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The X, Y, Z System –
L, a, b System

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colorimetry in the XYZ system

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Colorimetry in the XYZ system

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colorimetry in the XYZ system

S(l)

x(l),
y(l),
z(l) R(l)

X = K ò S (l ) R(l ) x (l )dl
Y = K ò S (l ) R(l ) y (l )dl
Z = K ò S (l ) R(l ) z (l )dl

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

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Colorimetry in the XYZ system

X = K ò S (l ) R(l ) x (l )dl
Y = K ò S (l ) R(l ) y (l )dl
Z = K ò S (l ) R(l ) z (l )dl

K = 100 / ò S (l ) y (l )dl

- For the perfect diffuser, R(l) = 1 at all wavelength.

- K results in Y = 100 for the perfect diffuser.

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colorimetry in the XYZ system

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

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Chromaticity

- It is helpful to calculate a type of relative

tristimulus values called chromaticity co-ordinates:

X Y Z
x = y = z =
X+Y+Z X+Y+Z X+Y+Z

x+y+z=1

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Chromaticity

- If x and y are known, z = 1-x-y.

- x and y can be used to construct two-dimensional
diagrams, chromaticity diagram.

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x,y chromaticity diagram

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

x,y chromaticity diagram

- The curved line is the spectral locus

1.
0 showing where the colours of the
spectrum plot.
- The spectral locus is enclosed
by the purple boundary (line
connecting two ends of the
spectrum, ~380 and
780 nm).
0. 1.
0 0

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x,y chromaticity diagram

1. - White (SE) is in the centre, with

0
saturation increasing towards the
boundary.
- x and y are not changed by
changes in level of illumination
or luminance factor.

0. 1.
0 0

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x,y chromaticity diagram

1. - White and greys plot at the same

0
point. Orange and brown may plot at
the same point.
- All colours lie within the
spectral locus and the purple
boundary.

0. 1.
0 0

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x,y chromaticity diagram

- Additive mixtures of red (700nm),

green (546.1nm), and blue (435.8nm)
can only match colours lying within
the triangle formed by the three
chromaticities of the
primaries.

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x,y chromaticity diagram

- Mixing two coloured lights creates
colours on a straight line.
- Mixing 3 colours creates colours
within a triangle.
- Colours outside the triangle
require negative amounts
of one of the
primaries.

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x,y chromaticity diagram

- Black-body locus
(the colours of
heated black-
bodies.

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Chromaticity

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xyY color space

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Non-uniformity of the x,y diagrams

- Each line represents an

equal perceptual colour
difference for two
colours having the same
luminance and seen under
the same conditions.

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Approximately uniform chromaticity diagram

u’ = 4X/(X+15Y+3Z)
= 4x/(-2x+12y+3)
v’ = 9Y /(X+15Y+3Z)
= 9y /(-2x+12y+3)

x = 9u’/(6u’-16v’+12)
y = 4v’/(6u’-16v’+12)

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Uniform colour spaces

- To express colour differences in terms of

differences in hue, lightness, and chroma, CIE
recommended three-dimensional uniform colour
spaces.
- Two colour spaces: CIELUV and CIELAB, were
recommended by CIE in 1976.

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CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) or CIELUV colour space

- The space is obtained by plotting three variables:

L*,
u* and v*, along axes at right angles to one another.

L* = 116(Y/Yn)1/3 - 16 for Y/Yn > 0.008856

L* = 903.3(Y/Yn) for Y/Yn < 0.008856
u* = 13L*(u’-u’n)
v* = 13L*(v’-v’n)

u’n, v’n are values of u’, v’ for the chosen reference white.
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CIELUV colour space

- CIE 1976 hue-angle, huv

huv = arctan[(v’-v’n)/(u’-u’n)]

- Since v*/u* = (v’-v’n)/(u’-u’n)

CIE 1976 u, v hue-angle, huv, can also be defined as:

huv = arctan(v*/u*)

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

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CIELUV colour space

- CIE 1976 u,v chroma, C*uv

C*uv = (u*2+v*2)1/2

- Saturation, suv
suv = 13 [(u’-u’n)2+(v’-v’n)2]1/2
= C*uv/L*

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CIELUV colour space

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

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CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) or CIELAB colour space

- The space is obtained by plotting three variables:

L*,
a* and b*, along axes at right angles to one another.

L* = 116(Y/Yn)1/3 - 16 for Y/Yn > 0.008856

L* = 903.3(Y/Yn) for Y/Yn < 0.008856
a* = 500[f(X/Xn) -f(Y /Yn)]
b* = 200[f(Y/Yn) -f(Z /Zn)]

XnYnZn are values of XYZ for the chosen reference white.

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CIELAB colour space

a* = 500[f(X /Xn) -f(Y /Yn)]

b* = 200[f(Y /Yn) -f(Z /Zn)]

f(I) = I1/3 for I > 0.008856

f(I) = 7.787I + 16/116 for I < 0.008856

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CIELAB colour space

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CIELAB colour space

CIE 1976 a,b hue-angle

hab = arctan(b*/a*)

CIE 1976 a,b chroma

C*ab = (a*2+b*2)1/2

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CIELAB colour space

a* = C*ab cos(hab)

b* = C*ab sin(hab)

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

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CIELAB colour space

Angle a* b*
0o-90o + +
90o-180o - +
180o-270o - -
270o-360o + -

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