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Recycled Window Glass for Non-Load Bearing Walls

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

Recycled Window Glass for Non-Load Bearing Walls

Tomas Ucol-Ganiron Jr, Member, IACSIT

 include paving stone, architectural and decorative application

Abstract—This experimental study aimed to investigate the [4].
adequacy and advantages of non-load bearing concrete hollow This research recognizes the potential of recycled glass
blocks containing recycled window glass, in combination with specifically as a fine aggregate, in combination with sand, in
sand as fine aggregate. The tests conducted were according to
Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry
the utilization of hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry
Units with reference to Standard Specifications for Non-Load units as internal wall partitions. Consequently, the aim of this
Bearing Concrete Masonry Units. Observations from the tests study is to investigate the adequacy and advantages of hollow
performed were conducted in the laboratory where precise data non-load bearing concrete masonry units containing recycled
were gathered and completely attained. Some of the interesting glass, in combination with sand as fine aggregate.
insights of the study are: (a) The highest compressive strength
appeared in the hollow blocks with 1:2:4 cement-recycled
glass-sand ratios; (b) The mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled
glass-sand ratios has the least moisture content found among II. LITERATURE REVIEW
the hollow blocks containing recycled clear flat glass; and (c). The National Solid Waste Management Commission
The use of clear flat glass in manufacturing hollow non-load categorized glass into two, glass packaging and flat glass [5].
bearing concrete masonry blocks would be the capability of
Glass is 100% recyclable and has no waste by products. Glass
finely crushed glass to manifest its pozzolanic effect and its low
moisture content characteristics, making it possible for the industry utilizes large amount of energy for its production,
mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios to be used glass recycling extends furnace life and reduces energy costs.
as load bearing blocks. One of the main wastes generated from glass are the glass
cullet or broken glass from windows, and from packaging
Index Terms—Bearing wall, concrete blocks, partition, such as soft drinks, beer liquor, pharmaceutical bottles and
recycled glass. packer‟s jars [5]. National Solid Waste Management
Commission classified cullet into, flint or clear, green, amber,
and flint with blue prints [5].
I. INTRODUCTION Waste bottles and broken flat glass are sent to cullet traders,
The use of recycled glass, as high performance substitute wherein condemned cullets were disposed to landfills [5], [6].
for sand and aggregates is being investigated in many years. Glass cullet are crushed and cleaned and are used to produce
Studies that already been conducted by researchers had recycled flat glass and bottles [5].
proven the use of glass as aggregate in concrete mixture. In this study, condemned flat glass cullet is the main object
Some examples of the utilization of glass aggregate in in consideration for its possibility as a material for
construction include its application to asphalt, pipe beddings, manufacturing hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry
backfills, and as filler aggregate. units.
Previous studies indicate that the main problem confronted In a typical glass manufacturing process, the products are
in the use of glass as aggregate was the alkali-silica reaction flat glass, container glass and blown glass. The procedures
expansion. Several approaches can effectively control the for manufacturing glass are the same for all products except
expansion of alkali-silica reaction due to glass aggregate [1]. forming and finishing container glass and blown glass, 51
Moreover, the types and color of glass have significant and and 25 percent respectively of total soda-lime glass
important effects in the alkali-silica reaction expansion [2]. production, use pressing, blowing or pressing and blowing to
They also expounded that very finely ground glass has form the desired product. Flat glass, which is the remainder,
pozzolonic properties and therefore can serve both as partial is formed by float, drawing, or rolling processes.
cement replacement and filler [2, 3]. Among all concrete block units, the stretcher concrete
The use of recycled glass in concrete opens a vast new hollow blocks are the most widely used as non-load bearing
market for waste broken glass in a variety of specialty partitions, load bearing walls, retaining walls for buildings
products of specialty products or in local concrete operations. and other structures, and for fences [6].
Recent research findings make it possible to utilize glass in Concrete hollow block is classified as load bearing and
regular concrete applications, thereby expanding and non- load bearing blocks [7]. Load bearing blocks are those
developing markets for recycled glass. whose thickness ranges from 15 to 20 centimeters and are
In the United States, some of the glass concrete products used to carry a load [6]-[7].
Aside from its own weight, non-bearing blocks on the
Manuscript received September 19, 2012; revised October 31, 2012.
other hand, are blocks intended for walls, partitions, fences,
Tomas Ucol-Ganiron Jr is now with the College of Architecture and dividers and the like carrying its own weight whose thickness
Engineering, Qassim University, Buraidah, KSA (e-mail: ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters [7]. The standard hollow
tomas@qec.edu.sa). blocks has three void cells and two half cells at both ends

