evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

LÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1418

¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK

cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b
bvRbxb Avn‡g` *

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1| f~wgKv
evsjv‡`k Zvi ¯^vaxZvi Pwj­k eQi c~Y© Kij 2011 mv‡j| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q A‡b‡KB
evsjv‡`k‡K Zjvwenxb Szwo wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q AvksKv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb †h, cvwK¯—vb †_‡K
Avjv`v nIqvi d‡j G †`‡ki Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc n‡e, D”P A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b m¤¢e n‡e bv
BZ¨vw` (Lvb 2011)| weMZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AR©‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U Abyiƒc
fwel¨revYx KZUv mZ¨ n‡q‡Q- Zv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡Póv †_‡KB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb cÖeÜ|
divmx weí‡ei `yBkZ eQi D`hvc‡bi cÖv°v‡j Px‡bi wec­ex †bZv Chou en Lai ‡K
HwZnvwmK w`K †_‡K divmx weí‡ei g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z ejv n‡qwQj| wZwb e‡jwQ‡bÓ GwU
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ `yBkZ eQi LyeB Kg mgqÓ (Schama 1989, XIII Ges Lvb, 2011)| †m
we‡ePbvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Pvi `kK LyeB Kg mgq| ZviciI G
Pvi `k‡Ki A_©‰bwZK MwZ-cÖK…wZ, we‡klZ G mgqKv‡j A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¯^iƒc Ges Zv KZUv
`wi`ªevÜe- †m chv©‡jvPbv fwel¨r evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖhvÎvq h_vh_ bxwZ wba©vi‡Y mnvqK n‡e|
KviY ¯^vaxZvi cÂvk eQi c~wZ©i Av‡MB `wi`ª †`k †_‡K ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k DËi‡Yi cwiKíbv I
cÖ‡Póvq Av‡Q evsjv‡`k| ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k iƒcKí 2021 cÖYqb
K‡i‡Q Ges †m j¶¨ AR©b‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (2011-
2015)| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgiv hw` Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× ev Dbœq‡bi ¸YMZ Ae¯’vi
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvwi, Zvn‡j ga¨-Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nIqvi c‡_ we`¨gvb `ye©jZv KvwU‡q D‡V
j¶¨ AR©‡b †m ch©v‡jvPbv mnvqK n‡e|
Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg we‡ePbv Ki‡j j¶ Kie †h, ivR‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i mv‡_
A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨I Z`vbxš—b c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b MYAm‡š—v‡li ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KviY wQj| ZLb c~e©
cvwK¯—v‡bi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ †_‡K AwR©Z Avq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Dbœq‡b e¨q Kiv n‡Zv|
hw`I c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b †gvU RbmsL¨vi 60 kZvsk †jvK evm KiZ; Z_vwc †gvU Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui
gvÎ 20 †_‡K 36 kZvsk GLv‡b e¨wqZ nZ (Avmv`yj­vn 2006)| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
mydj evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl †cZ bv| Giƒc A_©‰bwZK eÂbv †_‡K gyw³i cÖZ¨vkv Avgv‡`i gyw³
hy‡×i Ab¨Zg j¶¨ wQj| ZvB ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Pvi `kK cvi K‡i LwZ‡q †`Lv `iKvi
evsjv‡`k †h A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv ¸YMZfv‡e KZUv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, gv_vwcQy Avq

*
†jLKØq h_vµ‡g evsjv‡`k Dbœ&qb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weAvBwWGm)-Gi wmwbqi wimvP© †d‡jv Ges wimvP© G‡mvwm‡qU|
32 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

e„w× Ges gvbe Dbœq‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| g~jZ G m~PK¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZB eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü
cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ gvb‡K we‡k­lY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki AwR©Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mnvqK n‡q‡Q wKbv,
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mydj mgv‡Ri mKj ¯—‡ii gvbyl we‡kl K‡i wcwQ‡q cov I cÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvwô
†c‡q‡Q wKbv Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× gvbe Dbœq‡b KZUv f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q GB cÖe‡Ü †mme wel‡qi
Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g As‡k f~wgKv cÖ`v‡bi ci wØZxq As‡k Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i aviv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Avq ˆelg¨ n«v‡m A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i f~wgKv Ges gvbe
Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AMªMwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi Z…Zxq I PZz_© As‡k|
MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q cÖeÜwUi
cÂg As‡k| cÖeÜwUi lô As‡k fwel¨r P¨v‡jÄmg~n D‡j­L c~e©K Dcmsnvi Uvbv n‡q‡Q |
2| Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i aviv
Dbœq‡bi GKK m~PK wn‡m‡e gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi eû mgv‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi
mxgve×ZvI ARvbv bq| Avš—R©vwZK I Avš—:Kvjxb Zzjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK
m~P‡Ki e¨envi n‡jI G‡¶‡Î gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi mnRjf¨ weKí GL‡bv †bB| hw` wbw`©ó
mgqKv‡j Mo RvZxq Av‡qi mv‡_ †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZ Ges gvbe Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~PK
we‡ePbvq Avbv hvq, Zvn‡j GB m~PK¸‡jv wgwj‡q ‡m mgqKv‡j mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v I Zvi
¸YMZ gv‡bi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© A_©en wm×v‡š— Avmv m¤¢e|
¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbvj‡Mœ NbemwZc~Y© I mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i Rb¨ aviYv Kiv n‡qwQj †h, evsjv‡`k
Zvrch©c~Y© A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges cwðg cvwK¯—vb †_‡K Avjv`v nIqvi
Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi A_©©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lvivc n‡e ev ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| Maddison
(2001) Gi M‡elYv g‡Z, 1950 †_‡K 1973 GB `yB `k‡K fvi‡Zi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×
†c‡qwQj 22 kZvsk, †hLv‡b H GKB mg‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× n‡qwQj 25 kZvsk
(Lvb 2011-G `„ó)| Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`k ev c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b H mgqKv‡j 8 kZvsk gv_vwcQy
Avq n«vm †c‡qwQj| GKB M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 1973 †_‡K 1998 mgqKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK„Z
gv_vwcQy Avq cÖvq 65 kZvsk e„w× cvq| G `yB mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi
D‡j­L‡hvM¨fv‡e K‡g hvIqv Ges †`kR Drcv`‡bi cÖe„w×i nvi †e‡o hvIqvq cÖK…Z gv_vwcQy
Av‡qi e„w× N‡U e‡j 1950-70 mgqKv‡j †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (wRwWwc) Ges Mo evwl©K cÖe„w×i
nvi wQj gvÎ 0.66 kZvsk (Ave`yj­vn I †mb 1997), mˇii `k‡K e„w×i G nvi `uvovq 3.7
kZvsk, Avwki `k‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †Mvov ch©š— e„w×i nvi wQj 3.8 kZvsk
Ges beŸB‡qi `kK †k‡l (wRwWwc)-Gi e„w×i nvi `uvovq 4.8 kZvs‡k|
j¶Yxh †h, 1973 mvj †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Avwki `k‡Ki †kl fvM ch©š— evsjv‡`‡k
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× NU‡jI Zvi aviv †ek k­_ wQj Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ci †_‡K GB e„w×i
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 33

