- Sopanas – two stairways to anda books
- Pradakshina – circumambulation  95% of Thailand’s pop. is buddhist
passingthru the upper and lower passage  Buddhism influence majority came from Hindu
- Toronas – the gateway about 8.5m high beliefs of Cambodia, Vedic Hinduism had a
- Types of Stupas strong role in ealry Thai institution of kingship
1. Object stupa –items interred are objects  people worshipped Hindu deities and Buddhas
belonged to the Buddha or his disciples  Islam – southern thailand – Mosque – Matsayit
2. Relic stupa - relics of buddha and his Klang
disciples. Ashoke distributed part of  Judaism – jewish community, first arrival in 17th
Buddha’s relics to different sites century because of the arrival of Baghdadi
3. Commemorative stupa – for Jewish families
commemoration events for Buddha  Sikhism – first sikh to migrate is Ladha Singh in
4. Symbolic stupa – symbolize aspect of 1890 then early 1900s sikhs migrate to Thai
Buddhist theology  Thai architecture – influence of Buddhist
5. Votive stupa – for visits or to gain spiritual countries, cultures of Burma, China, Khmer, India
benefits, usually at the site of prominent and Sri Lanka. Distinguishing feature:
stupas which are regularly visited
 swooping multi-tiered rooflines, ornamental o Chedi – solid dome shaped structure, relics of
deco, stunning interior murals, vivid colors, Buddha are housed, wat complexes are built
adorned Buddha images around the sacred Chedi
 Thai house – earliest is made of bamboo and o Vishnu – the thunderbolt sign of Vishnu at the
thatch raised off the ground protection against top of Chedi
flood and wild animals. o Wihan – second assembly hall, larger to the
o Central Plains House – elevated on stout bot, but no bai seeams, used by laypeople to
round posts, steep roofs with curved make offering to the Buddha figure
bargeboards and paneled walls leaning o Prang – towering phallic spires as seen in Wat
slightly inwards. Consist of single unit, Arun
outside veranda. Ngao – distinct feature of o Chofa – most recognizable archi detail of wat.
Central Plains roof gable, elegantly curved Meas tassel of air. A high stylized Garuda or
decoration at the end of bargeboards fierce bird featured in Hindu myth. Also a royal
symbol denoting that the structure is operated
by royals
o Mondap – square based structure topped with
spires/cruiciform, contains sacred teext or
object of worship
evolved in Khmer o Bodhi tree – ficus religiosa – aka sacred
architecture then appears to religious Figar Pipal Tree. Where buddha attained
buildings and palaces enlightenment
o Royal houses – similar design to those o Cloister – main wall enclosure at the main
commoners except they were closer to the area of wat complex (phutthawat), painted
ground and had more deco features – ex. with deco murals and Buddha images
Tamnak Daeng (Red house) – built by o Sangjawat – monks’ living quarters
King Rama I for one of his queens
o Ho Rakangs – bell towers that summon
o Northern Houses – counterpart of Central
monks to pray
Plains, walls leaning ooutward with smaller
o Ho Trai – wat library with holy scriptures
windows. Kalae – V-shaped decorative
o Minor salas – meeting place for pilgrims
feature at the end of the roof
 Royal Architectue – Royal houses and
mansions
o Teak wood: main structural material with
distincitve red color
o royal wats or houses can be identified thru
rat, raja or racha in their names
 Paneling – paneled walls are recent addition to o The Red House in Bangkok is a typical royal
Thai houses house and a good example of Thai Royal
 Gate – for rich families, with Thai style roofing Architecture
opening to the central platform  The Grand Palace
 Jar of water – placed at the bottom of the steps,  Five hisorical periods that marks religious
visitors wash their feet before entering architectural styles
 Sala – open sided pavilion, outside the main 1. Khmer influence – from Cambodia – Khmer
house, giving shade, serves as living room architecture ex. Angkor Wat Temple
 Religious architecture – Thai Temple or Wat - dictated by Hindu beliefs, astrology and
 THAI TEMPLE OR WAT – group of buildings subjugation to God.
each serving purpose, the lessons of Buddha - architecture based on physical extent and
were thaught, a school, hospital, community internal divisions
center and entertainment venue - Angkor – Khmer / Cambodia capital
o Column capitals – shaped like lotus buds
or water lilies symbolizing the purity of
Buddha’s teachings
o Bot – assembly hall of all wats, aka ubosot,
reserved for monk to perform ceremones,
faces east, houses the Buddha image
o Bai Semas – surrounds the bot, sacred Phimai Temple, Isaaan, Thailand
boundary stones, keep away evil spirits, 2. Sukhothai influence - found by 2 thai
normally eight in total, but double slab stones governors, who rebelled against Khmers.
for royal wats - GOLDEN AGE OF THAI CULTURE.
- King Ramkhamhaeng – most famous
monarch that rule the Sukhothai kingdom. He
 has a famous stone with inscrips written in - Thai art, cultue, philosophy, literature
Thai survived intact through the centuries influenced by Buddhism and Hinduism
- Wat Si Chum, Sukhothai – temple of Bodhi - Lopburi Architectural Style – constructed
Tree, the largest and historically important from bricks and cut stones with influences
Buddhist temple during the Sukhothai period, from Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism.
famous for enormous stucco Buddha over Fluorished in Kampuchea then to Thailand.
11m width called Phra Achana (one who is Prang – finger like spire, richly carved
not frightened) - Architecture during King Rama III –
concept of in/out. IN – gable ends decorating
the roof. OUT – gable ends of the roof is plain
bricks and stucco