DOI: 10.7763/IJIMT.2012.V3.327 725

 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

having a total of four [7]. These hollow cells vary in sizes as Standard #50 mesh. The researcher focused on the
there are different manufacturers using different types of alkali-silica reaction expansion and the pozzolanic effects of
mold. finely crushed glass on the concrete mixture of the hollow
A science module prepared by the University of the blocks.
Philippines Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Clear flat window glass was used in this study, as
Development entitled “Making your own Hollow Blocks” influenced by the concept from Lee‟s work where the type
supplied the information for the proportion by volume of raw and color of glass affects the alkali-silica reaction expansion
materials for non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks. The [2], [7].
module indicated that for non-load bearing concrete hollow The literature from University of the Philippines Institute
blocks the proportion is 1:6 (one part cement and 6 parts sand) for Science and Mathematics Education Development
[8]. showed that the quantity of water is critical in the process of
Hollow masonry unit is a masonry unit with cross sectional manufacturing concrete hollow blocks. Dry mixtures
area in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, remained on the mold, while wet mixtures, the top side of the
cells or deep frogs, is less than 75 percent of its gross hollow block were sag [8].
cross-sectional area measured in the same plane [9]. All In addition, water-cement ratio depends on the size of
Masonry units were conform to the requirements specified in aggregates used to attain a no slump concrete [10]. These two
Section 702 of National Structural Code of the Philippines literatures suggest that there is exist of unique range in terms
in which Concrete Masonry Units shall meet and conform to the of quantity of water for concrete mixtures depending on the
following American Society for Testing and Materials size of aggregates used. The water cement ratio used in glass
(ASTM) standards and requirements: 1) ASTM C55-11, is different from each try-out mixture used because glass has
Concrete Building Brick. 2) ASTM C 90-85, Hollow & Solid zero water absorption. It has a significant effect on the
Load-Bearing Concrete. 3) ASTM C 129, Non-Load Bearing compressive strength and moisture content of the try-out
Concrete Masonry Units. 4) ASTM C 140, Sampling & hollow block specimens.
Testing Concrete Masonry Units and, 5) ASTM C 426, This present study is similar to that of Remigio in terms of
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Concrete using substitute materials in manufacturing of hollow
Block [9]. concrete masonry units but differs in their uses
Some physical and chemical properties of glass are the “unpublished” [13]. The study of Remigio focused on
following: 1) Very hard when solid. 2) It has absolutely no load-bearing masonry units while this study centers on the
crystalline structure. 3) It has no sharp melting point. It melts non-load bearing masonry units „unpublished” [13].
at 1400°C to 1500°C but the working range of temperature
for proper viscosity is 1000°C to 1300°C. 4) Generally, it is
not affected by air or water, but is affected by alkalies. 5) It III. RESEARCH METHOD
has low thermal conductivity and high coefficient of Experimental method is used in this study to investigate
expansion. 6) It is extremely brittle and, 7) It has no effects of the adequacy of 4” thick hollow non-load bearing concrete
ordinary chemical reagents [10]. masonry units containing recycled clear flat window glass (in
In this research, recycled glass was incorporated into the combination with sand as fine aggregate) in its utilization as
production of hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry internal wall partitions.
blocks. The researcher attributed the change in compressive
Concrete block wall construction is a fast and economical strength and absorption/moisture content to the effect of the
way to construct buildings [10]. Fewer workers are required, cement-recycled glass-sand ratio in the concrete mixture.
shoring and scaffolding are reduced and finishing operations
can be completed quietly and easily in the enclosed building
[10]. A six to ten-storey building can be completed easily in IV. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
six to eight months. Thus, the overhead cost and construction
supervision are reduced to a large extent. Maximum job A. Project Design
efficiency is achieved by using concrete block. Removal of Commercial concrete hollow blocks and try-out concrete
formworks and large scaffoldings which are unnecessary in hollow blocks containing recycled clear flat window glass
this system, cause increases efficiency. The concrete block were used in this research.
wall system does not involve the use of columns and beams. Commercial concrete hollow blocks were from three
Elimination of the beams may permit a reduction in floor to different retailers and sellers of concrete hollow blocks.
floor height by one foot or more. The walls work as both These commercial specimen samples were sent out for
structural and finish walls and can be painted or left natural, compression, moisture content and absorption tests.
thus reducing the cost of structural and finishing work. The Try-out specimens such as 1:0:6, 1:½:5½, 1:1:5, 1:1½: 4½,
concrete block wall total concrete construction insures and 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios were subjected
minimum maintenance throughout the life of the project. to compression, absorption and moisture content tests after
The studies of Meyer and Lee provided the framework for 28 days of curing. The result of the specimens‟ tests was then
the eradication of effects of alkali-silica reaction in concrete evaluated against ASTM C-129. When the outcome of the
mixture “unpublished” [11], “unpublished” [12]. To test conforms to ASTM C-129, the mixture of the specimen
eradicate the effects of alkali-silica reaction, the recycled was accepted [12]. If it isn‟t, the specimen that failed against
glass used in this study was passed through American ASTM C-129 was compared to the first tested commercial