nv‡i MwZ mÂvi n‡q GKwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K M‡o evwl©K cÖvq 6 kZvsk nv‡i cÖe„w× nq|
D‡j­L¨ †h, cÖe„w×i GB EaŸ©MwZ g~jZ wkíLv‡Zi cÖe„w×i Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q|
mviwY 1
†gvU wRwWwc Ges c&ªavb A_©‰bwZK LvZ¸‡jvi cÖe„w×i aviv (%)
eQi †gvU wRwWwc †gvU wRwWwc K…wl wkí †mev
(wek¦e¨vsK) (evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv)
1972-73 †_‡K 1979-80 4.2 3.68 1.86 5.26 5.17
1980-81 †_‡K 1989-90 4.3 3.90 1.84 3.16 5.43
1990-91 †_‡K 1999-00 4.8 4.90 3.03 7.37 4.56
2000-01 †_‡K 2009-10 5.9 5.90 3.40 7.70 6.10
Drm: 1) Twenty Years of National Accounting of Bangladesh, 1993, Bangladesh Statistical Year Book 2009 Ges
(evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v, 2011) evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi wewfbœ cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ m~‡Î 1972-73 †_‡K 1989-
1990 mgq ch©š— wfwË eQi 1984-85, Ab¨vb¨ Z‡_¨i †¶‡Î 1995-96 mvj‡K wfwË eQi aiv n‡q‡Q|
2) World Development Indicator 2010|

MZ `k‡Ki †klfv‡M G‡m wek¦ A_©‰bwZK g›`vi cÖfve Ges `yB `yB evi fqven cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM (2009 mv‡j AvBjv Ges 2007 mv‡j wmWi) m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k 6 kZvsk cÖe„w×i nvi
eRvq ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Z‡e j¶Yxq †h, wewfbœ cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv ev Ab¨vb¨ cwiKíbvq
wRwWwc cÖe„w×i †h j¶¨gvÎv wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q, †m Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k KLbB cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb (mviwY 2)|
mviwY 2
evsjv†`‡ki cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi j¶¨gvÎv Ges AR©b
evwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi (%)
cwiKíbvi mgq †gqv` cwiKíbv †gqv‡`
evrmwiK Mo j¶¨gvÎv c&ªK…Z cÖe„w×
c&ª_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 73- A_©eQi 78) 5.5 4
wØevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1978- A_©eQi 1980) 5.6 3.5
Z„Zxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi1980- A_©eQi 1985) 5.4 3.8
Z„Zxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1985- A_©eQi 1990) 5.4 3.8
PZy©_ cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1990- A_©eQi 1995) 5.0 4.2
cÂg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (A_©eQi 1997- A_©eQi 2002) 7.0 5.1
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkj cÎ (A_©eQi 2002- A_©eQi 2006) 7.2 5.5
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkj cÎ (A_©eQi 2006- A_©eQi 2010) 7.2 6.3
Drm: wewfbœ cwiKíbv `wjj Ges weweGm-Gi cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb|

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gv_vwcQy Avq h‡_ó e„w× †c‡jI cÖwZ‡ekx
†`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, gv_vwcQy Av‡qi †¶‡Î Zv‡`i mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki cv_©K¨ e„w× cv‡”Q| AvwRRyi ingvb Lvb 1970-1992 mgqKv‡ji Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i
†`Lvb †h, gv_vwcQy RvZxq Av‡qi †¶‡Î fviZ I kªxjsKvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki cv_©K¨ evo‡Q
(Islam 2011-G `„ó)| 1990 †_‡K 2008 mgqKv‡ji gv_vwcQy Av‡qi Z_¨ j¶ Ki‡j GB
cv_©‡K¨i gvÎv †ewk my¯úó nq| 2008 mv‡j fvi‡Zi gv_vwcQy Avq evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Av‡qi
34 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

wظY nq, hv 2005 mv‡j gvÎ 53 kZvsk †ewk wQj| evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯—v‡bi gv_vwcQy Av‡qi
e¨eavb 1992 I 2005 mgqKv‡j K‡g Av‡m, Z‡e 2008 mv‡j G e¨eavb 1992 Gi ZzjbvqI
e„w× cvq| kªxjsKvi mv‡_I evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy Av‡qi e¨eavb mgq‡f‡` e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡eB
gv_vwcQy Avq evwo‡q GKwU `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k `wi`ª †`‡ki (underdeveloped country) ZvwjKv
†_‡K gy‡Q Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki (developing country) ZvwjKvq bvg Aš—f©y³ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘y
evsjv‡`k GLbI †m ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡Z cv‡iwb|
mviwY 3
`w¶Y Gwkqvi K‡qKwU †`‡ki gv_vwcQy Av‡qi Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vb
gv_vwcQy evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy evsjv‡`‡ki
Avq mv‡_ cv_©‡K¨i Avq mv‡_ cv_©‡K¨i Avq mv‡_ cv_©‡K¨i
‡`k (Wjvi) nvi (%) (Wjvi) nvi (%) (Wjvi) nvi (%)
1992 1992 2005 2005 2008 2008
evsjv‡`k 220 - 470 - 520 -
fviZ 310 40.90 720 53.19 1,070 107.69
cvwK¯—vb 410 86.36 690 46.81 980 88.46
kªxjsKv 540 145.45 1,160 146.81 1,790 244.23
Drm: Asian Development Bank: Key Indicators of Asia 2010, Ges World Bank: World Development Report
2010|