Wat Si Chum King Ramkhamhaeng’s Stone

3. Ayutthaya influence - Capital of Thai
kingdom found by U-Thong King in 1350
Wat Phra Keow
- an island formed by 3 rivers, Chao Phraya,  Temple of Emerald Buddha
Pasak & Loburi surrounded by rice terraces  Revered possession of Chakri dynasty

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE
 Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia
 First people are indigenous tribes, then malays
from mainland asia
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Park  Islam – dominant religion 61% followed by
- society of builders rather than sculptors Buddhism, Christianity, hinduism and others
- Three Palaces of Ayutthaya for its rulers  Architecture – Islamic + Chinese
 North houses same on Thailand, south houses
same on Injava
 Common elements in Peninsular Malaysia -
pitched roof, verandahs, high ceiling, raised on
stilts
 Malay Houses
o relies strength on complex jointing system of
a. Wang Luan (Royal Palace) – principal timber wedges which allows house to be
king, northern rim of city disassemble and reassemble elsewhere
b. Wang Na (Palace to the Front) – second o based on tropical conditions
or Vice-king, northeastern corner of the city o on stilts, with large windows, varying floor
c. Wang Lang (Palace to the Rear) – height to distinguish function, partitioned
princes of the royal blood, western part of rooms
the city o with high vernacular roofs, gabled traditionally
4. Lanna influence - prosperous self ruling covered with thatched, but now in galvanized
kingdom iron
- “Land of million rice fields” o intricately carved
- Founded by King Mengri o timber structure
- Nopburi Sri – town during Lanna influence
o post and beam method
- Powerful period – during the reign of King
 Use of interior space of Malay house –
Tilorokarat
multifunctional, use of space can be changed in
- Lanna Architectural Style – found in
diff times of the day and year, minimal partitions
northern region of Thailand
and furniture to allow flexible use
- chinese, indian and mon, harpunchai, chiang
 Two main division of the house: rumah ibu (core
saen and sukhothai infuenc then developed
house) dapur (kitchen)
its own character
- materials: wood, stones & bricks  Early Malay houses – on timber stilts, made of
5. Rattanakosin influence – from Cambodia, materials available from tropical forests: timber,
Laos and Malay, formed by Chakri Dynasty bamboo, rattan, roots and leaves
- King Rama I built a new capital to revive  Wood – main building material
the glory of old Ayutthaya  Bamboo and leaves – other materials
- Economic activity: agriculture  Kampong house – villages – detached house
with no fence, traditional Malaysian house used
by people in rural areas
 Long houses of Sarawak – symbolizes the o Shady arcades – gallery made of series of
communal lifestyle of ethnic groups of Malay, arches supported by columns
several families in one house, with own private o Minaret – tower which the call to prayer is
unit and shared communal spaces such as the made 5 times per day
gallery for social activities and open deck to dry o Porch – covered entrance to central nave
crops and laundry, made of nipa palm o Prayer hall – area made of several naves
 Structures of Malaysia and covered with rugs used by muslims to
1. Malay house of Peninsular East Coast pray
(Rumah Tiang Enam) – influenced by Thai o Porch dome – deco dome atop the central
and Cambodia, considered as the richest porch
cultural heritage of Peninsular Malay states o Minbar - a pulpit at the head of a staircase;
2. Malay house of Peninsular West Coast the Prophet and the first caliphs preached
(Bumbung Perak / Bubung Potangan from the Minbar but many imams preach
Belanda) “Dutch style roof ridge” – main from one of the steps as a sign of respect
distinguishing feature of West Coast is the o Mihrab – empty niche in the Qibla wall
roof, with 2 major forms such as the indicating the direction of Mecca
indigenous bumbung Panjang (long ridge o Mihrab dome –dome decorating the back of
roof) and foreign influenced bumbung lima
the central nave near mihrab
(hipped roof), also consists of rumah ibu
o Qibla wall – wall that faces the Mecca
(main living area) as the main component of
o Shoe shelf
all varying malay houses in the west
o Prayer rugs
3. Traditional Palaces of the Peninsular West
Coast
o separation of men and women, respect to
hierarchy dictated the spatial organization
o Istana Seri Menanti – one of the few
remaining timber palaces in Malaysia, in
feudal society, it serves as the residence
of the sultan or raja, center of learning,
culture and arts
