“ALPAS”: BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - RESEARCH JOURNAL

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Title (Inverted Pyramid Format)

Last Name1, Last name2, Last name3
Bataan National High School – Senior High School
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Abstract – An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually
about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract lets readers get the gist or
essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper, prepares readers to
follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper and helps readers remember key
points from your paper. The typical kinds of information found in most abstracts are: the context or background
information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research the central
questions or statement of the problem your research addresses; what’s already known about this question,
what previous research has done or shown; the main reason(s), the exigency, the rationale, the goals for your
research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why
is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a
fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .; your research
and/or analytical methods; your main findings, results, or arguments; and the significance or implications of
your findings or arguments.
Keywords – emotional intelligence, leadership styles, working environment

INTRODUCTION impact to the society rather than the society

A plethora of studies have agreed on leadership shapes him (Spector, 2014) [1]. Thus, it argues
as a prime enabler of an institution’s both success that a leader with strong leadership capability
and failure. Given the crucial role it plays in any rises to the top and influences others around
organization, many theorists come up with them.
different suppositions on its definitions, Goleman, (2000) [2], in his practical
principles, styles and practices and what understanding of the roles of leaders, similarly
circumstance should these aspects be best applied believes that leaders in order to impact others
on. One of which is Carlyle’s Great Man Theory must recognize personal emotions and know how
which believes that a leader is one who creates an these affect the emotions of other people. From a

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research done on 3, 781 executives in 2000, he further seminars and trainings that will capacitate
extracted six styles of leadership namely visionary, them for a job that puts high importance on
coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and clienteles’ satisfaction.
commanding (Goleman, 2000) [3]. His study Anchored to Goleman's leadership styles,
included a correlational analysis between each of Saxena et al. (2017) identified factors that
the styles and how they impacted the company contribute to the appropriateness of practices
climate. He argued that each style, or tool as he among medical education leaders [5]. It is found
described, suits a particular situation; hence, an out that leader’s hierarchical level relates to his
effective leader must be flexible enough to switch preferred style. As leaders reach a higher level, the
his styles depending on the circumstance at hand. more varied the styles get. Particularly, the
In the Department of Education (DepEd), analyses showed that senior leaders are drawn
aspiring leaders such as school heads and head more to pace-setting and commanding styles,
teachers (HTs) undergo scrupulous examinations whereas junior and middle-level leaders used
and assessments prior installation in adherence to democratic and coaching, respectively. The study
its mandate of delivering quality education. suggested the inclusion of learning of different
Education, experience, training and eligibility, as leadership styles in leadership development
stated in DepEd Order No. 39, s. 2007, among especially for leaders at the beginning levels.
others are the bases from which the applicants Likewise, Abubakari (2017) explored the nature
are assessed (DO 39, S, 2007) [4]. Upon of these leadership styles in selected polytechnics
assumption of post, some of HTs’ duties include in Ghana. He discovered that leaders tend to use
observation of classes, assisting the principal in coaching, pacesetting, democratic, and affiliative
planning programs and activities, coordinating styles [6]. It is also asserted that the realization of
with district and division supervisors and strategic goals entails the right combination of
implementing school policies and regulations. styles in belief that the members will then be
With these mentioned, dealing with people is also propelled to work conscientiously. As an upshot of
imperative in the nature of their work. the study, these leaders are urged to undergo
Despite the meticulous procedure HTs must trainings on the right fusion of the leadership
undertake, this does not necessarily mean that styles for them to yield positive influence over the
leaders are already well-versed with their duties workers.
and responsibilities. There is still a need for