`w¶Y Gwkqvi AMÖeZx© K‡qKwU †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q _vK‡jI mvgwóK
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi wbwi‡L evsjv‡`ki AMÖMwZ †gvUvgywU j¶Yxq| †hgb: ev‡RU NvUwZ,
ˆe‡`wkK †`bv I wRwWwc AbycvZ, ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRv‡f©i cwigvY cÖf„wZ m~P‡K evsjv‡`k
fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 4
mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU m~PK
A_©eQi A_©eQi A_©eQi A_©eQi
m~PKmg~n 1980 1990 2000 2010
miKvwi e¨q (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 11.9 13.4 14.5 14.6
miKvwi ivR¯^ (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 6.04 6.69 8.47 10.91
ˆe‡`wkK †`bv (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) 26.6 36.9 34.9 24.45
evwYwR¨K fvimvg¨ (wRwWwci kZKiv nvi) -9.1 -7.3 -5.6 -5.1
†fv³v g~j¨ m~PK (CPI) 28.13 71.6 124.3 221.5
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© (wgwjqb Wjvi) 121 520 1602 10750
†iwgU¨vÝ (wgwjqb Wjvi) 237 761 1949 10987
Drm: A_©wefvM Ges evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv|

ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbif©ikxjZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †`bvi †evSv ev wbf©ikxjZvi nvi
µgvMZfv‡e n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Aek¨ Gi wcQ‡b `xN©w`b a‡i ewa©Z Aby`vb ev ¯^í my‡` FY cÖvwßi
my‡hvM wQj eo KviY|
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 35

mviwY 5
†gvU Avg`vwb I ˆe‡`wkK Aby`v‡bi AbycvZ 1972-73 †_‡K 2009
Avg`vwb ‰e‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Avg`vwb kZKiv wnmv‡e
eQi (wgwjqb Wjv‡i) (wgwjqb Wjv‡i ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨
1972-73 780 551 71
1973-74 925 461 50
1974-75 1403 901 65
1975-76 1275 800 63
1976-77 874 534 61
1984 2042 1202 59
1990 3618 1809 50
2003 9476 1393 15
2009 21833 1227 6
Drm: Lvb (2011)|

Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqkxj †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k ‰e‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kg| wbgœ
Av‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z gv_vwcQy Mo ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ nvi 47 gvwK©b Wjvi, mve-mvnviv Avwd«Kvi
†`k¸‡jv‡Z G nvi 53 gvwK©b Wjvi; †m Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k Zv gvÎ 8 gvwK©b Wjvi (WDI
2010)|
3| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv ¯^‡ívbœZ I `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ †`‡k A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges miKvwi e¨‡qi cÖavb
j¶ nIqvi DwPZ `vwi`ª¨ n«vm, mvaviY RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Ges AwR©Z Dbœqb †`‡ki
mKj AÂj I †kªwYi gvby‡li mv‡_ mgZvi wfwˇZ fvM K‡i †bIqv| GB †cÖw¶‡Z MZ 4 `k‡K
miKvwi e¨q ev wRwWwci cÖe„w× AR©‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki `wi`ªZv I Avq ‰elg¨ KZzUzKz n«vm †c‡q‡Q
Ges Zv mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv KZUv c~iY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡QG m‡ei g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb|
Av‡MB D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, 1975-77 †_‡K 1990-92 Kvjc‡e© gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×
†c‡q‡Q kZKiv 73 fvM (Avãyj­vn I †mb) Ges 1993-94 †_‡K 2009-10 Kvjc‡e© Zv
kZKiv 90 fvM e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ewa©Z Av‡qi eÈb hw` mylg nq Z‡e `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P
emevmKvwi RbM‡Yi msL¨v A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvIqvi K_v|
3.1| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ LvbvIqvix Avq-e¨q Rwic Abyhvqx kZKiv wn‡m‡e
`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix gvby‡li msL¨v ga¨mËi `kK mg‡qi Zzjbvq MZ `k‡K (2000-
2010) K‡g G‡m‡Q| ZviciI †`‡ki cÖvq 5 †KvwU gvbyl `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| 1973-
74 mv‡ji Lvbv Rwic Abymv‡i kZvs‡ki †ewk MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvwô `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm Ki‡Q|
2000 mv‡j †m msL¨v †b‡g `uvovq 52.3 kZvs‡k Ges 2010 mv‡j Zv AviI n«vm †c‡q 35.2
kZvsk n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡j­L¨ †h, 1996 †_‡K 2000 mgqKv‡j kni A‡j `wi`ªZvi nvi
36 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

n«v‡mi cwie‡Z© e„w× †c‡qwQj; d‡j H mgqUvq kniv‡j `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi nvi FYvZ¡K nq| Z‡e
MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ n«vm cvIqvq RvZxq ch©v‡q `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi BwZevPK nvi Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
mviwY 6
gv_v Mbbv c×wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi nvi 1974-2000 (%)
MÖvg kni RvZxq
A_©eQi `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiK `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiK `vwi‡`ª¨i Mo evrmwiK
nvi cwieZ©b (%) nvi cwieZ©b (%) nvi cwieZ©b (%)
1974 82.9 - 81.4 - - -
1982 73.8 1.14 66.0 1.93 - -
1992 61.2 1.05 44.9 1.76 58.8 -
1996 55.2 1.50 29.4 3.88 51.0 1.95
2000 52.3 0.73 35.2 -1.45 48.9 0.53
2005 43.8 1.70 28.4 1.36 40.0 1.78
2010 35.2 1.72 21.3 1.42 31.5 1.70
Drm: BBS: HIES Gi wewfbœ Bmy¨ Ges HIES 2010Gi cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU©|

¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Kj¨vY Z_v social welfare Lv‡Z ev‡RU eivÏ
mxwgZ wQj| 1965-70 mgqKv‡j G Lv‡Zi wewfbœ cÖK‡í eivÏ wQj 6 †KvwU UvKv hvi g‡a¨
cÖK…Z c‡¶ e¨eüZ nq 1.5 †KvwU UvKv (cÖ_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv `wjj)| ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB
miKvi cÖYxZ bvbv cwiKíbvi g~j j¶¨ wQj `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Avi avivevwnKZvq cÖwZ eQi
ev‡R‡U miKvwi Avq-e¨‡qi †K›`ªxq j¶¨ _v‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb| miKvi `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Rb¨
wewfbœ mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP MÖnY I ev¯—evqb K‡i Avm‡Q Ges RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui GKwU
D‡j­L‡hvM¨ Ask GB Kg©m~wP¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv n‡”Q| cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
(1973-1978) mgqKv‡j mvgvwRK Kj¨vY Lv‡Z 13.2 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ Kiv nq hvi cÖvq 93
kZvskB H mgqKv‡j e¨wqZ nq| mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Z cieZ©x mg‡qi e¨q mviwY 7 †_‡K
†`Lv hvq|
mviwY 7
mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wP‡Z ev‡RU eivÏ
A_©eQi ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv nvi wRwWwcÕi kZKiv nvi
1985-86 5.09 -
1990-91 6.69 -
1994-95 6.60 -
2004-05 8.41 1.46
2005-06 9.33 1.62
2006-07 12.13 2.03
2007-08 13.32 2.14
2008-09 16.94 2.76
2009-10 15.12 2.42
2010-11 14.75 2.50
Drm: A_©wefvM, 2011|
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 37

evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi mnmªv‡ãi j¶¨gvÎv n‡”Q 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `wi`ªZvi nvi
29.5 kZvs‡k bvwg‡q Avbv| 2010 mv‡ji wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ªZvi nvi 31.5 kZvsk
A_©vr 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki AviI 4 kZvsk c‡q›U `wi`ªZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| hw`
evsjv‡`k Zvi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i nvi evwl©K 6 kZvsk ev Zvi Dc‡i µgvMZfv‡e a‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡i Z‡e `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mnmªv‡ãi j¶¨gvÎv c~iY Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
3.2| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gv_vwcQy Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm cv‡”Q wKbv Zv wba©viY K‡i cÖe„w×i
¸YMZgvb| KviY Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× †c‡j `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i m¶gZv n«vm cvq
(Bmjvg 2010)| evsjv‡`‡k Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq †_‡K Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv e„w× †c‡Z
ïi“ K‡i| GB e„w×i nvi beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïi“ ch©š— axi MwZ‡Z n‡jI Zvici †_‡K G
ˆelg¨ `ª“Z MwZ‡Z e„w× cvq (mviwY 8)| `w¶Y Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`k we‡kl K‡i fviZ I
kªxjsKv‡ZI GKB Ae¯’v j¶ Kiv hvq| Z‡e c~e© I `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi †¶‡Î we‡kl
K‡i †Kvwiqv 1960 †_‡K 1970 mgqKv‡j Ges B‡›`v‡bwkqv 1970 †_‡K 1990 mgqKv‡j D”P
cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× cvqwb|
mviwY 8
evsjv‡`‡ki Avq eȇb wRwb mn‡Mi (Gini Coeficient) gvb, 1973-74 †_‡K 2010
eQi RvZxq MÖvg kni
1973-74 0.36 0.35 0.37
1983-84 0.36 0.35 0.37
1985-86 0.37 0.36 0.37
1988-89 0.38 0.36 0.38
1991-92 0.39 0.36 0.40
1995-96 0.43 0.38 0.44
2000 0.45 0.39 0.50
2005 0.46 0.43 0.50
2010 0.46 0.43 0.45
Drm: BBS: HIES various issues and HIES 2010 preliminary report|
†bvU: D‡j­L¨ †h, wRwb mn‡Mi gvb hZ †ewk, Zv ZZ †ewk Avq-‰elg¨ wb‡`©k K‡i|

hw`I cwimsL¨v‡b ey¨‡ivi wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq 2005-2010 mgqKv‡j Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv
w¯’i i‡q‡Q| ZeyI mviwY 9 †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Avq ˆel‡g¨i wKQy we‡kl w`K j¶Yxq, †hgb
Avwki `kK †_‡K beŸB `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— †gvU Av‡q Dc‡ii 10 kZvsk Lvbvi Ask µgvMZ
evo‡Z _v‡K| MZ `k‡K Zv wKQyUv n«vm †c‡jI †gvU Av‡qi cÖvq 36 fvM GLbI GB abx As‡ki
nv‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K Avwki `kK †_‡K †gvU Avq wbæ 20 kZvsk Lvbvi Askx`vixZ¡ µgvMZ K‡g
2010 mv‡j 5.2 fv‡M G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| GgbwK wbæ 40 kZvsk Lvbvi Askx`vixZ¡B µgvMZ
K‡g‡Q|
38 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

mviwY 9
†gvU Av‡q wewfbœ Lvbvi Ask (%)
Av‡qi wfwˇZ wewfbœ 1983-84 1991-92 2000 2005 2010
iƒc Lvbv
wbgœ 20% 7.20 6.52 6.17 5.26 5.22
wbgœ 40% 18.95 17.41 15.96 14.35 14.32
beg wWmvBj 15.08 15.64 14.00 15.07 15.94
m‡e©v”P 10% 28.30 29.23 38.01 37.64 35.84
Drm: BBS: HIES Gi wewfbœ Bmy¨ Ges (HIES 2010Gi cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU©)|