o Istana Seri Akar – with grandest gate
4. Buddhist temple – Kek Lok Si Temple – best
known temple in the island and the largest in
Southeast Asia, heavily commercialized with
shops at every level
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
5. Hindu temple – Arulmigu Sri
Mahamariamman Temple – features  Nippon Koku – official name which means State
fascinating sculptures of gods and goddesses of Japan
over its entrance and façade  6852 islands, with largest important islands of
6. Mosque – Putra Mosque/Masjid Putra, Zahir Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido
Mosque, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz  Capital – Tokyo
Mosque, Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque  Materials: wood, planks, straw, tree bark, paper,
o Parts of Mosque etc. for almost all structures, stone rarely used
o Door – muslim remove shoes before  Structural: relatively earthquake resistant,
entering the mosque interior wood frames carry load of structures
o Central nave – mosque’s principal nave  Walls made of paper are non-load bearing
adjoining the mihrab  Warm aesthetic
o Mecca – religious capital of Islam is in  Religion: 50.7% Shintoism, 43.6 Buddhims,
Saudi Arabia so muslim prayers are always 1.2% Christianity, 4.5% others
performed facing Mecca  Buddhism reached Japan via China and Korea
o Fortified wall – fortification that once during the Kudara Kingdom in 6th century BC
protected inhabitants seeking refuge inside  Shintoism – oldest religion
the mosque during wars - Shinto – way of the gods
o Courtyard – uncovered spaces, ablutions - Kami – god present in nature, taking the form of
fountain is located rocks, mountains, rivers, rain, wind, etc.
o Ablutions fountain – fountain that muslims - No specific god, bible, preacher or savior
use to wash and symbolically purify certain - Rituals in prayers, purification, offering to drive
parts of their bodies before entering the bad spirits
prayer hall - Religion based on Japanese culture
o Reception hall – large room to greet visitors - Amaterasu – Sun Goddess, most important
Kami. They believe that humans become
 ancestral kami after death, important persons’ - Wayo/Japanese style – style and method
Kami are place in a shrine of temple building, temples along
- Shinto Shrines – where Kami dwells, Shinto mountainside or hilltop, in scenice views
priests do the rituals, both gender can be priest 4. Muromachi Period AD1336-1573
and allowed to marry, priest’s unmarried - Muromachi in Kytoto – military base of
daughter or other maiden in white kimono are Shogun Ashikaga Takauji
the priest’s assistant during rituals - Zen Buddhism in Japan
- Buddhism vs Shintoism – there is conflict in - tea ceremony (chanoyu) became famous
the past, but settled to be religions of Japan so tea houses (chasitsu) were
- Events about life – Shinto Shrine, constructed, intro by Buddhist monk Eichu
Death – Buddhist Temple - roji – small garden in tea houses
 Pre-historic Japan - Muromachi garden design - integration of
1. Paleolithic – controversial existence of garden setting in bldg. design, minimalistic
Japanese approach – reduced scale of building
2. Jomon – means pottery in Japanese spaces against larger landscape to
- hunter – gatherer inhabitants occupying serve as a backdrop
permanent settlement - Rivalry of shogunate vs aristocrats =
- Pit House (Tataena-shiki) – circular extravagance in lifestyle
shape, floor is earth with pit covered with - Castle construction
stone serving as fire place, walls made of 5. Azuchi-Momoyama Period AD1573-1603
thatch, tree parts used as pillars - Oda Nobunaga – consolidated japan after
3. Yayoi – introduced farming = permanent internal war
settlement, stilt houses to avoid dampness, - tea ceremony continued, castle
interaction with Han dynasty gave yayoi skills construction continued
in wood construction - Matsumoto castle – aka Crow Castle
- wooden walls, roof made of grass, wood because of its black color, ex of castle built
beams and tree trunks for mortise and on flat land
tenon, people use chisel, saw and metal - Himeji castle – aka White Heron, a hilltop
devices to construct, houses used for Japanese castle, Himeji, Hyogo Prefecture
living & storage, presence of rat guard,
removable ladder
4. Kofun – rule of Yamato Clan – first royal
family, Asuka period, exchange of technology
and culture happened due to China during
Han dynasty and Korea-Baekje 6. Edo Period AD1603-1868
- Kofun means large burial mound for - Tokugawa Leyasu founder of Togukawa
Japanese nobility, name given to the Shogunate