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

concrete hollow blocks “unpublished” [13]. The TABLE I: PROPORTION BY VOLUME OF RAW MATERIALS FOR TRY-OUT
RECTANGULAR BLOCKS
acceptability of the specimens is now associated to the result
of the testing for commercial concrete hollow blocks. When Mixture Recycled
Cement Sand Remarks
No. Glass
the specimens with recycled glass performed better against at
least one of the commercial concrete hollow blocks then its 1 1 0 6 Non- Load Bearing
mixture was given a positive response, otherwise the mixture 2 1 ½ 5½ Non--Load Bearing
3 1 1 5 Non--Load Bearing
was considered to be a failure “unpublished”[14]. 4 1 1½ 4 1/2 Non--Load Bearing
B. Project Development 5 1 2 4 Non--Load Bearing

The recycled clear flat window glass used in this research

was taken from junkshops and glass workshops. The D. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Standard for Concrete Hollow Blocks
collected glass were then cleaned wherein foreign materials
were discarded then manually crushed to powder like Tables II, III & IV were taken from ASTM C-129 which
material before it passed #50 sieve. The experimental shows the basic requirements for the standard specification of
specimens were done using parts of cement, recycled flat non-load bearing concrete masonry units. Tests results
window glass and sand. Next is to add water gradually after acquired from the conducted tests were compared against
the crushed glass has been mix together with the concrete these values for the acceptability of the mixture proportions
mixture. The mixture was poured into a pre-fabricated 4” of the try-out rectangular blocks due to the constraint
thick concrete hollow block mold. Curing period lasted for “unpublished” [15]. The validity of the specimens for
28 days. After curing, the specimens‟ dimensions and weight moisture content will be based on the lowest maximum
were recorded as a preparation for the compression, moisture percentage that is permissible given in Table III which is 35%
content and absorption tests with reference to ASTM C-140 that falls under categories of humid with linear shrinkage of
[16]. Test results are then evaluated against the required 0.045 to 0.065, maximum “unpublished” [15], [16].
specifications in ASTM C-129 [13].
TABLE II: ASTM REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Other pertinent materials in the manufacturing of concrete Compressive Strength (average net area)
hollow blocks such as sand, cement and commercial concrete min. MPa
hollow blocks were bought from commercial hardware in Average of 3 units 4.14
their locality.
Individual unit 3.45

TABLE III: ASTM REQUIREMENTS FOR MOISTURE CONTENT

Moisture Content , max, % of total absorption

(average of 3 units)
Linear Shrinkage, %
Humidity conditions at jobsite of point of use
Humid Intermediate Arid
0.03 or less 45 40 35
From 0.03-0.045 40 35 30
0.045 -0.065, max 35 30 25

TABLE IV: ASTM WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION FOR NON LOAD