GQvov D”P Av‡qi Lvbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hviv †ewk abx, Zviv Zv‡`i Avq AviI e„wׇZ †ewk
mdj n‡q‡Q, d‡j abx‡`i g‡a¨I Avq ˆegl¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
Lvb (2001) Ges †mb (2006) Zuv‡`i M‡elYvq 1991-92, 1995-96 Ges 2000 mv‡ji
Lvbv Rwic Z_¨ we‡k­lY K‡i †`Lvb †h, AK…wl Lv‡Z gRywi Ges AK…wl D‡`¨vM e„w×i Kvi‡YB
MÖvgv‡j K…wl I AK…wl Kg©wbf©i Lvbvi ga¨Kvi Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Imgvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨
(2003) Zv‡`i M‡elYvq 1991-92 Ges 1999-2000 mv‡ji Lvbv Rwic Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i
GKB djvdj cvb| AK…wl Lv‡Z AwaK Avq Kivi my‡hvM _vKvq G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Lvbvi kZKiv
nvi evo‡Q (mviwY 10)|
mviwY 10
Av‡qi Drm Abyhvqx Lvbvi eÈb
Av‡qi Drm 1999 2004
gRywi I †eZb 11.4 23.0
¯^wb‡qvwRZ K…wl 29.2 19.1
¯^wb‡qvwRZ AK…wl 24.2 31.3
K…wl w`b gRyi 19.6 7.2
AK…wl w`b gRyi 11.9 11.3
‡cbkb 0.6 0.9
fvov 0.6 3.9
Aby`vb 2.2 3.2
Drm: BBS: Report of the Poverty Monitoring Survey 2004|

MÖvgv‡j c~‡e© K…wlLv‡Z ¯^‡b‡qvwRZ Ges K…wl w`bgRy‡ii cÖvavb¨ wQj, eZ©gv‡b AK…wl
D‡`¨vM e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges †jvKRb AK…wl K‡g© †ewk Ask wb‡”Q| mvaviYfv‡e AK…wl Lv‡Z gRywi
I †eZbfy³ Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, miKvwi I †emiKvwi bxwZgvjv Ges GbwRI‡`i Drmvn I mnqZv
AK…wl D‡`¨vM e„w×i †cQ‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| G‡¶‡Î ¶z`ª FY Kvh©µgI GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Q|
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Avq ˆelg¨ m¤úwK©Z Kuznet Hypothesis (1955) Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †`k
hLb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K, ZLb cÖv_wgKfv‡e Zvi Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× cvq, Zvici
cÖe„w×i GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq AwZµvš— n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm †c‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wKš‘
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 39

cÖv‡qvwMK M‡elYvq cÖvqkB GB gZvgZ mZ¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq bv (Islam 2011)| A_©‰bwZK
cÖe„w× hw` Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b f~wgKv iv‡L, Z‡e cÖe„w×i ïi“ †_‡KB Avq ˆelg¨
n«vm †c‡Z cv‡i (Khasru and Jalil 2004)|
Dc‡i D‡j­wLZ †Kvwiqv I B‡›`v‡bwkqv QvovI †hgb gvj‡qwkqv Giƒc mgZvwbf©i cÖe„w×
AR©b K‡i‡Q| gvj‡qwkqvi Dbœqb c‡_ wkí †¶‡Î D”P cÖew„ × I `ª“Z Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ges K…wl
†_‡K wk‡í kªgkw³i ¯’vbvš—‡ii d‡j K…wli wbgœ-Drcv`bkxj kªgkw³ `ª“Z D”P-Drcv`bkxj
kªgkw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q D”P nv‡i gRywi †c‡q `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU eo Ask `vwi`ª¨Zv †_‡K
†ewi‡q G‡mwQj (Islam 2011)|
Kv‡RB eZ©gv‡b Avq ˆelg¨ e„wׇK mn¨ K‡i Dbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv GK ch©v‡q G ˆelg¨ Abvqv‡m
K‡g Avm‡e Ggb Avkvq bv †_‡K eis K…wl, wkí, †mev cÖf„wZ Lv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv cwiKíbv
Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb Zv `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
4| gvbe Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AMªMwZ
ïay `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vKvix RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ n«vm Kivi †¶‡Î bq gvbe Dbœq‡bi
wewfbœ m~P‡KI MZ Pwj­k eQ‡i evsjv‡`k †ek wKQyUv GwM‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Q| G mgqKv‡j wkï
g„Zz¨i nvi K‡g‡Q, eq¯‹ mv¶iZvi nvi †e‡o‡Q, †e‡o‡Q ¯¿x wk¶vi nvi, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK I
gva¨wgK wk¶v ch©v‡q ¯‹yjMvgx QvÎx‡`i nvi| Mo Avqy¯‹vj e„w× †c‡q‡Q, Rb¥ wb‡iva MÖnY nviI
D‡j­L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y †e‡o‡Q, d‡j K‡g‡Q cÖRbb nvi| `w¶Y Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki Zzjbvq
evsjv‡`‡ki G AMÖMwZ mviwY 11 †_‡K j¶Yxq|
mviwY 11
evsjv‡`kmn `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni K‡qwU Av_©mvgvwRK m~P‡Ki MwZaviv-1
cÖZ¨vwkZ mvwe©K cÖRbb Rb¥wb‡iva MÖn‡Yi cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡P
Avqy¯‹vj nvi (%) nvi (%) wkï g„Zy¨ nvi gvZ… g„Zz¨i nvi
‡`k (eQi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i) (cÖwZ 1 jv‡L)
1975 2011 1988 2010 1985 2009 1980 2009 1980-87 2008
evsjv‡`k 46 68.9 5.5 2.2 25 53 204 52 600 340
fviZ 52 65.4 4.3 2.5 35 54 149 66 340 230
†bcvj 45 68.8 5.9 2.6 15 48 192 48 830 380
cvwK¯—
vb 50 65.4 6.4 3.2 11 30 154 87 500 260
kªxjsKv 66 74.9 2.6 2.2 62 68 46 15 60 39
wbgœ
Av‡qi 45 59.1 6 4.1 10 28.7 205 120 520 537
†`k
ga¨
gvbe
Dbœqb 61 69.7 3.2 2.1 63 67.7 107 44 130 135
m~PK
†`k
Drm: Human Development Report, wewfbœ Bmy¨, UNDP|
40 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

