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Q4 W4 Science 8 Las

This document discusses genetics and Mendelian patterns of inheritance. It defines genetics as the branch of biology dealing with the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. It explains that offspring inherit chromosomes and genes from both parents that determine traits. The document introduces key genetics concepts like phenotypes, genotypes, dominant and recessive traits. It describes Mendel's experiments on inheritance patterns using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Mendel determined that traits are inherited as discrete units called genes. The document provides examples of using Punnett squares to predict the results of genetic crosses and the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

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108 views2 pages

Q4 W4 Science 8 Las

This document discusses genetics and Mendelian patterns of inheritance. It defines genetics as the branch of biology dealing with the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. It explains that offspring inherit chromosomes and genes from both parents that determine traits. The document introduces key genetics concepts like phenotypes, genotypes, dominant and recessive traits. It describes Mendel's experiments on inheritance patterns using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Mendel determined that traits are inherited as discrete units called genes. The document provides examples of using Punnett squares to predict the results of genetic crosses and the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

Uploaded by

Shervin Nuega Buenavente
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Genetics: Mendelian Simple Patterns of Inheritance

What is Genetics?

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics in particular
chromosomes and DNA.
Genetics is the science of the way traits are passed from parent to offspring. For all forms of life, the continuity of the
species depends upon the genetic code being passed from parent to offspring.

Genetic inheritance begins at the time of conception. You inherited 23 chromosomes from your mother and 23 from
your father. Together they form 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes (either XX if you
are female, or XY if you are male). Homologous chromosomes have the same genes in the same positions but may have
different alleles (varieties) of those genes. There can be many alleles of a gene within a population, but an individual
within that population only has two copies and can be homozygous (both copies the same) or heterozygous (the two
copies are different) for any given gene.

A gene is made up of short sections of DNA that are contained on a chromosome within the nucleus of a cell. Genes
control the development and function of all organs and all working systems in the body. A gene has a certain influence
on how the cell works; the same gene in many different cells determines a certain physical or biochemical feature of the
whole body (e.g., eye color or reproductive functions). All human cells hold approximately 21,000 different genes.

Phenotypes and Genotypes


The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype. An organism’s underlying genetic
makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, is called its genotype. Johann Gregor Mendel’s
(1822–1884) hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype.

Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were:
1. Monohybrid Cross Experiment
2. Dihybrid Cross Experiment
While experimenting, Mendel found that certain factors were always being transferred down to the offspring in a stable
way. Those factors are now called genes. Genes are called the units of inheritance.

The following are the terminologies to remember in solving and analyzing the results of a Punnett square.
Monohybrid is the result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one
characteristic.
Dihybrid is the result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics.
Dominant traits are traits that appear to mask (or hide) other traits.
Recessive traits are traits that can be hidden in one generation and then appear in the next.
Genotypic Ratio describes the number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross.
Phenotypic ratio is the number of times a specific combination of alleles appears in the predicted phenotypes of any
offspring.

Figure

A Punnett square applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a monohybrid cross and their
expected frequencies.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN SCIENCE 8
GRADE LEVEL QUARTER / DOMAIN WEEK & DAY NO. LC CODE
GRADE 8 4th QUARTER WEEK 3 (S8LT-IVf-18)
Genetics: Mendelian Simple Patterns of Inheritance

Activity:

Punnett Square

Problem Solving.
Direction: Solve the simple monohybrid/ cross using the Punnett square. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Predict the offspring in a cross between a red flower gumamela (homozygous recessive) and a white flower
gumamela. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Then interpret the result by showing the phenotypic and
genotypic ratio.

Given: -
RR - red flower gumamela
ww – white flower gumamela

R R R w

w R

w w

2. In
tomatoes, tall vines (T) are dominant to dwarf vines (t), and red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit
(r). A farmer mates a homozygous tall, red tomato plant (TTRR) with a heterozygous tall, red tomato
plant (TtRr).

TR Rt Tr rT
TR

Rt

Tr

rT

Prepared by:

CRISTINA F. DOMINGO ZHARINA ANN G. ESTAVILLO


Teacher III Teacher I

Checked: Noted:

MARCH S. DEQUIÑA RACQUEL C. DIAZ


Head Teacher III, Science School Principal IV

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