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In the Philippine setting, the correlation team with the school teachers/learning facilitators
between the emotional intelligence (EI) and to deliver quality educational programs, projects
conflict management skills was put forward. and services [9]. Hence, HTs as part of the team
Garcia and Maniago (2018) revealed from their are faced with a challenge to contribute to the
empirical analyses that EI improves with age Organization Development (OD) Framework of
increasing from early adolescence and early DepEd basic education.
adulthood [7]. This finding was observed from the To instill love for work in a workplace, a leader
leaders in select higher education institutions must foster a healthy working environment by
(HEIs) in Central Luzon. These leaders were properly dealing with people’s sentiments and
grouped according to classification of institution, emotions. Nowadays, teachers often see their
sex, civil status, highest educational attainment, worksites as a source of stress and pressure. This
number of years in the present negative perception of work is apparent in the
position/designation, and religious affiliation and study of (Alson, 2019) [10]. Working conditions
the result showed that there is no significant were described as hazardous resulting from
difference in the EI of these leaders. An interesting superfluous monitoring, contradictory
result from this study is that EI slightly correlated instructions and demands for production from the
to practice of CMS among these middle managers. administration which inflicted stress among the
This result is in agreement to Jordan and Troth teachers. Teachers were also troubled by scarcity
(2011) whose study showed that individuals with of materials and resources. These dilemmas
high EI often do not monopolize the task of solving affected their productivity to a point of exhaustion;
conflicts in the organization rather encourage hence, the source of personal stress. Sometimes,
collaborative work among members [8]. overt manifestations of these problems came in a
These studies not only amplify the call for form of emotional outburst.
intensive trainings among leaders, but they also Education is among the many fields and
necessitate scholastic discourse to bring about disciplines where stress is commonplace. Most
studies that may analyze its many aspects and often than not, poor leadership skills perpetuate
changing nature. these issues and concerns of teachers. Leaders are
Focusing on DepEd, Republic Act 9155 (2006) veered towards production of tasks and outputs
or the Governance for Basic Education Act of 2001 overlooking the well-being of their members.
Section 6.1 states that school heads shall form a

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With the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, Leadership Style Model and Emotional Intelligence
education has been shifted in a massive scale. Theory.
This stemmed to uncertainties and apprehensions It likewise intended to describe the perceptions
among teachers, parents and learners. Teaching of the HTs on leadership as well as identify the
and learning processes underwent revisitation and dominant strategies employed in handling people’s
remodification to fit the difficult situation. emotions, ensuring healthy working environment
Therefore, leaders initiating walk-throughs with and changing environment.
the school body is a pivotal step so that teachers STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/RESEARCH QUESTIONS
may feel motivated and guided. This sought to answer the following questions:
These premises only attest that leadership is an 1. What is/ are the prevalent leadership style/s of
integral aspect of any organizational ladder. the HTs based on Goleman’s Leadership Style
Hence, seminars and trainings among leaders Model?
must be made purposive and meaningful. More 2. What are the perceptions and strategies of the
importantly, it must be based on current needs HTs on leadership specifically in handling people’s
assessment to optimize the efficiency and personal emotions in the organization to ensure a
effectiveness of leadership. healthy working environment?
To address the aforementioned gaps, this study HYPOTHESIS/ES/ ASSUMPTIONS

is pursued to determine the prevalent leadership The following are the hypotheses formulated for
styles of the HTs in the Division of Bataan using the study:
Goleman’s Leadership Style Model and Emotional 1.
Intelligence Theory. It intended to conduct an in- MATERIALS AND METHOD
depth analysis on leadership styles employed by Methodology and Design
the HTs to deal with their clients in the Quantitative and qualitative methodologies
educational setting. As an outcome, the findings were employed to attain the objectives of the
will be utilized as a basis for enhancement of study. According to Oberiri (2017), quantitative
leadership training program. research,
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY is concerned with quantifying and evaluating
The general objective of this study was to variables in order to obtain results using
determine the prevalent leadership style/s of the statistical tools to analyse numerical data to
HTs in the Division of Bataan using Goleman’s answer questions such as who, how much, what,

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where, when, how many, and how. Creswell (2015) The main instrument used to gather pertinent
also describe qualitative research as a method data for the study is a questionnaire which was
that studies issues by capturing the points of view divided into two parts. The first part included a 5-
of the respondents through open-ended questions point Likert scale tool adopted from the work of
in semi-structured or in-depth interviews. Litwin and Stringer used to gauge leadership
According to Mc Combes (2022), descriptive styles (Goleman, 2000) [12]. Specifically, it
research aims to describe a population, situation, provided 36 statements in which the HTs assigned
or phenomena correctly and systematically. It can corresponding points based on their experiences
answer questions about where, when, and how, as a leader. Thus, the validity and reliability of
but not why. this questionnaire have already been established.
Participants The second part consisted of structured
The study targeted 30 HTs in the Division of interview questions conceptualized based on the
Bataan as the respondents of this study which major themes of Goleman’s leadership framework.
were non-randomly selected using convenience These four questions aimed to solicit a
sampling technique. As defined, this is a type comprehensive understanding of the head
of non-probability sampling that involves the teachers’ dominant leadership style.
sample being drawn from that part of These statements and questions were encoded
population close to hand (Salkind, 2010) [11]. in a Google survey administration application for
Thus, the first 30 HTs who were accessible rapid and convenient data collection.
and who willingly responded to the online The study also included an online, structured
survey were considered to be the sample of this interview to yield qualitative data. The generated
study. Moreover, familiarity was used by the data from the interview resulted to an in-depth
researchers to easily obtain the data needed for understanding of the leadership styles which
the completion of the study. underwent a deductive thematic analysis through
The HTs were chosen as respondents of this the assistance of QDAMineLite. This is a
study due to the heavy load of work of the computer-assisted qualitative analysis software
school principals during the conduct of the which was used to identify codes relevant to the
study. predetermined themes adopted from Goleman’s
framework.
Instrument Data Collection Procedure