mvgvwRK wewfbœ m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨ RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y AMÖMwZ| G‡¶‡Î
evsjv‡`k wbgœ Av‡qi †`kmg~‡ni Zzjbvq GwM‡q, GgbwK A‡bK ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡ki †P‡qI fv‡jv
Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †hLv‡b cÖRbb nvi wQj 7 Gi Dc‡i, Avwki `k‡K
†k‡l Zv `uvovq 4.8; beŸB `k‡K 3.7 Ges Pvi `kK ci 2010 mv‡j Zv `uvovq 2.2|
cÖRbb nvi Kgvi †cQ‡b eo cÖfve †i‡L‡Q AvaywbK Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi e¨vcK we¯—
vi| AvaywbK Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi nvi 1985 mv‡jI wQj gvÎ 25 kZvsk hv 2009 mv‡j
†e‡o `uvwo‡q‡Q 53 kZvsk| Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖRbb nvi Kgv‡bvi wcQ‡b gvV
ch©v‡q wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi Kg©x‡`i D‡`¨vM, †emiKvwi GbwRI†`i ZrciZv Ges m‡e©vcwi
RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`k wkï g„Zy¨i nvi n«v‡mi †¶‡Î we‡kl mvdj¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| Avwki
`k‡K †hLv‡b cÖwZ nvRv‡i cÖvq 204 Rb (cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx) wkï gviv †hZ 2009 Gi
wnmve Abyhvqx Zv `uvovq cÖwZ nvRv‡i 52 Rb| mvaviYfv‡e cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo Avqy¯‹vj e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
1975 mv‡j G‡`‡k Mo Avqy¯‹vj wQj gvÎ 46 eQi, hv 2011 †Z `uvwo‡q‡Q 68.9 eQi| GUv
¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki Mo Avqy¯‹v‡ji †P‡q A‡bK †ewk Ges ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡ki KvQvKvwQ|
mviwY 12
evsjv‡`kmn `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni K‡qKwU Av_©-mvgvwRK m~P‡Ki MwZaviv-2
eq¯‹ mv¶iZvi nvi eq¯‹ gwnjv Well being index 1

†`k gvbe Dbœqb (15 eQi ev Zvi mv¶iZv nvi (fv‡jv _vKvi m~PK)
m~P‡Ki gvb Dc‡i) (15 ePi ev Zvi Dc‡i)
1980 2011 1970 2005-10 1970 2005-10 2006-10
evsjv‡`k 0.303 0.5 24 55.9 12 55.9 4.9
fviZ 0.344 0.547 34 62.8 20 62.8 5.0
†bcvj 0.242 0.458 13 59.1 3 59.1 4.3
cvwK¯—vb 0.359 0.504 21 55.5 11 55.5 5.8
kªxjsKv 0.539 0.691 77 90.6 69 90.6 4
wbgœ Av‡qi 0.288 0.439 25 59.2 16 59.2 4.4
†`k
ga¨gvbe
Dbœqb 0.42 0.63 57 81.9 48 81.9 4.9
m~PK †`k
Drm: Human Development Report, various issues, UNDP|

1970 mv‡j 15 eQ‡ii Dc‡i eq¯‹‡`i wk¶vi nvi wQj gvÎ 24 kZvsk, hv 2005-10
mgqKv‡j 55.9 kZvs‡k `uvwo‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK Gme m~P‡Ki cÖwZ †¶‡ÎB AviI gv‡bvbœq‡bi
my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, Zv m‡Ë¡I hZUzKz AR©b Zv‡K †QvU K‡i †`Lv wVK n‡e bv|
5| MZ 4 `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe?
1
BDGbwWwc (UNDP) mvZwU wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i mvgwMÖK fv‡jv _vKvi m~PK (well being index) wnmve K‡i: ˆewòK
DòZv e„wׇZ gvbe m„ó Kvh©µ‡gi f~wgKv, †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e ˆewk¦K DòZvq SuywK, cwi‡ek `~l‡Y Kvh©iZ msMVb, cwi‡ek `~lY
wbqš¿‡Y miKv‡ii mš‘wói gvÎv, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a M„nxZ c`‡¶‡ci mš‘wói gvÎv, evqy I cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb wb‡q
mš‘wói gvÎv|
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 41

Dbœqb A_©bxwZi wewfbœ ZË¡ Ges ˆØZ A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv (jyBm ZË¡) Abyhvqx A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi ¯^vfvweK MwZavivq kªgkw³ mbvZbx A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ †_‡K Drcv`bkxj AvaywbK
Lv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡e| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ kªgkw³ K…wlLv‡Zi g‡Zv
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Drcv`bkxj LvZ †_‡K AvaywbK LvZ †hgb wkí ev †mev Lv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ
nIqvi K_v| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× KZUv Kg©ms¯’vb evÜe Zv †evSv hv‡e AwaK
Drcv`bkxj LvZmg~n KZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ges mwVKfv‡e Kg©ms¯’vb ˆZwi ev ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q Zvi Dci|
Avgiv hw` mvgwMÖKfv‡e A_©bxwZi Kg©ms¯’vb ˆZwii m¶gZv †`wL Z‡e j¶ Kie, MZ `yB
`k‡K Zv kªgkw³ e„w×i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q G¸‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
1995-96 mv‡j †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wQj 3.5 kZvsk, hv 1999-2000 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q `uvovq 4.3
kZvs‡k Ges 2005-06 mg‡q Zv 4.3 kZvs‡k w¯’i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k gy³ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg g‡b n‡jI underemployment ev QÙ †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi A‡bK Ges Zv
GeQ‡ii `k‡Ki Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖe„w× Kg©evÜe bq - Ggb mivmwi
Dw³ Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e G K_v ejv hvq †h, cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Kg©ms¯’vb nqwb| ZvB `¶Zv
e„w×i gva¨‡g kªgkw³i underemployment nvi Kgv‡bvi D‡`¨vM `iKvi|

