Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Section: ________________

School: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Science 9 (Q4- Lesson 1 & 2)
Projectile Motion

I. Introduction

Basketball is one of the famous sports in

the Philippines. Wherever you go, you will see
basketball courts in every barangay, on streets,
or even find basketball rings in houses. Indeed,
it has been considered to be a part of every
Filipino’s life. But did you know that there is
Source: www.basic-mathematics.com
Science behind basketball? When someone
attempts to score by throwing the basketball towards the hoop, the ball will follow a
parabolic path upon its release, going to the target hoop. This is what you call
projectile motion. The question is, would there be a formula to perfectly hit the
target? What angle do you need to get that “three points”?

II. Learning Competency

This Learning Activity Sheets will help you describe the horizontal and vertical
motions of a projectile (S9FE-IVa-34) and investigate the relationship between the
angle of release and the height and range of the projectile (S9FE-IVa-35).

III. Objectives

After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:
1. identify and define key concepts related to the motion of objects in two-
dimensions;
2. explain the factors that determine the projectile flight;
3. explain how a projectile launched at an angle differs from one
launched horizontally; and
5. investigate the relationships between the projection angle, the height, the
range, and the time of travel of a projectile.

1
IV.Discussion

You probably have seen an object that falls freely at a certain height or
a ball simply rolling on a smooth surface. An object falling vertically at a
certain height is called a free-falling object where it falls under the influence
of gravity. Conversely, a ball rolling on a smooth surface is an object that is
said to move horizontally. How about objects that have both the horizontal
and vertical components affecting their movement? These are what you call
objects moving in projectile motion.

Sir Isaac Newton, an English physicist, and mathematician presented

the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the
body, in his so-called law of motion (Rodriguez 2020). His second law of
motion was considered as one of the most important in all of Physics. It states
that the acceleration produced by a force is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the force in the same direction as the force, and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object (ScienceStruck 2014). An object that
moves in a vertical motion refers to an object that moves against the pull of
gravity. Hence, Newton was able to calculate the acceleration of an object in
the downward direction as a result of the Earth’s gravitational force to be
approximately −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 . (Please note that a negative sign indicates a force
acting in a downward direction). By this, the formula 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 was derived
indicating the gravitational force (𝑓𝑔 ) acting on an object having mass ‘𝑚’.

Projectile motion is the motion of an object that is thrown (projected)

horizontally, or at an angle, or dropped, which continues to move in its inertia
under the influence of the downward force of gravity alone. Here, the object
being projected or dropped is called the projectile. The path which the
projectile travels is what you call the trajectory. As the projectile travels
through the air, it encounters air resistance, a frictional force that slows its
motion. Although air resistance significantly changes the trajectory of the
projectile, it is ignored in introductory Physics due to the difficulty in the
calculation (TexasEducationAgency 2021). Hence, you would often see
examples indicating the influence of air resistance is negligible (not significant
or no influence at all).

Properties of Projectile

There are several examples of a projectile. A falling object at rest is an

example of a projectile, an object vertically thrown upward is also an example.
Similarly, an object which is thrown upward at an angle to the horizontal
illustrates a projectile. These are all patterns of a projectile, considering the
influence of air resistance is negligible. (The Physics Classroom 2021).

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 To fully understand projectile motion,
let us have the figure on the left. It is
very important to keep in mind that in
projectile motion, the horizontal
motion and the vertical motion are
independent of each other, meaning,
one is not influenced by the other. In
the absence of gravity, when the
cannonball is fired from the cannon
horizontally, it will follow a uniform
Source: www.physicsclassroom.com
velocity with no change in
displacement. Thus, will follow path C. However, when the cannonball is
dropped from the cannon, with the presence of gravity, it will accelerate
downward with a change in displacement. Thus, will follow path A. Combining
these vertical and horizontal motions, in projectile motion, the ball will follow
a curve path, a result between the intersection of the vertical and horizontal
components. Thus, will follow path B.

Projectile Launched at an Angle

When an object at rest is launched

upward at an angle, its initial velocity
can be resolved into two components.
Due to gravity, the horizontal motion
does not change and is, therefore a
constant velocity motion.