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Since the study was conducted in the time of acknowledged. Objectivity in the treatment of
the COVID-19 crisis, data collection procedure data was ensured through the use of a statistical
transpired through online platforms. An electronic treatment and QDAMine lite.
letter was first sent to the HTs for the purpose of
informed consent. Afterwards, the data from the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
respondents were obtained through Facebook Table 1. Frequency Distribution and Ranking
messenger and Google survey administration Goleman's Leadership Styles Frequency Percentage Rank
application. The points indicated in the first part COMMANDING 0 0% 6
VISIONARY 1 3% 5
of the questionnaire were computed through
AFFILIATIVE 14 46.67% 1
percentage frequency distribution. While the
DEMOCRATIC 10 33.33% 2
answers from the interview questions were PACESETTING 7 23.33% 3
subjected to a deductive thematic analysis. The COACHING 6 20% 4
leadership-style codes evident in the answers of Table 1 shows the percentage distribution and
the respondents were analyzed based on its rank of HTs in the Division of Bataan in terms of
relevance to the pre-established themes specified their prevalent leadership styles based on
in Goleman’s leadership style model. Goleman's Leadership Model. As presented,
affiliative ranked first as the most prevalent
Ethical Considerations among the leadership styles of the HTs in Bataan
Through concerted efforts, each step of the while commanding ranked sixth being the least
research process was ensured to pass the ethical prevalent. From the table, 14 head teachers
standards set by Bryman and Bell (Anwar, 2016) employ affiliative style contributing to 46.67% of
[13]. With strict observation of respect, concern for the total population, 10 HTS or 33.33% have
dignity and welfare, an informed consent was Democratic leadership style, seven among them
sought from the respondents prior to the data use the 3rd in rank which is the Pacesetting style
collection. In line with this, the respondents were constituting 23.33%. On the fourth rank is the
made fully aware of all the aspects of the coaching style that 6 or 20% of HTs apply as
undertaking including the confidentiality of the leaders. However, only one HT uses the visionary
obtained data as well as their anonymity. Respect leadership style and none from them use the
for intellectual property was observed as the commanding style. Evidently, the total number of
authors of works cited were properly responses is 38 compared to the 30-total number

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of respondents. This is due to the reason that few unify the team towards a smooth and systematic
of the HTs garnered more than one prevalent work system.
leadership style based on the data gathered. Table 2. Qualitative Data on Prevalent
From the results, it can be inferred that HTs Leadership Styles
prefer collaborative technique in resolving Questions
Based on Leadership
emotional conflicts within the organization. Thus, Goleman’s
Leadership
Style-
Prevalent
Style-related Leadership
as it was further explained in Goleman’s Emotional related
Codes Style
Leadership Themes
leadership model, these leaders put high priority
Model
in harmonizing the relationships in the The head
teachers
organization by giving high regard for one’s value
accomplish lead by
and sense of belongingness. PERCEPTIO goals, example.

According to Goleman’s leadership model, they N ON maximize When they

LEADERSH efforts, lead a set goals,
are called affiliative leaders. They ensure the IP team by they aim at
inclusion of every member and consider each What are example, accomplishi
Visionary
the direct people ng it by
valuable in the team; hence manifesting their
perceptions towards the maximizing
relatively high emotional intelligence. By of the head organizationa their efforts,
teachers on l goals, a to direct the
definition, emotional intelligence refers to “the
leadership? vision put teachers
ability to recognize and understand personal into action towards the

emotions and know how these influence the organization

al goals.
emotions of other people” (Heather Craig, 2020)
STYLE TO
[14]. ENSURE team The head
HEALTHY members teachers
Another leadership style which puts high
WORKING first, people's prioritize
regard for emotional aspect of the team is ENVIRONM suggestions, their
ENT empowering teachers’
visionary. Being the top two in the rank, 10 HTs
How do the team players, suggestions
projected themselves as visionary leaders. As Affiliative
head build trust, to make the

described, these leaders incite collaboration in the teachers ensure help, teachers feel
ensure a show they are
workforce so as to achieve organizational goals healthy fairness, essential
(Zeaman, n.d.) [15]. This is also a people-and-goal- working maintain and
environmen respect respected.
oriented style since it encompasses the leader’s
t?
skill to handle various emotions in an attempt to EMOTIONA listen to The head Affiliative