period - In 1635 closed japan to foreigners
- Commoners built their own kofun later - allow trade in Nagasaki
- Key holed shaped, largest about 400m in - banned Christianity
length, located along hills, surrounded by - defined social structure for commoners
moat – Samurai as the highest -> farmers ->
- Stone chambers and rituals were artisans and merchants
performed in the mound - by 1700,
 Imperial Japan - commerce, trade, literature and arts
1. Asuka Period AD539-710 flourished
- Nara – permanent capital after the city of - cities and commerce flourish, merchants
Tang, arrival of Buddhist religion, became enjoys Kabuki and Bunraku theatre
the center of Buddhist faith - printing and publication of books, education
- grid layout of street - population increased = 2 storey houses
- bldgs copied chinese capital – Chang’an - Great fire of 1657 lead to new approach in
style urban design by placing stone
2. Heian Period AD794-1192 embankment
- Shogun – military generals  ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- Buddhism and clergy was powerful  Roof – most visually impressive feature of japan,
- temples add height and size for more fxn often half the size of the whole edifice, curve
- height of Confucianism eaves that extend far beyond the walls, covering
- merging Buddhist archi style to Shinto verandas, weight supported with tokyo
shrines - ex. unpainted timber walls painted red
3. Kamakura Period AD1192-1333
- Shogun/generals ruled territories
- Architecture and technological advances
 o
o Tokyo – complex bracket system supporting
eaves of bldg., use of this made necessary
element for support and decorative fxn
o plant roofing tiles and cypress called hinoki
used for roofs o Sando – pathway, road to the shrine, can
o hidden roof – second roof can be seen under have stone lanterns (toro) as a deco along the
the eaves of true roof during this period, it is way, can have more than one sando, Omote-
used as a solution to roof drainage problems, Sando / front Sandō, Ura-Sandō / rear Sandō
widely used in Japan, true roof above and o Chozuya – water filled basins for visitors,
second roof under, permitting outer roof of before entering the shrine, with wooden ladle
steep pitch to have eaves of shallow pitch (hishaku) “tabo”
o Roof styles o Toro – stone lantern
o Kagura-den – dedicated to the Kagura dance
– Shinto theatrical dance
o Shamusho –, day shrine office -to-day
management of the shrine, where worshippers
may apply for special rituals of blessing,
sometimes sell shinatsu - goodluck talismans
o Ema – wooden plaques for bearing
prayers/wishes, then left hanging where kami
are believed to receive them, have various
pics such as animals/other Shinto images with
word gani – wish
o Sessha / Masha – small/miniature shrines
o Irimoya – hip and gable roof o Koma – statue of pair of lion/dog-like
- side of roofing extends out and up from creatures – lions are called sando komainu –
each side of the rectangular structure visiting lion dog, jinnai komainu – shrine inside
- two of the shorter side topped then two lion dog
longer side continue to the top until joined o Haiden – hall of worship or oratory placed in
- most elegant, used by upper class people front and connected to the shrine’s sanctuary
and castles o Tamagaki – fence surrounding the Honden
o Irimoya – simplest, gable roof o Honden - sacred part of the Shinto shrine,
- rarely used in castles except as small roof main hall where kami represented by statue or
for koraimon gates, lower class use it mirror, is enshrined
o Hogyo – hip roof, used in traditional Japanese - located at the back away from public, only
architecture esp. for buddhist constructions priest are allowed to use the hall
o Irimoya – hip roof - raised platform surrounded with fence
- descends from the ridge on four sides known as tamagaki
- masumi – corner bisected so two 45 - relatively small with gabled roof
degree angles are created - where Go-shintai is placed, a temporary
 Shinto Shrines – palace of the God / house of repository of the enshrined Kami that is not
the Kami, buddhist origin, near scenic views divine
o Torii (Shinto Gate) – entrance to the area - chigi – forked finials & katsugoi – short
- division of real world and divine world horizontal logs protruding from roof ridge
- made of stone, wood, metal or concrete
- a shrine can have many torii in diff places
where increase level of holiness is present
 - Kondo – golden hall, centerpiece of ancient
temple’s garan (compound), housing the main
statues and images of buddha for worship
- Kodo – buddhist scriptures are read here,
same to Butsuden and Hotto

