evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvejx

 ¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© (1610, 1905, 1947 mv‡j) XvKv †gvU  Ö‡mvqvP Ae †bv MÕvDÛÓ e½cmvM‡i Aew¯’Z|
3 evi ivRavbx n‡qwQj|  evsjv‡`k g~j ga¨‡iLvi c~e© †Mvjv‡a© Aew¯’Z|
 1610 myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb evsjvi ivRavbx wenv‡ii  evsjv‡`‡ki ev›`ieb I K•evRvi †Rjvi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi
ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq ¯’vbšÍwiZ K‡i †Kvb mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM †bB|
Gi bvg †`b Rvnv½xi bMi|  ewikvj wefv‡Mi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi †Kvb mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM
 1905 jW© KvR©b e½f½ Ki‡j XvKv cÕ_g cÕv‡`wkK †bB|
ivRavbxi gh©v`v cvq|  jvjgwbi nvU †Rjvi wZbweNv Kwi‡Wvi c~‡e© fvi‡Zi
 1947 cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci XvKv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi KzPwenvi †Rjvi AšÍM©Z wQj
cÕv‡`wkK ivRavbxi gh©v`v cvq|  XvKv wefv‡Mi 4wU †Rjv fviZ mxgvšÍeZx©|
 1971 evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡j XvKv ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki  evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ m¤ú„³ A_P †m‡fb wm÷vm© fy³ bq
ivRavbxi gh©v`v cvq| cwðge½|
 XvKv †cØimfv MwVZ nq 1864 mv‡j| GwU †cØi  evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj
K‡c©v‡ik‡b iæcvšÍi nq 1978 mv‡j Ges A_©‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 200
Ges cieZx©‡Z wmwU K‡cv‡ikb nq bwUK¨vj gvBj|
1989 mv‡j|  fvi‡Zi evsjv‡`‡ki cv‡ki mxgvšÍeZx© †Rjv 8wU Ges
 XvKvq GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÕwZwôZ nq 3 Rvbyqvwi ivR¨ 5wU|
1952 mv‡j|  fviZ-evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mxgvšÍ wcjvi
 1857 mv‡j XvKvi jvjevM `~‡M© wmcvnx we‡`ªvn ¯’vcb Kiv nq 1952 mv‡j|
msNwUZ nq|  fviZ wm‡j‡Ui cv`yqv MÕvg `Lj K‡i 1971 mv‡j
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq AwZw_ feb 3wU (cÝv, †gNbv I (cybiæ×vi 2001)|
myMÜv)|  fvi‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgn‡ji msL¨v 51wU (KzPwenvi
 wmiWvc nvDm Awd‡mi bvg Pv‡gjx nvDm| †Rjvq)|
 Xv‡Kk¦ix gw›`i wbg©vb K‡ib ejøvj †mb|  evsjv‡`‡k fvi‡Zi wQUgn‡ji msL¨v 111 wU
 evsjv‡`k‡K me‡P‡q †ekx Fb`vbKvix †`k Rvcvb Ges (jvjgwbi nvU- 59 wU # cÂMo-
ms¯’v IDA. 36 wU # KzwoMÖvg-12wU#
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ m‡e©v”P evwYR¨ NvUwZ i‡q‡Q Px‡bi| bxjdvgvix -4wU)
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ciivóªbxwZi weeiY †`qv Av‡Q  wZbweNv Kwi‡Wvi + `nMÖvg Av½i†cvZv wQUgnj
25 bs Aby‡”Q‡`| jvjgwbi nvU †Rjvq|
 `t Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡ki †`k¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb  gkvjWv½v wQUgnjwU KzwoMÕvg †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
`~Zvevm †bB|  bqvMÖvg + cv`yqv + cÖZvccyiÓ wQUgnj wm‡jU †Rjvq|
 RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jv‡fi mgq 126 wU †`k  jvjgwbi nvU †Rjvi wZbwefvM Kwi‡Wv‡i AvqZb 178
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQj| wg.  85 wg.|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÕ_g DcRvZxq ivóª`~Z nj kiwe›`y †kLi  fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ wZbweNv Kwi‡Wvi Ly‡j †`q 26
PvKgv| Ryb 1992 mv‡j|
 e½eÜz ÔRyjxI Kzix× cyi®‹vi jvf K‡ib 1972 mv‡j|  evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q 900 c~e© `ªvwNgv †iLv KK©UµvwšÍ
 evsjv‡`k AvbyôvwbKfv‡e we‡`‡k Rbkw³ ißvbx kyiæ †iLv + UªwcK Ae K¨vbmviÓ AwZµg K‡i‡Q|
K‡i 1976 mv‡j|  gvqvbgv‡ii mxgvšÍeZx© evsjv‡`‡ki †Rjv nj iv½vgvwU,
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq wgkb Av‡Q-2wU (wbDBK© I ev›`ieb I K•evRvi|
†R‡bfv)|  1800 ga¨ †iLvq AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv Kíbv Kiv
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÕwZcv` ¯’vb wPwji wbKU cÕkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i| n‡q‡Q|
 KvßvB †_‡K cøvweZ cve©Z¨ PÆMÕv‡gi DcZ¨Kv †fw½  `ªvwNgvšÍi 1 wWMÕx n‡j mg‡qi cv_©K¨ 4 wgwbU|
†fjx bv‡g cwiwPZ|  ‡m•U¨v›U h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b Aÿvsk wbiæcY
Kiv hvq|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki Kz‡qZ ejv nq Lyjbv‡K|  ‡m›U gvwU©b Øx‡ci c~e© bvg wQj bvwi‡Kj wRwÄiv
 evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv †÷kb 35wU |  ‡m›U gvwU©b ØxcwU bvd b`xi gy‡L Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`‡k f~-K¤úb ch©‡eÿY †K›`ª Av‡Q 4wU|  ‡Qov Øx‡ci AvqZb 3 wK.wg|
 gnvKvk M‡elYv I `~i Abyaveb †K›`ª- SPARSO  KzqvKvUv mgy`ª ˆmK‡Zi ˆ`N© 18 wK.wg.|
MwVZ nq 1980 mv‡j|  K•evRvi mgy`ª ˆmK‡Zi ˆ`N©¨- 155 wK. wg.|
 Zvwjjvev` f~-DcMÖn †K›`ªwU MvRxcyi †Rjvq|  ‡fvjv Øx‡ci c~e© bvg wQj kvnvevRcyi Øxc|
 21 Ryb, DËi †Mvjv‡a©i `xN©Zg w`b I ÿz`ªZg ivZ|  ‡iWµm †K›`ª i‡q‡Q nvwZqv Øx‡c|
 21 Ryb, `wÿY †Mvjv‡a©i `xN©Zg ivZ I ÿz`ªZg w`b|  cÝv b`xi fviZxq As‡ki bvg M½v|
 22 wW‡m¤^i, DËi †Mvjv‡a©i `xN©Zg w`b I ÿz`ªZg  evsjv‡`k b`x M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU dwi`cyi|
ivZ|  evsjv‡`‡k K…wl ïgvwi nq 4 evi 1g- 1977 Ges
 21 gvP© I 23 †m‡Þ¤^i c„w_exi me©Î w`b ivwÎ mgvb| me©‡kl- 2008 mv‡j|
 mybvgx A_© mvM‡ii †XD|  evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (BRRI)-
 evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Awa`ßi MwVZ nq 1989 mv‡j| Rq‡`ecyi, MvRxcyi (1970)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÕ_g RvZxq cwi‡ek bxwZ †NvwlZ nq 1992  evsjv‡`k Pv M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU wm‡j‡Ui kªxg½‡j
mv‡j| Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek welqK msMVb evcv, 2000 mv‡j  evsjv‡`k grm M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU Puv`cyi †_‡K
cÖwZwôZ| gqgbwms‡n ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nh 1976 mv‡j|
 cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡bi m~PbvKvix †WwfW _¨v‡iv|  Lwic km¨ nj- MÖx®§Kvjxb km¨ Ges iwe km¨ nj-
 Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡k N~wY©S‡oi bvg n¨vwi‡Kb| kxZKvjxb km¨|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg cvnvo Mv‡iv e„nËg gqgbwms‡n  1987 mv‡j ¯^Y©v mvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib W. Avãyi Lv‡jK|
Aew¯’Z|  evsjv‡`‡ki km¨fvÛvi ejv nq ewikvj †Rjv‡K|
 mv½y f¨vwj-PÆMÕv‡g| nvj`v f¨vwj- LvMovQwo, bvwcZ  K…wl Dbœq‡b ivóªcwZ cyi®‹vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq 1973
Lvwj f¨vwj- K·evRvi| mv‡j|
 gvaeKzÛ RjcÕcvZ †gØjfxevRv‡ii ei‡jLvq Aew¯’Z|  evsjv‡`k K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (BARI)-1976
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P ce©Z weRq/ ZvwRsW| ev›`ie‡b mv‡j MvwRcy‡ii Rq‡`ecy‡i cÕwZwôZ nq|
Aew¯’Z| D”PZv-1231 wgUvi|  avb Drcv`‡b we‡k¦ 1g †`k-Pxb Ges evsjv‡`k- 4_©|
 BD‡ivwbqvg mg„× KzjDov cvnvo †gØjfxevRv‡i|  evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ekx avb Drcbœ nq- gqgbwms
 cÕZœZvwË¡K wb`k©‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ jvjgvB cvnvo †Rjvq|
Kzwgjøvq|  AvšÍR©vwZK avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (IRRI)
 mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K 3000 dzU D”PZvq Aew¯’Z eMv †jK wdwjcvB‡b Aew¯’Z|
ev›`ie‡b|  RyUb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Wt †gvnv¤§` wmwÏKDjøvn|
 evsjv‡`k Z_v `t Gwkqvi me‡P‡q eo nvIi nj  c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo cvUKj Av`gRx cvUKj eÜ nq
nvKvjywK nvIi- †gØjfxevRvi I wm‡j‡U Aew¯’Z| 30 Ryb 2002 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 2q e„nËg Uv½yqvi nvIi mybvgM‡Ä|  evsjv‡`k cvU M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU cÕwZwôZ nq 1951
 Pjb we‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÕevwnZ b`x nj AvÎvB| mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mxgvšÍeZx© wej Zvgvwej wm‡j‡U|  cvU ißvbx‡Z kxl© †`k fviZ|
 fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z wbg©j Pi|  b`x e¨ZxZ cÝv DbœZgv‡bi Zigy‡Ri ex‡Ri bvg|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †fvjv †Rjvq ÔP‡ii× msL¨v ‡ewk|  b`x Qvov hgybv nj gwiP|
 Ô`yejvi Pi+cvUwb PiÕ-my›`ie‡b Aew¯’Z|  b`x Qvov gnvb›`v nj DbœZRv‡Zi Avg|
 Pi Av‡jKRvÛvi j²xcy‡ii ivgMwZ‡Z|  evnvi, gvwbK, iZb nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv|
 gûixi Pi †dbx †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|  cvwL Qvov gqbv nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb|
 cÕvwšÍK †jK ev›`ie‡b Aew¯’Z|  cvwL Qvov ejvKv I †`v‡qj nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mg|
 wP¤^yK cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k gvigv DcRvwZ evm K‡i|  eb©vjx I ïå nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi fyÆv|