However, the upward velocity will

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4526763/
undergo constant downward
acceleration. As a result, the object will rise until it reaches its highest point
and then falls back to the ground (CK-12 2020).

Below are the formulas you need in solving problems related to projectile
motion (LumenLearning 2019).

Initial Velocity
The initial velocity can be expressed into x component (horizontal) and
y component (vertical)

𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

3
 In these equations, 𝑣𝑖𝑥 stands for the initial velocity of the horizontal
component, 𝑣𝑖𝑦 stands for the initial velocity of the vertical component, and 𝜃
refers to the projectile angle.

Time of Flight
The time of flight (𝑇) of the projectile motion is dependent on the initial
velocity and projectile angle. In projectile motion, (𝑇) refers to the time from
when the object is launched until it reaches the surface.
2∙𝑣𝑖𝑦 2∙𝑣∙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑚
𝑇= or 𝑇= where 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑠 2
𝑔 𝑔

Acceleration
There is no acceleration (𝑎) in the horizontal (𝑥) direction in projectile
motion. In the vertical (𝑦) direction, the acceleration (𝑎) is due to gravity
known as free fall.
𝑚
𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 or 𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 𝑠 2

Velocity
There is no change in horizontal velocity, thus remains constant.
However, because of constant acceleration in a vertical motion, vertical
velocity varies linearly. Therefore, at any time, 𝑡, the velocity is:

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔 ∙ 𝑡

2
𝑣 = √(𝑣𝑥 )2 + (𝑣𝑦 )

Displacement
At time 𝑡, the displacement is:

𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where x is the horizontal distance

1
𝑦 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 where y is the vertical distance

Trajectory

Refers to the parabolic path traveled by a projectile where x is the

horizontal displacement.
𝑔
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑥 − ∙ 𝑥2
2 ∙ 𝑣 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

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Maximum Height
The maximum height is reached when the vertical velocity (𝑣𝑦 ) is equal
to zero, i.e. 𝑣𝑦 = 0. Hence, the time it will take for an object to reach its
maximum height when launched is

𝑣 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡ℎ =
𝑔
where 𝑡ℎ refers to the time it takes to reach maximum height.

So, to find the maximum height (ℎ), the formula is

𝑣 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎ=
2∙𝑔

Range
The range is the horizontal displacement of the projectile or the
horizontal distance traveled by the projectile after total time and depends on
the initial velocity of the object.
𝑣 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅=
𝑔

Problem Solving
1. During a tennis match, the ball was hit from a level ground at an angle of 70°
from the horizontal with an initial velocity of 6.5 m/s. Neglecting air resistance:

a. what is the maximum height attained by the tennis ball?

b. how long did it take the tennis ball before landing on the ground?
c. how far did the ball travel before hitting the ground?

Given: What are you looking for?

 Initial velocity a. maximum height. So, use
(𝒗) = 𝟔. 𝟓𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒉=
 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 𝟐∙𝒈
 Angle 𝜽 = 𝟕𝟎° b. “how long” means time. So, use
𝟐 ∙ 𝒗 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑻=
𝒈
c. “how far” means horizontal
displacement. So, use
𝒙 = 𝒗 ∙ 𝒕 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

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 Solution:
𝑣 2 ∙𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (6.5𝑚/𝑠)2 ∙(𝑆𝑖𝑛70)2 (42.25𝑚2 /𝑠2)∙(0.88) 37.18𝑚2 /𝑠2
a. ℎ = 2∙𝑔
= 2(9.8𝑚/𝑠2 )
= 19.6𝑚/𝑠 2
= 19.6𝑚/𝑠 2
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎

2∙𝑣∙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2)(6.5𝑚/𝑠)(𝑆𝑖𝑛70) (13𝑚/𝑠)(0.94) 12.22𝑚/𝑠

b. 𝑇 = = = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒔
𝑔 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2

c. 𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (6.5𝑚/𝑠)(1.25𝑠)(𝐶𝑜𝑠65) = (8.125 𝑚)(0.42) = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎

Answer:
a. The maximum height attained by the tennis ball was 1.90 meters.
b. The ball took 1.25 seconds before landing on the ground.
c. The ball traveled 3.41 meters before hitting the ground.