extreme simplicity, plain

4 identical bldgs. that compose it,
unfinished wood, entrance
extremely simple, entrance on
on one of the non-gabled
gabled side
sides, no curve on roof  Features of Temples
 Onigawara (ridge ogre tile) – roof
ornamentation, roof tile or statues depicting a
Japanese ogre, oni – fearsome beast
 Oni ita – a board with face of oni

entrance on gabled end

covered with veranda,
columns painted vermillion,
plank walls are white

entrance on gabled side,

cypress bark-covered

roof, plus archaic  Katomado – a window in shape of lotus flower /
features like gable end
pillars and single central
pointed arch / bell
pillar, stairs covered with  Toribusuma - has a strong upward curve and is
independent roof placed on top of an ogre tile
 Renge mon and tomoe mon – rounded tiles
forming the eaves, a decorative flower or vine
design motif

two parallel structures in gable roof very asymmetrical gabled roof,

interconnected forming one building, projecting on one of the non gabled
called as gaiden and naiden side above the main entrance
 Buddhist temple serving as portico 
- Not a place of worship, more on keeping
important objects of Buddha
- use of planks, straw, tree bark, etc.
- use of stone avoided
- post and lintel to support the large curved roof,
while walls are paper thin
- columnar entasis is limited
- Sanmon – gate
- Goju-no-to – pagoda, a tiered tower with
multiple eaves, made of wood (mokuto) or
stone, a symbol of Buddhist creed, said that 
there are also remains kept here
- Kuni - kitchen
 - sorin – finial, alternate rings
- futaku – windbell, small bells attached to the edges
of sorin’s rings, symbolizes people’s faith
- hoju – “jewel”, ball / tear drop shaped object at the
top most part of pagoda, usually made of bronze
sacred, believed to have the power to expel
evilness, cleanse and fulfill wishes
- horin / korin – largest component of sorin,
symbolizes the 5 famous jina deities and 4
bodhisattva
- roban – where the entire finial rests, cover the top
of the roof to prevent leaks
- shinbashira – the central post of the pagoda,
known to be the key to earthquake resistance
- mokoshi – decorative pent, subsidiary additional
roof component

 JAPANESE HOUSES
 Traditional House

Parts:

- Shoji – a sliding panel that is made of translucent

paper in wooden frame
- Genkan – sunken space after the front door
- Engawa – an outer corridor that wraps around the
edge of the house
- Tatami Floors – mat made of straw, standard size:
3x6ft or 910mmx1820mm
- Fusuma – sliding panel that acts as divider or doors
- Ranma – panels above shoji or fusuma that let light
into rooms, often ornate with wood carvings
- Tokonama – slightly elevated area against a wall
- Amado – shutters that are used to completely seal  surrounding the canopy are eight small
the home phoenixes, jewels and mirrors.
- Chabudai – tables with short legs used while sitting  a sliding door that hid the monarch from
 Shoin-Zukuri view is called kenjo no shoji , and had an
- used in mansions of military, temple guest halls image of 32 Chinese saints painted upon it,
- basis of today’s traditional style houses which became one of the primary models
 Shinden-Zukuri for all of heian period painting
- used in palatial or aristocratic mansions built in -GATES
Kyoto in the Heian period -Kenreimon – cypress wood roof, used for
- shinden – main building, sleeping place, rare occasions welcoming foreign diplomat,
central north-south axis, faces south on an and other important occasions
open courtyard - Gekkamon – smaller gate on the west side
- tai-no-ya – two subsidiary buildings in the right - Jomeimon – inner gate painted in vermillion,
and left of shinden, running east-west. tiled roof
Shinden and tainoya is connected by two - Kenshunmon – another gate in the outer
corridors named sukiwatadono and courtyard
watadono
 Castles
- chumon-ro – central gate corridor, leading to
 Mountain top castle – Yamashiro – built on
the south courtyard
top of mountains protected by rough terrain
- moya – one big space partitioned only by
portable screens, central room of shinden  Flat land Mountains castle – Hirayamajiro –
 JAPANESE TEA HOUSE built on hill or high plateau
- for tea ceremonies  Flat land castle – Hirajiro – erected on plains
- surrounded by small garden called roji surrounded by towns
- floor is covered with tatami mat, conists of  Water castle – Muzishiro – jut out into a
shoji doors and windows made from balsa body of water, ex is the Oda Nobunaga – built
wood and paper to allow light around Lake Biwa – largest lake in Japan
- door is low so people bow as sign of humility
- 2 divisions: mizuya – food preparation,
chashitsu – where tea ceremony placed KOREAN ARCHITECTURE
- Machiai – waiting room for visitors, and offered
sayu (got water) by the hanto – assistant  A propitious site for Korean Architecture is one
- Roji – small garden with excellent topography, ecology,
- Koshikake – waiting bench wholesomeness, and hills and waters.
 PALACE  Pungsu – originated from China as (feng
- Imperial palaces are the seat of the emperor shui), a practice of geomancy
- In the past, a new palace was built with the  Mountains and rivers – the most important
relocation of the capital every time a new elements in pungsu
emperor ascended to the throne. I  THREE KINGDOM PERIOD: Goryeo, Silla,
- First permanent capital – Nara, first Baekje
permanent palace – Heijo palace, then the  Taoism – “untouched nature”
capital capital was moved to Kyoto, thus  Neo-Confucianism – “human and nature as
made a new imperial palace one”
- Shinshin den – hall for state ceremonies,  Hanok – Korean traditional house, also
most important ceremonial bldg. within the reffered as Chosun houses
palace grounds, enthronement ceremonies o Bae-sanimsu – Hanok orientation,
of emperor takes place, gable&hipped roof mountain at the back, river at the front
- Seiryo den – emperor’s habitual residence, o Materials: wood, stone, earth and
personal affair of emperor, center –
plaster, tiles, thatch
emperor’s resting place, east side – two
o Roof
tatami for dignitaries and aristocrats to sit
- Chogajip – thatched roof, for farmers
- Kogosho – court room, where emperor
and low income classes
received bannermen under the control of
- Giwajip – tiled roof, for upperclasses
tokugawa shogun (buke), used for some
o Column
rituals as well
- Ogakumonjo – imperial study / library - Baeheullim – a word for “entasis”,
- Takamikura – imperial throne, a chair in columns that are wider in the middle
black lacquer than their tops and bottoms
 placed under an octagonal canopy resting - Guisoseum – rising at the corners,
on a three-tiered dais painted in black taller columns in the corners
lacquer with balustrades in vermillion - Anssollim – leaning inward, column
 on top of the canopy is a statue of a large are leaning towards the center
phoenix called ho-o
 o Floors
- Maru – keeps the house cool during
summer
- Ondol – heats the floor and rooms
during the cold winters
o Doors & Windows
- Changhoji – a paper used for doors
and windows
o Gates
- Soseuldaemun – used for houses of
public officials
- Pyeongdaemun – used for thos who
don’t hold positions
- Sammun – used for palaces,
government offices, shrines
- Iljumun – simple structure, used to
indicate the beginning of a temple
- Hongsalmun – used to mark the
entrance of sacred sites such as royal
tombs, sometimes painted in red
because of the belief that ghosts
disliked this color
o Walls of Korean houses were usually
made of earth

Parts of a Hanok

1. Sarangchae – front, men’s quarters, used to

receive guests
2. Anchae – center, main quarters to the family,
women’s quarters, higher ground than the
sarangchae
3. Sadang – back, ancestral shrine, elevated to
first receive energy from the land

Method of Construction: Planning:

1. Topography – baesan imsu – mountain at

the back, river in front
2. Orientation – andae – the scene over which
a building looked or faced, Bae-sanimsu –
Hanok orientation, mountain at the back, river
at the front
3. Pillars – laying of foundations and erecting
supporting pillars
 geurengijil – the process of carving
the base of the pillar to match the
irregular surface of the uncut stone
 ipjusik – column erecting ceremony