DEMOGRAPHY: MEANING AND IT’S ORIGIN

 The term demography, derived from the Greek words demos for “population” and
graphia for “description” or “writing,” was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian
statistician, in 1855, but its origins can be traced back to John Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills
of Mortality,” published in 1662.
 Demography is the study of:
- populations,
- encompassing size,
- density,
- fertility,
- mortality,
- growth,
- age distribution,
- migration, and
- vital statistics,

which are influenced by social and economic conditions and are measured through
vital statistics reporting and surveys to track trends over time (Tulchinsky).

 Demographic transition started in Europe in the mid to late 1700s, with declining death
rates and fertility. The transition occurred over 200 years in France and 100 years in the
United States, while other parts of the world experienced the transition later. Africa and
Asia, except Japan, saw mortality decline in the 20 th century. Fertility decline in Asia
began in the 1950s. Japan experienced a baby boom after World War II due to declining
infant and child mortality rates, while the West had a baby boom from rising birth rates.
- The change in population characteristics, called demographic transition, began in
Europe around the 1700s, specifically in the mid to late 1700s. During this time,
there was a decrease in both death rates and fertility rates. In France, this
transition took about 200 years to complete, while in the United States, it took
around 100 years.
- On the other hand, other parts of the world started experiencing this transition
later. In Africa and Asia, except for Japan, the decline in death rates happened in
the 20th century. Fertility decline in Asia began in the 1950s.
- After World War II, Japan experienced what we call a “baby boom.” This means
that there was a significant increase in the number of babies being born. This
was due to the decrease in infant and child mortality rates. Similarly, in Western
countries, there was also a baby boom, but it was caused by a rise in birth rates.

- Ang pagbabago sa katangian ng populasyon, na tinatawag na demographic

transition, nagsimula sa Europa noong mga 1700s, partikular na sa gitna o huling
bahagi ng mga 1700s. Sa panahong ito, nagkaroon ng pagbaba sa bilang ng
mga namamatay at pagbaba rin ng fertility rate. Sa Pransiya, umabot ito ng mga
 200 taon bago matapos, samantalang sa Estados Unidos, umabot ng mga 100
taon.
- Sa kabilang banda, ibang bahagi ng mundo ang nagsimulang magkaroon ng
ganitong pagbabago nang mas huli. Sa Aprika at Asya, maliban sa Hapon,
nangyari ang pagbaba ng bilang ng mga namamatay noong ika-20 siglo. Sa
Asya, nagsimula ang pagbaba ng fertility rate noong mga dekada ng 1950.
- Matapos ang Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, naranasan ng Hapon ang
tinatawag nating “baby boom.” Ibig sabihin nito, may malaking pagtaas sa bilang
ng mga sanggol na ipinanganak. Ito ay dulot ng pagbaba ng bilang ng mga
namamatay na sanggol at bata. Gayundin, sa mga Kanlurang bansa, nagkaroon
rin ng baby boom ngunit ito ay dulot ng pagtaas ng bilang ng mga panganak

EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

 The demographic transition led to a significant gap in life expectancy between

Japan and the rest of the world, reaching 12 years by 1820 and 22 years by
1900.
- The way people’s lives changed over time caused a big difference in how
long people lived. In Japan and Western countries, people started living
much longer than in other parts of the world. By 1820, the difference was
12 years, and by 1900, it grew to 22 years. So, people in Japan and the
West were living much longer compared to others around the world
during that time.
 Europe and the West increased their share of the world's population from 22.0%
to 33.0% in the 19th century, while Asia and Oceania dropped from 69.0% to
56.7%, impacting India and China negatively.
- In the 1800s, more and more people lived in Europe and Western
countries compared to other parts of the world. Their share of the world’s
population increased from 22.0% to 33.0%. On the other hand, Asia and
Oceania had fewer people relative to the total population. Their share
dropped from 69.0% to 56.7%. This change had a negative impact on
countries like India and China, as they had a smaller proportion of the
world’s population during that time.
- Nagsuffer ang India and China sa economic stagnation: So, the economic
stagnation means no growth in economy. Like nagdecrease ang business
investment, low consumer spending at high unemployment. So, ang
economic stagnation naman is hindi pang matagalan kumbaga, economies
can recover and resume growth.
 In the 20th century, population growth shifted to Africa, Asia, Latin America, and
Oceania, with only 11.7% of growth occurring in Europe and Western offshoots.
-During the 1900s, the number of people in the world started to increase more in
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. These regions experienced significant
population growth. However, in Europe and Western offshoots (countries
 influenced by European culture), the growth was much lower, accounting for
only 11.7% of the overall population increase. So, most of the population growth
during the 20th century happened in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania,
while Europe and Western offshoots had slower population growth.
- Noong mga 1900s, mas mabilis na lumaki ang bilang ng mga tao sa Africa,
Asya, Latin Amerika, at Oceania. Ang mga rehiyong ito ay nakaranas ng
malaking paglaki ng populasyon. Gayunpaman, sa Europa at mga bansang
naapektuhan ng kultura ng Europa (tinatawag na Western offshoots), ang
paglaki ng populasyon ay mas mabagal, na naglalaan lamang ng 11.7% ng
kabuuang pagtaas ng populasyon. Kaya, ang karamihan ng paglaki ng
populasyon noong ika-20 siglo ay nangyari sa Africa, Asya, Latin Amerika, at
Oceania, samantalang mas mabagal ang paglaki ng populasyon sa Europa at
mga bansang naapektuhan ng kultura ng Europa.
 By 2150, Africa's share of the world population is projected to reach nearly 20%,
and Asia, Latin America, and Oceania are estimated to contribute to a two-
billion-person population increase.
- By the year 2150, it is predicted that Africa will have a bigger part of the
world's population, making up almost 20% of it. Additionally, regions like
Asia, Latin America, and Oceania are expected to contribute to a
population increase of around two billion people. This means that more
people will be living in these areas in the future. This shift in population
distribution will have a significant impact on demography, which is the
study of population. It will change factors such as population size, age
distribution, and social and economic conditions in these regions.
Governments and societies will need to adapt to these changes and plan
for the needs of a growing population.

- Sa taong 2150, inaasahan na mas malaking bahagi ng populasyon ng

mundo ay matatagpuan sa Aprika, na magkakapalit ng halos 20% nito.
Bukod dito, inaasahan din na magdaragdag ng mga dalawang bilyong tao
ang mga rehiyon tulad ng Asya, Latin Amerika, at Oceania. Ibig sabihin,
mas maraming tao ang mamumuhay sa mga rehiyong ito sa hinaharap.
Ang paglipat na ito sa distribusyon ng populasyon ay magkakaroon ng
malaking epekto sa demograpiya, na siyang pag-aaral ng populasyon. Ito
ay magbubunsod ng mga pagbabago sa mga salik tulad ng laki ng
populasyon, pamamahagi ng edad, at sosyal at pang-ekonomiyang
kalagayan sa mga rehiyong ito. Ang mga pamahalaan at lipunan ay
kailangang mag-ayos at magplano para sa mga pangangailangan ng
lumalaking populasyon na ito.
 Age structure trends in Japan and the West showed a temporary increase in
dependency ratios during the baby boom, while Japan experienced higher
dependency ratios than the West from 1888 to 1920.
 - In Japan and Western countries, there were certain times when the age
structure of the population changed. For example, during a period called
the “baby boom,” there were a lot of babies being born. This caused a
temporary increase in what we call “dependency ratios,” which means
there were more young people who depended on others for support, like
parents or grandparents.
In the case of Japan, they had higher dependency ratios than Western
countries between 1888 and 1920. This means that during that time,
there were more young people in Japan compared to the number of
working-age adults. This could have put some strain on the resources and
support systems available to take care of the younger population.