 XvKvi mv‡_ iv½vgvwU †Rjvi †Kvb b`x †hvMv‡hvM †bB|  evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg K…wl D`¨vb MvRxcy‡ii Kvwkgcy‡i
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg e-Øxc my›`ieb Aew¯’Z|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg K…wl Lvgvi wSbvB`‡n Aew¯’Z|  evsjv‡`‡k ÔBD‡b‡¯‹v× †NvwlZ wek¦ HwZn¨- 6wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 2q A_©Kvix dmj Pv‡qi Pvl ïiæ nq  msiwÿZ P‡Kvwiqv ebvÂj K•evRv‡i Aew¯’Z|
1854 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÕ_g Pv vevMb wm‡j‡Ui gvjwbQov|
 B‡KvjwR->
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gØjfxevRv‡i †ekx Pv evMvb Av‡Q
 Pv Drcv`‡b 1g †`k-kªxjsKv Ges evsjv‡`k 15 Zg|
 wdjjwR->
 iƒcvjx I †Wj‡dvR DbœZRv‡Zi Zzjv km¨|
 Zzjv MvQ †K m~h© Kb¨v ejv nq|  ‡dv‡bwUKª->
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÕ_g ivevi evMvb ¯’vwcZ nq - K•evRv‡ii
ivgy‡Z (1961 mv‡j)|  Gb‡UvgjwR->
 ‡b`vij¨vÛ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avjy Avbv nq|
 niwUKvjPvi->
 cvwbi ms‡KZ nj H2O Ges fvix cvwbi ms‡KZ
D2O.  ‡mwiKvjPvi->
 evsjv‡`k cvwb Dbœqb †evW© (BWDB)- 1959 mv‡j
cÖwZwôZ|  GwfKvjPvi->
 evsjv‡`‡k 1g Av‡m©wbK aiv c‡i 1993 mv‡j PvcvB
beveM‡Ä|  GwcKvjPvi->
 evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m©wb‡Ki gvÎv 1.01 wgwjMÕvg/ wjUvi
 wcwmKvjPvi->
WHO Gi g‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki MÕnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 0.01
wgwjMÖvg|  GbvUwg->
 ‡MvcvjM‡Äi Uzw½cvovq 1g Av‡m©wbK wUªU‡g›U cøv›U
¯’vcb Kiv nq|  wmm‡gvjwR->
 evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡m©wbK wbg~‡j mvnvh¨ cÕ`vb K‡i-
wek¦e¨vsK|  e¨v‡ivwgUvi->
 HR-1646 nj evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡m©wbK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
 µ‡bvwgUvi->
Rb¨ gvwK©b Ks‡MÕ‡mi GKwU wej|
 evsjv‡`‡k cvwb †kvabvMvi Av‡Q 4wU|  wmm‡gvMªvd->
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo †mP cÕKí wZ¯Ív eva cÖKí|
 wWGbwW cÖKí nj-XvKv-bvivqbMÄ-‡Wgiv cÕKí|  d¨v‡`vwgUvi->
 BwiUg nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb|
 wdwjcvB‡bi ivRavbx e¨ZxZ g¨vwbjv nj DbœZ Rv‡Zi  j¨v±wgUvi->
ZvgvK|
 e¨v‡ivwgUvi->
 evsjv‡`‡ki ebvÂj‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq cwigvY g‡Zv ebf~wg Av‡Q  AwWI wgUvi->
7wU †Rjvq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 28 wU †Rjvq ivóªxq ebf~wg †bB|
 DcK’jxq meyR †eóbx ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q 10wU †Rjvq|
 wefvM Abymv‡i Kg ebf~wg Av‡Q ivRkvnx wefv‡M|
 gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji M‡oi AvqZb 4105 eM© wK.wg.
 evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg e„ÿ nj ˆejvg e„ÿ|
 RvZxq e„ÿ‡ivcb Awfhvb ïiæ nq 1972 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k my›`ie‡bi 62 kZvsk c‡o‡Q|
 b¨vkbvj †evUvwbKvj Mv‡W©b 1961 mv‡j cÕwZwôZ
 evsjv‡`‡ki 1g B‡Kv cvK© mxZvKz‡Ûi P›`ªbv‡_i
cnv‡o|

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