2. In a volleyball match, one player slammed the ball inside the opponent’s
court to score a point. The ball then bounces back leaving the ground with a
velocity of 7 𝑚/𝑠 at an angle of 80° above the horizontal before it landed outside
the court.

a. How long did it take the ball to land outside the court from the
moment that it bounced back?
b. How high did the ball reach after it bounced back?
c. How far was the ball from its starting point (moment of bouncing
back) to the outside court?
d. How fast was the ball when it hit the outside court?

Given: What are you looking for?

a. “how long” means time. So, use
 Initial velocity (𝒗) = 𝟕 𝒎/𝒔 𝟐 ∙ 𝒗 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒎
 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒔𝟐 𝑻=
𝒈
 Angle 𝜽 = 𝟖𝟎° b. “how high” means a. maximum
𝒗𝟐 ∙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
height. So, use 𝒉 = 𝟐∙𝒈
c. “how far” means horizontal
displacement. So, use 𝒙 = 𝒗 ∙ 𝒕 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
d. “how fast” means velocity. In this
case, final velocity.
Solution:
2∙𝑣∙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2)(7 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑆𝑖𝑛80) (14𝑚/𝑠)(0.98) 13.72 𝑚/𝑠
a. 𝑇 = = = = = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒔
𝑔 9.8𝑚/𝑠2 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 9.8𝑚/𝑠2

𝑣 2 ∙𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (7𝑚/𝑠)2 ∙(𝑆𝑖𝑛80)2 (49𝑚2 /𝑠2)∙(0.97) 47.53 𝑚2/𝑠2

b. ℎ = = = = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎
2∙𝑔 2(9.8𝑚/𝑠2 ) 19.6𝑚/𝑠 2 19.6𝑚/𝑠2

7𝑚
c. 𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ( ) (1.4𝑠)(𝐶𝑜𝑠80) = (9.8 𝑚)(0.17) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎
𝑠

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 d. The initial velocity and the final velocity in a projectile are equal.
So 𝑣𝑓 = −7 𝑚/𝑠. The negative sign indicates an opposite direction.
Answer:
a. The ball took 1.4 𝑠 to land outside the court from the moment it bounced
back
b. The maximum height attained by the ball was 2.43 𝑚
c. The ball traveled 1.67 𝑚 before hitting the outside court.
d. The final velocity of the ball was −7 𝑚/𝑠

V. Activities

Activity # 1: Projectile or Not a Projectile

Write P if the following real-life examples show a projectile and N if it is not.

_____1. A bullet fired from a gun.

_____2. A volleyball served by the player
_____3. A football kicked in a game.
_____4. A ball falls from the table
_____5. A jet plane leaving trails in the sky
_____6. A basketball, thrown for a 3-point shot
_____7. A javelin, thrown by the athlete.
_____8. An aircraft taking off.
_____9. A slingshot before the rock leaves the sling
_____10. An arrow shot through the air

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Activity # 2: Investigation
A cannonball was fired from a cannon and the trajectory is shown below.
Investigate the movement of the projectile given a constant initial velocity of
18𝑚/𝑠 and varying angles of release (80°, 70°, 60°, 50°, 40°, 20°). Complete the
table, answer the questions, and write your conclusion.

80°
70°
60°
50°
40°
30°

Source: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/projectile-motion

Time Horizontal Maximum Height

Angle of Initial 𝟐 ∙ 𝒗 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒗𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
Displacement
Release Velocity 𝑻= 𝒉=
𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒗 ∙ 𝒕 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐∙𝒈

80 18 m/s

70 18 m/s

60 18 m/s

50 18 m/s

40 18 m/s

30 18 m/s

Answer the following questions using the computed data in the table.
Questions
1. What do 60° & 30° angle have in common?

2. What do 50° & 40° angle have in common?

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 3. Continuing the pattern, where would the cannonball land at
20° & 10° angle?

4. Neglecting air resistance, what angle is needed for the cannonball to:

a. cover the longest period?

b. reach the maximum horizontal distance?

c. fly at the maximum height?

