UNIT 1

MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES

Students should be able to:

1.2. describe the structure of Simple treatment:

the atom; properties of protons,
neutrons and electrons
only; their relative masses
and charges, location and
their behaviour in electric
and magnetic fields.

1.3. define the following terms:

(a) mass number;

(b) isotopes; and,

(c) relative atomic and Must include reference to

isotopic masses the mass of carbon-12
based on the C
scale.

1.4. explain the phenomenon Write equations

of radioactivity; representing nuclear
reactions involving ,
; n/p
ratio. For example, when
representing alpha:

223 219 4
Ra Rn + He
88 86 2
or
223 219 4
Ra Rn +
88 86 2

Properties of particles are

not required. Positrons(r)
are not required.

1.5. cite the use of Identification of at least

radioisotopes; three uses.

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UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES

Students should be able to:

1.6. calculate the relative

atomic mass of an
element, given isotopic
masses and abundances;

1.7. explain how data from Bohr model, simple

emission spectra provide treatment of the emission
evidence for discrete spectrum of hydrogen;
energy levels within the Lyman series, Balmer series;
atom;

1.8. describe the atomic Principal quantum numbers,

orbitals; s, p and d orbitals; relative
energies of 4s and 3d
orbitals.

Refer to Module, 3 Specific

Objective 5.1.

1.9. describe the shapes of the

s and p orbitals;

1.10. determine the electronic Consider elements from

configurations of atoms atomic numbers 1 to 30.
and ions in terms of s, p
and d orbitals;

1.11. state the factors which Include atomic radii, nuclear

influence the first charge, shielding.
ionisation energy of
elements;

1.12. explain how ionisation Use Period 3 as an example.

energy data provide
evidence for sub-shells;
and,

1.13. derive the electronic

configuration of an
element from data on
successive ionisation
energies.

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MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES

2. Forces of Attraction

Students should be able to:

2.1. state the various forces of Ionic bonds, covalent

attraction between bonds, hydrogen bonds,
particles; metallic bonds, Van der
Waals forces. (Permanent-
permanent dipole;
induced-induced dipole or
temporary/instantaneous-
induced dipole).

2.2. state the relationship

between forces of
attraction and states of
matter;

2.3. relate physical properties Variation in melting points, Conduct melting point
of matter to differences in boiling points and and boiling point
strength of forces of solubilities. determinations;
attraction; solubilities in polar and
non-polar solvents,
electrical conductivity.
Illustrate practically the
properties of ionic and
covalent compounds.

2.4. explain the formation of Covalent bonds should be

the following: discussed in terms of
orbital overlap which
(a) ionic bonds; results in the formation of

(b) covalent bonds; and, Metallic bonding is to be

treated as a lattice of
(c) metallic bonds. positive ions surrounded
by mobile electrons.
Electronegativity and
polarity of bonds should be
included.

2.5. describe co-ordinate Use 'dot-

(dative covalent) bonding; refer to simple systems (for
example, BF3/NH3).

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UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED

PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES

Students should be able to:

2.6. describe the origin of inter- Refer to hydrogen bonding;

molecular forces; Van der Waals forces,
permanent dipole. Refer to
Module 3

2.7. predict the shapes of, and Application of the VSEPR Construct molecular
bond angles in simple theory to include the models and measure bond
molecules and ions; following systems: trigonal angles.
(for example, BF3), linear
(for example, BeCl2),
tetrahedral (for example,
NH4 +, CH4), pyramidal (for
example, H3O+, CH3, and
NH3), non-linear (for
example, H2O), octahedral
(for example, SF6).

2.8. explain the shapes and Ethane, ethene and

bond angles of simple benzene; apply the concept
organic compounds; of hybridisation and
resonance. Include sp2 and
sp3 hybridisation.

2.9. predict the shapes and Simple substituted

bond angles of molecules derivatives, for example,
similar to ethane; and, dichloroethane.

2.10. describe qualitatively the Simple molecular (for

lattice structure of example, I2), hydrogen
crystalline solids and their bonded (for example, ice),
relation to physical giant molecular (for
properties. example, SiO2), ionic (for
example, NaCl), metallic (for
example, Cu), giant atomic
(for example, graphite and
diamond) structures.

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UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES
3. The Mole Concept

Students should be able to:

3.1. apply Avogadro's law; Perform calculations involving

molar volumes.

3.2. define the mole;

3.3.

3.4. write balanced molecular

and ionic equations;

3.5. perform calculations Relate to masses of

based on the mole substances, volumes of gases,
concept; volumes and concentrations
of solutions.

3.6. apply the mole concept to

molecular and ionic
equations;

3.7. calculate empirical and Combustion data; absolute

molecular formulae; masses or relative
abundances of elements.

3.8. perform titrimetric Conduct acid/base

analyses; and, titrations and redox
titrations. (dichromate
(VI)), hydrogen peroxide,
iodide thiosulfate,
manganate (VII); mean
(consecutive accurate
values within 0.10 cm3 of
each other), significant
figures.
3.9. use results from titrimetric
analyses to calculate:

(a) mole ratios;

(b) molar concentration;

and,

(c) mass concentration.