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L and themes indicated in Goleman’s framework on

INTELLIGE
NCE
leadership styles.
COMPETEN Evidently, the collated answers of the HTs
CIES concerns, teachers
generally leaned towards Affiliative leadership
What are talk to both make time
the parties, to balance style with only one category belonging to Visionary
strategies manage the
style.
used by the emotions, situations
head show and handle In can be further understood that HTs of
teachers in compassion, teachers’ Bataan perceive leadership as a task of leading
handling proper emotions
people’s communicati with
people to attain desired organizational results
personal on compassion. (Casali, 2015) [16]. They often identify themselves
emotions in
as experts in the field.
the
organizatio Affiliative also emerged dominant in the
n?
responses of the HTs in ensuring a healthy
STYLE
THAT working environment. Thus, these leaders
To ensure
WORKS
that they
manifest high priority and value for the people in
BEST IN A
CHANGING
stay calm, promote a the team.
flexibility to healthy
ENVIRONM With regard to dealing with emotions of
stress, environment
ENT
positivity, , the head members, they are particular with maintaining
How do the
adaptability teachers try Affiliative
head relationships built, hence communication and
to changes, to be
teachers
encourage, naturally showing of empathy are their strategies. Lastly,
deal with
inspire, bring calm, the HTs choose to motivate their members during
the
hope flexible,
changing
positive and
stressful circumstances.
environmen
t on the
inspiring. The qualitative result further validates the
work floor? previous findings in the first part of the
instrument where both revealed that the HTs in
Table 2 reveals the summary of result of the the Division of Bataan are Affiliative leaders.
deductive thematic analysis for qualitative data. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
As shown in the table, the responses of the HTs The study focused on determining the prevalent
were codified in conformity with the categories leadership style of the HTs in the Division of
Bataan. This study adopted a standardized

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questionnaire to describe the prevalent leadership leadership style can only be employed effectively
style of HTs based on Goleman’s Affiliative, when leaders know how to understand and value
Visionary, Pacesetting, Commanding, Democratic the team’s differing emotions. Thus, workshops
and Coaching leadership styles. Furthermore, the and trainings may give light on this particular
study utilized an existing leadership framework to matter.
validate the previous quantitative results. From Revisitation of the plans and objectives in
the combined results garnered, it can be spearheading seminars/webinars may be done in
concluded that the most prevalent leadership style order to assess the training needs of the school
of HTs is Affiliative. leaders. Educational leaders may be informed
The study revealed that the HTs in Bataan have about these six leadership styles by Goleman and
a vision for their organization and involve their when to best use each of them. Moreover, an
members in attaining it. It also established that extension of this study may concentrate on the
the HTs treat their teachers as their priority perceptions of the teachers towards the
through constant communication and leaderships of their HTs so as to confirm whether
empathizing with them during emotional the personal views of HTs of themselves are
circumstances. It was further found that the HTs congruous to the perceptions of their members
in Bataan view themselves as the source of towards them. In this sense, leadership training
motivation of their fellow teachers. As a whole, it enhancement programs will be made objective and
is then concluded that they put prime importance will be propelled by the actual needs of the
on building positive relationships between and organization.
among the team. This study may also be conducted across other
The HTs served as respondents of this study divisions. In addition, aside from leadership
given the bulk of the tasks faced by the school styles, another study may be conducted to
heads during its undertaking. In light of this, determine the best practices of the HTs in Bataan.
another study focusing on school heads’ It is also encouraged to include a larger sample or
leadership styles may also be tackled. the total population of the HTs in Bataan to obtain
In addition, it is highly recommended that the a more rigorous result. This study may also serve
results of this study be used as basis for the as premise to compare the leadership styles of the
enhancement of the leadership training programs HTs in the Division of Bataan with the Division of
for educational leaders in Bataan. Affiliative Balanga.

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intelligence and conflict management styles

of Filipino middle managers in select higher
education institutions. In Asian Journal of
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