4/7/20

Colour Matching Functions

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Sensitivity Curves of Cones

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Colour Matching Experiment

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colour Matching Experiment (1)

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Colour Matching Experiment (1)

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colour Matching Experiment (1)

The primary colour

amounts needed
for a match

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Colour Matching

C[C] R[R] + G[G] + B[B]

- means “is matched by”.

- [C] = test light source.
- [R], [G], [B] = primary light sources.
- R, G, B = amounts used of each primary to produce a
match, known as the tristimulus values of
the colour [C].

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Grassmann’s Laws

- To specify a colour match, three independent

variables are necessary and sufficient.
- For an additive mixture of colour stimuli, only their
tristimulus values are relevant, not their spectral
compositions.
- In additive mixtures of colour stimuli, if one or more
components of the mixture are gradually changed,
the resulting tristimulus values also change
gradually.
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Colour Matching

C1[C1] R1[R] + G1[G] + B1[B]

C2[C2] R2[R] + G2[G] + B2[B]

C1[C1] + C2[C2] (R1+R2)[R] + (G1+G2)[G] + (B1+B2)[B]

Bài Giảng Lý Thuyết Màu – Nguyễn Long Giang

Colour Matching Experiment (2)

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Colour Matching Experiment (2)

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Colour Matching Experiment (2)

Negative amount of green The primary colour

was needed to make a match; amounts needed for
it was added to the test a match
colour’s side.
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Inadequacy of real primaries

C[C] + G[G] R[R] + B[B]

C[C] R[R] - G[G] + B[B]

- The tristimulus values of C are R, -G and B, i.e. one

of the values is negative.

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Inadequacy of real primaries

- Different sets of primaries result in different sets

of tristimulus values.
- Careful choice of primaries reduces the incidence of
negative tristimulus values.
- No set of real primary colours that can be used to
match all colours using positive amounts of primaries.

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Inadequacy of real primaries

- Proportions of primaries, rather than amounts, are

normally used to represent two-dimensional plots of
colours.
- Equal proportions of [R], [G] and [B] look neutral,
the brightness of the mixture depends on the
amounts used.

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Inadequacy of real primaries

- The proportions of the primaries [R], [G] and [B] are

represented by r, g and b:

R G B
r = g = b =
R+G+B R+G+B R+G+B

r+g+b=1

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Standard observer: Colour-matching functions

- The tristimulus values of any one wavelength are the

amounts of the three primaries required to match
the light of the particular wavelength.
- The amounts required depend on the observers, and
results for an average (or ‘standard observer’) are
required.

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Standard observer: Colour-matching functions

- Primaries [R] at 700 nm, [G] at 546.1 nm and [B] at

435.8 nm.
- The amounts r, g and b required to match one unit of
energy of each wavelength throughout the spectrum.

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Standard observer: Colour-matching functions

r (l ), g (l ), b (l )
- Colour-matching
functions

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CIE Colour-matching functions

- r(l), g(l), and b(l) represent the amounts of RGB;

thus, the XYZ amounts, x(l), y(l), and z(l):

x(l) = 0.49 r(l) + 0.31 g(l) + 0.20 b(l)

y(l) = 0.17697 r(l) + 0.81240 g(l) + 0.01063 b(l)
z(l) = 0.00 r(l) + 0.01 g(l) + 0.99 b(l)

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CIE Colour-matching functions

- x(l), y(l), and z(l) functions = CIE colour-matching

functions for CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric
Observer, often referred to as the 2o Observer.

- No negative parts
- Areas under curves are equal.
- V(l) = 5.6508 y(l)

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CIE Colour-matching functions

- The y(l) function has the same shape as the V(l).

- 2o field size of colour matching
- For samples having field sizes < 4o

- 2o matches no longer remain

matches when the field size
is increased.

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CIE Colour-matching functions

- CIE recommended a different set of CMFs for

samples having field sizes > 4o.
- x10(l), y10(l), and z10(l) functions for CIE 1964
Standard Colorimetric Observer, often referred to
as the 10o Observer.

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CIE Colour-matching functions

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CIE Colour-matching functions

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CIE Colour-matching functions

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CIE Colour-matching functions

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