Conclusion
Based on the data above, what conclusion can you draw given a projectile
with varying angles of release and a constant initial velocity?
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Activity # 3: Problem Solving

1. A soccer ball is kicked at ground level with a speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠 at an angle of

50° to the horizontal.
a. How long did it take for the ball to hit the ground?

b. What was the maximum height attained by the ball?

c. How far did the ball travel before hitting the ground?

d. In relation to the previous question, is this the farthest distance the

ball could have traveled? Explain.

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2. A golf ball was hit at an angle of 30° above the horizontal with an initial
velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠.
a. How far was the ball from its starting point?

b. How long did it take the ball to hit the ground?

c. What was the ball’s maximum height before hitting the ground?

d. How long will it take the golf ball to travel a horizontal distance of
2.4 𝑚?

e. At what angle must the golfer hit the golf ball to attain a maximum
height of 0.5 𝑚?

f. What must be the ball’s initial velocity if it has to travel a total time
of 0.8 𝑠?

Activity # 4: Problem Posing

Create a problem about projectile motion and provide a solution. You will be
graded using the following criteria:
Criteria
Originality 10 Points
Correctness 15 Points
Difficulty 15 Points
Completeness 10 Points
Total 50 Points

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Activity # 5: Photo Essay
In three to five sentences, tell something about the picture and discuss its relation
to projectile motion.

Source: www.indianexpress.com

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VI. Assessment

Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each
number.

For questions #1-5.

Maria throws a ball straight up with an initial velocity of 10 m/s.

_____ 1. What is its velocity at the highest point?

A. 0 𝑚/𝑠 C. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. 0 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

_____ 2. What is its velocity when it returned to the elevation from where it
was thrown?
A. −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 C. 10 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. −10 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. Cannot be determined

_____3. What is its acceleration at the highest point?

A. 0 𝑚/𝑠 C. 0 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

_____4. What is its acceleration just before it hits the ground?

A. 0 𝑚/𝑠 C. 0 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

_____5. After 1 second, what is the acceleration of the ball?

A. 0 𝑚/𝑠 C. 0 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

_____6. This refers to the motion of objects moving in two dimensions under
the influence of gravity alone?
A. Trajectory C. Acceleration
B. Projectile Motion D. Velocity

_____7. How do you compare the initial and final velocity of an object launched
at an angle?
A. Opposite C. Unequal
B. Equal and Opposite D. Cannot be determined

12
_____8. The initial velocity of Manuel playing luksong tinik has horizontal and
vertical components that are equal in magnitude. What angle does his
velocity make with the horizontal?
A. 30° C. 60°
B. 45° D. 90°

_____9. A sepak takraw that is kicked from a height of two meters follows a
path that is ___________.
A. circular C. hyperbolic
B. linear D. parabolic

_____10. A goalie made three soccer punts at 70°, 50°, and 30° with varying
speeds—all reaching the same maximum heights. Which statement
is correct?
A. All punts have the same hang time
B. The punt at 70° has the longest hang time
C. The punt at 50° has the longest hang time
D. The punt at 30° has the longest hang time

_____11. A volleyball is served at a speed of 8 𝑚/𝑠 at an angle 35° above the

horizontal. What is the speed of the ball when received by the
opponent at the same height?
A. 4 𝑚/𝑠 C. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
B. 8 𝑚/𝑠 D. 16 𝑚/𝑠

_____12. A bullet is fired horizontally from a gun. At the same time and from
the same height, a bullet is dropped. If we neglect the effects of air
resistance, how will the time the two bullets spend in the air
compare?
A. the bullet that is fired will spend less time in the air, hitting
the ground first.
B. both bullets will spend the same amount of time in the air,
hitting at the same time.
C. the bullet that is fired will spend longer in the air, hitting
the ground after the dropped bullet.
D. there is not enough information to determine this.