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UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES
4. Redox Reactions

Students should be able to:

4.1. explain redox reactions in Refer to Module 1,

terms of electron transfer Specific Objective 3.8.
and changes in oxidation
state (number);

4.2. construct relevant half Redox equations should

equations for redox be constructed under both
reactions; acidic and basic
conditions.
4.3. deduce balanced
equations for redox
reactions from relevant
half equations; and,

4.4. order elements in terms of Perform simple

oxidising or reducing displacement reactions to
ability. order elements in terms
of oxidising or reducing
ability; addition of zinc to
copper (II) sulfate solution;
addition of chlorine water
to bromide or iodide
solutions.

5. Kinetic Theory

Students should be able to:

5.1. state the basic

assumptions of the kinetic
theory with reference to
an ideal gas;

5.2. explain the differences Qualitative treatment only

between real and ideal the conditions which are
gases; necessary for a gas to
approach ideal behaviour,
the limitations of ideality at
very high pressures and
very low temperatures.
Include graphical
representations.

CXC A11/U2/17 16
UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED PRACTICAL

ACTIVITIES

Students should be able to:

5.3. Include graphical

representations.

5.4. perform calculations using: Calculations involving the

use of Van der Waals
(a) Boyle's law; equation of state are not
(b) Charles' law; and, required.

(c) the ideal gas Include calculations of

equation (pV = nRT); relative molar mass.
and,

5.5. explain the following:

(a) the liquid state;

(b) melting; and,

(c) vaporisation.

6. Energetics

Students should be able to:

6.1. state that chemical Note that bond making is an

reactions take place exothermic process, that is:
through energy changes - ve
(usually in the form of heat) while bond breaking is an
associated with the endothermic process, that is:
breaking and making of
bonds;

6.2. state that energy changes

occur in chemical reactions
associated with the making
and breaking of bonds;

6.3. explain the differences

between exothermic and
endothermic reactions
using energy profile
diagrams;

CXC A11/U2/17 17
UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES SUGGESTED

PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES

Students should be able to:

6.4. Calculations involving bond

energy data.

6.5. explain how bond energy Lack of reactivity of

data may be used to show nitrogen. Consider factors
the relationship between which affect bond energy.
strength of covalent bonds
and reactivity of covalent
molecules;

6.6. apply concepts associated Include enthalpy change of

with enthalpy changes; formation, combustion,
neutralisation, reaction,
hydration, solution,
atomisation, ionisation
energy, electron affinity and
lattice energy.

6.7. explain the effect of ionic No calculation needed.

charge and radius on the
magnitude of lattice
energy;

6.8. s law of constant Use standard conditions.

heat summation; and,

6.9. calculate enthalpy changes This will require Experiments may include
from appropriate construction of energy heats of reaction, solution
experimental data. cycles including Born Haber and neutralisation.
cycles. Data may be
obtained experimentally or
provided.

CXC A11/U2/17 18
UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities

students in the teaching and learning activities listed below.

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

1. Ask students to read A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson and discuss the history
of the development of the atomic models. (Audiobook available on YouTube).

2. Allow students to carry out practical weighing activities which compare the mass of different
objects (for example, coins) in order to develop the concept of relative mass and changing
standards of comparison.

3. Ask students to present the story of the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity (use
video material if available).

4. Have class discussion on the impact of radioactivity in everyday life as cited (from newspaper
articles and the electronic media including the Internet).

5. Provide students with appropriate reading material prior to class session. During the class
session, teacher and students engage in a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of the
Bohr and Rutherford models of the atom.

6. Have c
on the historical development of the Periodic Table.

Forces of Attraction

1. Arrange students in small groups, and provide them with appropriate quantitative data and
guided questions which will lead them to infer that forces of attraction vary in strength.

2. Ask students to use ball and stick to make models for different molecular shapes.

The Mole Concept

1. Use appropriate analogies to explain that the mole is a specific amount of particles (atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons).

2. Allow students to conduct laboratory work including dilution factor, titration, displacement
and yield calculations.

Redox Reactions, Kinetic Theory and Energetics

1. Use practical activities, diagrams, graphs and guided questions

understanding of different concepts.

CXC A11/U2/17 19
UNIT 1
MODULE 1:

RESOURCES

Teachers and students may find reference to the following resource materials useful. The latest
editions are recommended.

Amateis, P., and Silberberg, M. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

Cann, P. and Hughes, P. Chemistry, International AS and A Level. London:

Hodder Education, 2015.

Clarke, J. Calculations in AS/A Level Chemistry. Essex: Pearson

Education Limited, 2000.

Conoley, C. and Hills, P. Chemistry, 3rd Edition. London: HarperCollins, 2008.

Hill, G., and Holman, J. Chemistry in Context. London: Nelson Thorne Limited,
2001.

Lister, T., Renshaw, J. Understanding Chemistry for Advanced Level.

Cheltenham: Trans-Atlantic Publications, 2000.

Maylin-Moseley, V. Advanced Level Chemistry for Life - Unit 1. Barbados:

VHM Publishing, 2017.

Norris, R., Barrett, L., Maynard-Alleyne, A. CAPE® Chemistry Study Guide: Cheltenham: Nelson
and Murray, J. Thorne Limited, 2012.

Ramsden, E. A-Level Chemistry. Cheltenham: Nelson Thorne

Limited, 2000.

WEBSITES

www.Chemsoc.org

www.Chemguide.co.uk

www.creative-chemistry.org.uk

www.a-levelchemistry.co.uk

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