mviwY 13
evsjv‡`k Kg©ms¯’v‡bi MwZaviv
1995-96 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06
†gvU 36.1 40.7 46.3 49.5
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê m¶g Rb‡Mvôx
ev †jevi †dvm© (wgwjqb) cyi“l 30.7 32.2 36 37.3
bvix 5.4 8.6 10.3 12.1
‡gvU 52 54.9 57.3 58.5
kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi nvi (%) cyi“l 87 84 87.4 86.8
bvix 15.8 23.9 26.1 29.2
‡gvU 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.3
‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi (%) cyi“l 2.8 3.4 4.2 3.4
bvix 7.8 7.8 4.9 7
‡gvU na 16.6 34.2 24.5
QÙ‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi (%) cyi“l na 7.4 23.1 10.9
bvix na 52.8 72.3 68.3
‡gvU 4.2 4.7 8.1 10.3
Avqnxb M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Rb‡Mvôx
(wgwjqb) cyi“l 3.3 2 3.4 3.5
bvix 0.4 2.7 4.7 6.8
Drm: kªgkw³ Rwic, wewfbœ Bmy¨|
†bvU: mKj eQ‡ii Rb¨B kªgkw³i cÖPwjZ msÁv A_©vr 15 eQi ev Zvi D‡×©iw Ges hviv mswk­ó mgqKv‡j K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ
A_ev †eKvi wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ c½y, AemiMÖnYKvix e¨w³, `vb-wbf©i e¨w³, M„wnbx, QvÎ, wf¶zK Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ hviv Z_¨
MÖn‡Y Av‡Mi mßv‡n Avqg~jK Kv‡R 1 NÈvI wb‡qvwRZ wQj bv, Zv‡`i Aš—f©³
y Kiv nqwb| kªgkw³‡Z AskMÖnY nvi ej‡Z 15
eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx †gvU RbmsL¨vi †h Ask kªgkw³‡Z Aš—f©³
y n‡q‡Q Zv †evSvq|
42 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

¯^vaxbZvi ci MZ Pvi `k‡K LvZIqvix Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|

Giƒc cwieZ©‡bi BwZevPK w`K bvix kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×| †hgb †`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡í
cÖvq 3 wgwjqb kªgkw³ wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖvq 80 fvMB bvix kªwgK| GQvov Pvgov
wkí,AvmevcÎ ˆZwi, wmivwgK mvgMÖx, RvnvR wbg©vY wkí BZ¨vw`‡Z K…wl †_‡K kªgkw³ ¯’vbvš—i
n‡”Q| Z‡e cÖwZ eQi †h 20 jvL †jvK †`‡ki kªgevRv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ 2 jvL 50
nvRvi bZzb kªwgK‡K wkí LvZ Kg©ms¯’vb w`‡Z cv‡i (wiRIqvbyj 2011)| A_©vr †ewki fvM
kªgkw³ mbvZb Lv‡Z ev A‡bK mg‡q AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ nq|

mviwY 14
Kg©ms¯’vb cÖvß kªgkw³i LvZIqvix eÈb
LvZ 1983-84 1990-91 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2009
K…wl 58.7 51.7 50.7 51.7 48.1 40.5
g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis 8.8 17 9.5 9.8 11 12.6
wbg©vY 1.7 1.5 2.8 3.5 3.2 4.2
e¨emv, †nv‡Uj Ges †i÷z‡i›U 11.6 12.3 15.7 15.1 16.5 18.5
hvbevnb 3.9 4.6 6.4 6.8 8.4 10.7
Ab¨vb¨ †mev 8.7 6.3 14.1 12.7 12.6 14.1
Ab¨vb¨ 6.3 6.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4
Drm: Islam (2011)|

MZ Pvi`k‡K K…wl‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kªgkw³i nvi Kg‡Q Ab¨w`‡K wkí Lv‡Z kªgkw³i nvi
evo‡Q Z‡e Avkvbyiƒc nv‡i ev‡owb| Z_¨ g‡Z, wkí Lv‡Z †gvU kªgkw³ AbycvZ 1990-91
mg‡qi Zzjbvq 1999-00 mgqKv‡j G‡m nªvm †c‡q‡Q Ges Gi cieZ©x‡Z Zv evo‡jI Kg©ms¯’v‡b
wkíLv‡Zi Ae¯’vb GLbI k³ bq| wkí Lv‡Zi Zzjbvq e¨emv, †hvMv‡hvM I Ab¨vb¨ †mev Lv‡Z
Kg©ms¯’vb †ewk nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q| Z‡e Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wói mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv
2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AR©b m¤¢e bq| KviY 2008 mv‡ji BDGbwWwci cÖv°jb Abyhvqx 2015
mv‡ji g‡a¨ 65% Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e †hLv‡b j¶¨ wQj mKj gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
e¨e¯’v Kiv (Islam 2011)|
6| fwel¨r P¨v‡jÄmg~n
2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU ga¨ Av‡qi †`k wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ M„nxZ bvbv cwiKíbvi
Ask wn‡m‡e 2014-15 A_©eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 8 kZvsk cÖe„w× AR©b Ki‡Z miKvi e×cwiKi Ges GB
cÖe„w× 2021 mv‡j 10 kZvs‡k wb‡q hvIqvi cÖZ¨vkv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Giƒc cÖe„w×i nvi AR©‡bi Rb¨
wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY wRwWwci 24 kZvsk †_‡K 2014-15 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 32.5 kZvsk Ges 2021
mv‡j 37.5 kZvs‡k DbœxZ n‡Z n‡e|
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 43