BEARING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Weight
Oven Dry Weight of Concrete, kg/m3
Classification
Fig. 1. Project development Lightweight 1680 max.
Medium weight 1680 to 2000
C. Proportion by Volume of Raw Materials for Try-out
Normal weight 2000 min.
Rectangular Blocks
As shown in Table I, there were a total of five mixtures
used from zero part of recycled glass up to 2 parts of recycled E. Weight Dimensions of Try-out Rectangular Blocks and
glass with increment of half part. Three full size samples for Commercial Rectangular Blocks
each try-out mixture were made to be subjected for The data in Table V and VI show the deviation of weight
compression test. However, small rectangular blocks are and dimensions of full-sized units of try-out and commercial
prepared for moisture content and absorption tests. rectangular blocks. These data was utilized in the
On the other hand, commercial concrete hollow blocks are computations required for compression, absorption and
obtained from three different retailers or manufacturers moisture content tests. Because try-out rectangular blocks
(named as Manufacturer A, Manufacturer B and undergone backyard production, there was a minimal
Manufacturer C), six pieces for each. For which, three will be differences in height occurred compared with the commercial
subjected to compression test while other set of three were rectangular blocks which have uniform height since machine
sawed into small rectangular blocks for moisture content and was used in its manufacturing.
absorption tests. Web and face shell thickness for try-out rectangular blocks
are much bigger than that of the commercial specimens,

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

having measurements of 23, 22 and 24 mm respectively. TABLE VIII: WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL
RECTANGULAR BLOCKS
Since the web and face shell thickness for try-out
rectangular blocks are much bigger these specimens are also Web
Commercial Volume Height Face Shell
Thickness
heavier compared to commercial rectangular blocks Designation (mm3) (mm) Thickness (mm)
(mm)
TABLE V : WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS OF TRY-OUT A 339279 586.33 1818.49 Medium weight
RECTANGULAR BLOCKS
Heig Face Beari B 227450 354.00 1532.24 Lightweight
Leng Wid Web
Mixt ht Shell ng Wei 5226.0
th th Thickn C 291188 1829.00 Medium weight
ure (mm Thickn Area ght 0
(mm (mm ess
No. ) ess (mm2 (kg)
) ) (mm)
(mm) )
190. 2880
1 400 100 30 30 11.7 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
0 0
194. 2880
2 400 100 30 30 11.6
2 0 A. Absorption and Moisture Content
188. 2880
3 400 100 30 30 11.3 In Fig. 2, all of the five try-out mixtures‟ moisture contents
3 0
190. 2880 were way below the American Society for Testing and
4 400 100 30 30 11.5 Materials (ASTM) limit of 35% for which the highest value is
8 0
5 400 100
186.
30 30
2880
11.9
26.21%. It also shows the minimal differences between
7 0 absorption percentages of the five mixtures.

TABLE VI: WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS OF COMMERCIAL

RECTANGULAR BLOCKS
Hei Face Bear
Commer Len Wid Web
ght Shell ing Wei
cial gth th Thickn
(mm Thick Area ght
Designa (mm (m ess
) ness (mm (kg)
tion ) m) (mm) 2
(mm) )
190. 2225
A 400 100 23 23 9.5
0 0
190. 2150
B 400 100 22 22 9.5
0 0
190. 2322
C 400 100 24 24 8.9
0 5

F. Weight Classification Fig. 2. Absorption and moisture content of try-out rectangular blocks

As shown in Table VII, mixture 1, 2, 4 and 5 are classified

As shown in Fig. 3, the average moisture content of
as lightweight while Mixture 3 is classified as medium
Commercial B and C are higher than the American Society
weight block.
for Testing and Materials (ASTM) maximum. It also shows
Commercial A and C are classified medium weight blocks
the minimal differences in absorption properties of the three
while Commercial B is classified as lightweight block shown
commercial specimens.
in Table VIII.
.
It only shows that the workability of concrete hollow
blocks containing recycled glass will not change if
rectangular blocks were going to be used.