_____13. Batang Pinoy athlete from your school throws a javelin, always at the
same speed, at four different angles (30°, 40°, 60°, 80°) above the
horizontal. Which two throws cause the javelin to land the same
distance?
A. 30° & 80° C. 30° & 60°
B. 40° & 80° D. 40° & 60°

13
_____14. Neglecting air resistance, what are the horizontal and vertical
accelerations of a projectile when it reaches its maximum height
launched at an angle?
A. The horizontal and vertical acceleration are both zero.
B. The horizontal acceleration is zero and the vertical
acceleration is 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
C. The horizontal acceleration is 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 and the vertical
acceleration is zero.
D. The horizontal and vertical acceleration are both 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
_____15. An arrow is shot into the air at some angle, with initial horizontal
velocities (𝑣𝑥 ) and initial velocity (𝑣𝑦 ). At the very top of the arrow’s
path, what is its velocity in the vertical direction?
A. (𝑣𝑦 ) C. zero
B. greater than (𝑣𝑦 ) D. less than (𝑣𝑦 )

_____16. Neglecting air resistance, the angle at which a projectile reaches the
farthest is____________.
A. 30° C. 60°
B. 45° D. 90°

_____17. An arrow is shot into the air at some angle, with initial horizontal
velocities (𝑣𝑥 ) and initial velocity (𝑣𝑦 ). At the very top of the arrow’s
path, what is its velocity in the vertical direction?
A. (𝑣𝑥 ) C. zero
B. greater than (𝑣𝑥 ) D. less than (𝑣𝑥 )

For questions #18-19.

A shotput ball is thrown from an athlete with an initial velocity of
250 𝑚/𝑠 at 37° above the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance:

_____18. How fast is the ball moving when it reaches the highest point in its
trajectory?
A. 125 𝑚/𝑠 C. 150 𝑚/𝑠
B. 200 𝑚/𝑠 D. 250 𝑚/𝑠

_____19. How fast is the ball moving just before striking the ground?
A. 125 𝑚/𝑠 C. 150 𝑚/𝑠
B. 200 𝑚/𝑠 D. 250 𝑚/𝑠

14
_____20. An archer uses a bow to fire two similar arrows with the same string
force. One arrow is fired at an angle of 60° with the horizontal, and
the other is fired at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Compared to
the arrow fired at 60°, the arrow fired at 45° has a ________________.
A. longer flight time and longer horizontal range
B. shorter flight time and longer horizontal range
C. shorter flight time and shorter horizontal range
D. longer flight time and shorter horizontal range

VII. Reflection

Is projectile motion useful in solving criminal cases that involve guns? Share
your thoughts.

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VIII. References

CK-12. 2020. Projectile Motion for an Object Launched at an Angle. February

6. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-
2.0/section/4.3/primary/lesson/projectile-motion-for-an-object-
launched-at-an-angle-phys.

LumenLearning. 2019. Projectile Motion.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
physics/chapter/projectile-motion/.

Rodriguez, Emily. 2020. Newton's Laws of Motion. February 3.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Newtons-laws-of-motion.

ScienceStruck. 2014. A Guide to Understand Projectile Motion With Real-life

Examples. December. https://sciencestruck.com/projectile-motion-
with-real-life-
examples#:~:text=Real%2Dlife%20Examples%20of%20Projectile%20M
otion&text=1)%20A%20football%20kicked%20in,the%20sport%20of%
20discus%20throw.

TexasEducationAgency. 2021. Projectile Motion.

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/53-projectile-motion.

ThePhysicsClassroom. 2021. What is a Projectile.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-
a-Projectile.

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 17
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. B
19. D
20. A
Assessment
1a. 3.13 s
1b. 11.98 m
1c. 40.24 m
1d. Angle must be at 45°
Answers may 2a. 2.21 m 2b. 0.51 s
Answers may
vary 2c. 0.32 m 2d. 0.55 s
vary
2e. 38.76° 2f. 8.82 m/s
Activity 5 Activity 4 Activity 3
1. same horizontal range
2. same horizontal range
3. same with 70° & 80°
4a. as it approaches 90°
4b. 45° 1. P
4c. as it approaches 90° 2. P
Conclusion: answers may vary, but check for the 3. P
correctness 4. M
5. N
6. P
7. P
8. N
9. N
10. P
Activity 2 Activity 1
IX. Answer Key
X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Ria L. Vital
Editor: Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Reviewer: Ala M. Elagio, Alice Y. Tayag, Maria Teresa C. Maluntag
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Ericson S. Sabacan, EdD, CESO VI
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

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