- Sa Japan at mga bansang Kanluranin, may mga pagkakataon kung kailan

nagbago ang istraktura ng edad ng populasyon. Halimbawa, sa panahon
ng tinatawag na “baby boom,” maraming mga sanggol ang ipinanganak.
Ito ay nagresulta sa pansamantalang pagtaas ng tinatawag nating
“dependency ratios,” na nangangahulugang mas maraming kabataan ang
umaasa sa suporta ng iba, tulad ng mga magulang o mga lolo at lola.
- Sa kaso ng Japan, mas mataas ang dependency ratios nito kumpara sa
mga bansang Kanluranin mula 1888 hanggang 1920. Ibig sabihin, noong
panahong iyon, mas maraming kabataan ang mayroon sa Japan kumpara
sa bilang ng mga taong may sapat na edad para magtrabaho. Maaaring
nagdulot ito ng ilang kahirapan sa mga mapagkukunan at mga sistema ng
suporta na available para alagaan ang mas batang populasyon.
 Developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency ratios
in 1900, peaking around 1970 due to declining infant and child mortality and
high fertility levels.
- In 1900, countries like India and the Philippines, which were still
developing, had more young people compared to the number of working-
age adults. This is what we call a “dependency ratio.” It means that there
were more people who depended on others for support, like children or
elderly family members.
Over time, these countries saw a decrease in infant and child mortality
rates, which means more babies and children were surviving. At the same
time, they had high fertility levels, meaning more babies were being born.
These factors combined caused the dependency ratio to reach its highest
point around 1970. During that time, there were more young people in
relation to the working-age population in these countries. This could have
posed challenges for providing necessary resources and support for the
growing number of dependents.
- Noong 1900, ang mga bansa tulad ng India at Pilipinas, na kasalukuyang
nasa proseso ng pag-unlad, mayroong mas maraming kabataan kumpara
sa bilang ng mga taong may sapat na edad para magtrabaho. Tinatawag
 natin itong “dependency ratio.” Ibig sabihin, mas maraming tao ang
umaasa sa suporta ng iba, tulad ng mga bata o mga matatandang
miyembro ng pamilya.
-
- Sa paglipas ng panahon, nabawasan ang mga rate ng infant at child
mortality sa mga bansang ito, kung saan mas maraming sanggol at mga
bata ang nag-survive. Kasabay nito, mataas din ang antas ng fertility,
kung saan mas maraming mga sanggol ang ipinapanganak. Ang
kombinasyon ng mga salik na ito ang nagdulot ng pagtaas ng dependency
ratio na umabot sa pinakamataas nitong punto noong mga taong 1970. Sa
panahong iyon, mas maraming kabataan ang mayroon kumpara sa bilang
ng mga taong may sapat na edad para magtrabaho sa mga bansang ito.
Ito ay maaaring nagdulot ng mga hamon sa pagbibigay ng kinakailangang
mga mapagkukunan at suporta para sa lumalaking bilang ng mga taong
umaasa
 Global birth rate decline and a decreasing fertility gap between the West and less
developed countries will lead to reversed dependency ratios in the next 50 years, with
aging populations causing a rise in dependency ratios, starting in the West.
- Sa mga darating na taon, inaasahan na bababa ang birth rate sa buong mundo. Ibig
sabihin nito, mas kaunti ang magiging mga sanggol sa buong mundo. Bukod dito,
babawasan din ang agwat sa fertility rates sa pagitan ng mga bansa sa Kanluran at
mga bansang hindi pa gaanong umunlad.
-
- Bilang resulta ng mga tendensiyang ito, magbabago ang mga dependency ratio, na
nagtatakda ng bilang ng mga taong umaasa sa iba para sa suporta kumpara sa
bilang ng mga taong nasa working-age population. Sa kasalukuyan, mas
maraming kabataan ang umaasa sa iba para sa suporta. Gayunpaman, sa susunod
na 50 taon, inaasahan na magbabago ito. Dahil sa pagtanda ng populasyon, lalo na
sa mga bansa sa Kanluran, magkakaroon ng pagtaas sa bilang ng mga matatanda
na umaasa sa suporta mula sa iba.
- Ibig sabihin nito, tataas ang proporsyon ng mga matatanda at magiging mas
kaunti ang mga kabataan sa populasyon. Bilang resulta, tataas ang mga
dependency ratio, na nagpapahiwatig na mas malaking bahagi ng populasyon ang
umaasa sa suporta mula sa mas maliit na grupo ng mga indibidwal na nasa
working-age.