TABLE VII: WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION OF TRY-OUT RECTANGULAR BLOCKS

Height Web Face Shell
Mixture Volume
Ratios (mm) Thickness Thickness
No (mm3)
(mm) (mm)
753.3
1 1:0:6 468000 1609.69 Lightweight
3

878.5
2 1:1/2:5 ½ 543450 1616.79 Lightweight
0

923.8 Medium
3 1:1:5 548053 1687.90
3 weight
Fig. 3. Absorption and moisture content of commercial rectangular blocks

1:1 ½:4 949.6

4 573160 1657.58 Lightweight The moisture content of hollow non-load bearing concrete
½ 7
masonry units containing recycled clear flat glass as fine
876.8 aggregate with 1:½:5 ½, 1:1:5, 1:1½:4½, and 1:2:4
5 1:2:4 557510 1573.56 Lightweight
3 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios on a 1:6 cement fine

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

aggregate ratio of concrete mix, complied with the American 1:1:5 ratios were unable to satisfy this standard, they are still
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) criteria for considered permissible since the results gathered were more
moisture content. Hence, all of these mixture proportions are acceptable than those of the commercial blocks.
said to be permissible for moisture content. In general, the results gathered present an increasing
In terms of moisture content, as a whole, the test results compressive strength of hollow blocks as the quantity of
demonstrate a decreasing rate as the quantity of recycled recycled glass is increased. In fact, the highest compressive
glass is increased. It was showed that the percentage of strength appeared in the hollow blocks with 1:2:4 ratios
moisture content of the ratios 1:0:6, and 1:½:5½ have a while the blocks with 1:0:6 has the least. This scenario may
minimal discrepancy while the ratios 1:½:5½, 1:1:5, 1:1½:4½, said to be a manifestation of the pozzolonic effect of the
and 1:2:4 showed a consistent decrease in percentage. finely crushed glass on the concrete mixture or the effect of
Remarkably, the mixture with 1:2:4 has the least moisture their water-cement ratio. The water-cement ratio for a
content found among the hollow blocks containing recycled mixture that contains more glass is lower than that of less
clear flat glass. quantity of glass because glass has basically zero water
Accordingly, besides from its possible economic and absorption.
environmental benefits, other advantages that could be
acquired from using recycled clear flat glass in
manufacturing hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry VI. CONCLUSION
blocks would be the capability of finely crushed glass to The use of recycled clear flat window glass for non-load
manifest its pozzolanic effect and its low moisture content bearing concrete hollow blocks wall partition decreases the
characteristics water-cement ratio depending on the amount present in the
B. Compressive Strength mixture. As the unit weight of concrete decreases, the
utilization of recycled clear flat window glass lowers the
Fig. 4 shows that there is a sudden decrease of strength
value for modulus of elasticity.
between Mixture 2 and Mixture 3. However, there is a
The use of recycled clear flat window glass is not
constant increase of strength from Mixture 3 to Mixture 5.
recommended for structural members such as columns, beams
This also shows that Mixtures 1, 2 and 3 didn‟t attain the
and suspended slabs.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
The advantages using recycled clear flat window glass in
requirement of 4.14 MPa, in contrast with the performance of
manufacturing hollow non-load bearing concrete masonry
Mixtures 4 and 5 which achieved to pass this limitation.
blocks would be the capability of finely crushed glass to
Fig. 5 shows that the compressive strengths of commercial
manifest its pozzolanic effect and its low moisture content
rectangular blocks are way behind the American Society for
characteristics, making it possible for the mixture with ratio
Testing and Materials (ASTM) minimum requirement for
1:2:4 to be used as load bearing blocks.
compressive strength of non-load bearing concrete masonry
There is a positive projection in the availability of clear flat
units.
window glass due for its demands and flexibility in use

APPENDIX

Fig. 4. Compressive strength of try-out rectangular blocks

Fig. 5. Compressive strength of rectangular blocks

The compressive strengths of hollow non-load bearing

concrete masonry units containing recycled clear flat glass
as fine aggregate with 1:1½:4½, and 1:2:4 cement-recycled
glass-sand ratios on 1:6 cement-fine aggregate ratio of
concrete mix, performed satisfactory against the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards on its Fig. 6. Making of concrete hollow blocks with sieved; recycled flat window
glass
28th day of curing. Even though the blocks with 1:½:5½ and

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2012

[3] S. Somayaji, Civil Engineering Materials, New York: Pearson

Education, pp. 321-323, 2001.
[4] Handoo and Mahajan, Civil Engineering Materials, 1st Ed. Quezon
City: R. M. Garcia Publishing House, pp.156-165, 1992.
[5] Alternative Technologies Part 2: Recycled Materials, Manila:
National Bookstore, 2003, pp. 123-130.
[6] V. Tagayun, Bill of Materials, Manila: National Bookstore, pp. 24-27,.
2011.
[7] M. Fajardo, Simplified Construction Estimate, Manila: National
Bookstore, pp. 123-125, 2000.
[8] Making your Own Hollow Blocks, Manila: ISMED Publisher, 2007.
[9] National Structural Code of the Philippines, Manila: National
Bookstore, 2010, pp. 123-129.
[10] C. Ngorungsi, “Network for Low Cost Building Material and
Construction Technology,” Manual on Concrete Hollow Blocks
regional, vol. 1, pp. 189-192, May 1987.
[11] C. Meyer, “Recycled Glass from Waste Materials to Valuable
Resources,” Undergraduate Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, 2001.
[12] J. Lee, “Utilization of Solid Wastes as Aggregate in Concrete,”
Undergraduate Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, University of
Colorado, USA, 2003.
[13] American Society for Testing and Materials C-129, Standard
Specifications for Non-Load bearing Concrete Masonry Units, ASTM,
2011.
[14] J. Remigio, “Coal Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregates in Hollow Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units,”
Undergraduate Thesis, College of Engineering, Dela Salle University,
Manila, 2003.
[15] J. Garcia, “Used of Glass as a Partial Replacement in on Site Concrete,”
Undergraduate thesis, College of Engineering, Dela Salle University,
Manila, 2006.
[16] American Society for Testing and Materials C-140, Standard
Specifications for Fly Ash for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland
cement, ASTM, 2011.

Dr. Tomas Ucol-Ganiron Jr. obtained his Doctor of

Philosophy in Construction Management at Adamson
University (Philippines) in 2006, and subsequently
earned his Master of Civil Engineering major in
Highway and Transportation Engineering at Dela
Salle University-Manila (Philippines) in 1997 and
received Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
major in Structural Engineering at University of the
East (Philippines) in 1990. He is a registered Civil Engineer in the
Author‟s formal
Philippines and Professional Engineer in New Zealand. His main areas of
researchphoto
interest are construction engineering, construction management,
Fig. 7. Glass process flow project management, highway engineering, transportation engineering and
structural engineering.
He has been a resource person in various seminars in New Zealand (like in
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Auckland University of Technology, University of Auckland and University
of Canterbury). He was connected with Advanced Pipeline System in New
The writer wish to express his sincere gratitude and deep Zealand as Construction Manager wherein he supervised the sewerage and
appreciation to his former colleagues in Far Eastern Air waterworks projects. He was the former Department Head of Civil
Transport Inc. University and Auckland University of Engineering in FEATI University (Manila) and former Department Head of
Technology for their untiring guidance, inspiring Physics in Emilio Aguinaldo College (Manila). He also had teaching stints at
the College of Engineering in Auckland University of Technology, New
encouragement and sincere concern for the completion of the Zealand and at the MAPUA Institute of Technology (Manila). He is currently
research and Prof. Lucina Galera for her intellectual the Professor at Qassim University (KSA) College of Architecture and
comments and suggestions towards the improvement of the Engineering
Dr. Ganiron Jr is a proud member of professional organizations like the
manuscript Institution of Engineers-Australia and American Society of Civil Engineer.
He is also very active in other professional groups like Railway Technical
REFERENCES Society of Australasia and Australian Institute of Geoscientists where he
became committee of Scientific Research. He has given invited or keynote
[1] C. Meyer, “Recycled Glass: Waste Material to Valuable Resource,” lectures at a number of international conferences and has received the ASTM
Construction Materials and Technology, vol. 1, pp. 12-14, Jan 2001. Award CA Hogentogler for 2008.
[2] J. Lee, “Utilization of Solid Wastes as Aggregates in Concrete,”
Journal of Waste Glass and Rubber Particles, vol. 3, pp. 123-134,
2003.

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