mviwY 15
†cÖw¶Z cwiKíbv Ges lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK m~P‡Ki j¶¨gvÎv
2014-15 2021 mv‡ji
m~PK 2008-09 2010-11
A_©eQ‡ii j¶¨gvÎv j¶¨gvÎv
wRwWwc cÖe„w× (%) 5.9 6.7 8.0 10.0
wRwWwci kZKiv wn‡m‡e
†gvU wewb‡qvM 24.2 24.7 32.5 37.5
†gvU Af¨š—ixY mÂq 24.0 28.4 30.0 30.0
†gvU miKvwi ivR¯^ 10.4 12.1 14.6 17.1
†gvU miKvwi e¨q 13.8 16.5 19.6 21.8
ißvwb (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 15.6 22.9 34.2 91.1
Avg`vwb (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 20.3 33.7 45.1 131.3
†iwgU¨v›m (wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) 9.7 11.7 15.1 48.5
g~j¨ùxwZ (%) 6.7 8.2 5.5 7.9
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi (MYbv c×wZ‡Z %) 36.0 31.5(2010) 22.0 14.4
Drm: Ministry of Finance, 2011 and Outline Perspective Plan (OPP) of Bangladesh 2010-2021: Making Vision
2021 A Reality|

AwaK wewb‡qvM AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ †fŠZ AeKvVvg Dbœqb Ges we`y¨r Lv‡Z AMÖMwZ we‡kl
cÖ‡qvRb, Af¨š—ixY m‡qi avivI eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e, Z‡e mÂq e„w×i †¶‡Î GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ
g~j¨ùxwZ| miKvi †hLv‡b g~j¨ùxwZ 5.5 kZvs‡k †eu‡a ivL‡Z Pv‡”Q †mLv‡b 2011 mv‡j Zv
`yB-AsK AwZµg K‡i‡Q (evsjv‡`k e¨vsK)| miKv‡ii ivR¯^ Avq I e¨‡qi cÖv°jb j¶ Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq, Avq-e¨‡qi e¨eavb e„w× cv‡e| ißvwb eûgyLxKiY, c‡Y¨i gvb wbqš¿Y Ges bZzb evRvi
mÜvb ißvwb cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †¶‡Î miKv‡ii Rb¨ P¨v‡jÄ| MZ GK `k‡K cÖevmx‡`i cvVv‡bv
A‡_©i cwigvY D‡j­L‡hvM¨ nv‡i evo‡jI eZ©gv‡b Zvi MwZ k­_ n‡q G‡m‡Q, hv ˆew`wkK
†jb‡`‡bi fvimv‡g¨i †¶‡Î eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡q †`Lv w`‡”Q| GB †¶‡Î eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q A`¶ bq
eis `¶ Rbkw³ ißvwbi cwigvY evov‡bv, Rbkw³ ißvwbi †¶‡Î bZzb evRv‡ii mÜvb Kiv Ges
m‡e©vcwi †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i cwiPq †`Iqv|
ZvB ejv hvq MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b¸‡jv Drmvne¨ÄK, wKšy‘ h‡_ó bq| 2003
mv‡j evsjv‡`k gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡Ki we‡ePbvq wbgœ †_‡K ga¨¯—‡ii †`‡k DbœxZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘
2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cybivq gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡Ki we‡ePbvq wbgœ ¯—‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q, hv Kvg¨
bq| `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b †`kxq `vwi`ª¨ †iLv Abyhvqx MZ Pvi `k‡K D‡j­L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y `vwi`ª¨
nvi n«vm Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k| wKš‘ Avš—R©vwZK `vwi`ª †iLv (gv_vwcQy cÖwZ w`b $ 2
Wjvi) Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 81 kZvsk †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i, ïay ZvB
bq GB wnmv‡e we‡k¦i ïaygvÎ 10wU †`k evsjv‡`‡ki wb‡P i‡q‡Q A_©vr evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i 11Zg
`wi`ª ivóª (WDI 2011)| evsjv‡`‡k Acywói nvi we‡kl K‡i gwnjv I wkï‡`i †¶‡Î Lye †ewk|
44 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

ZvQvov MZ Pvi `k‡K Avq eÈb ˆel‡g¨i †h e„w× N‡U‡Q Zv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb‡K evowZ P¨v‡j‡Äi
gy‡LvgywL K‡i‡Q|
Avš—R©vwZK ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) Gi Aax‡b e¨w³ ch©v‡q cÖZ¨¶ Kj¨vY cwigvc‡K e¨envi
K‡i International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j wek¦ eyf~¶ m~PK
(Globul Hunger Index) cwigvc K‡i‡Q hv Acyó Rb‡Mvwôi kZKiv nvi, cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Pi
wkï‡`i ¯^í IRb, Ges cuvP eQ‡ii c~‡e© wkï g„Zy¨i nv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv nq| GHI 2011
Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k eyf~¶ Rb‡Mvwôi nvi Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| gvÎ
11wU †`k evsjv‡`‡ki wb‡Pi m~P‡K Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|
mviwY 16
we‡k¦i eyf~¶ m~PK Ges `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi Ae¯’v, 2011
Acywói wkKvi cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Pi cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡Pi
†`k GHI
Rb‡Mvwô (%) ¯^íIR‡bi wkïi nvi (%) wkïg„Zy¨i nvi
evsjv‡`k 27.0 41.3 5.2 24.2
fviZ 21.0 43.5 6.6 23.7
‡bcvj 26.0 27.5 8.7 20.7
cvwK¯—vb 16.0 38.8 4.8 19.8
kªxjsKv 19.0 21.6 1.5 14.0
Drm: Global Hunger Index 2011|

Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk wkï AcywóRvwbZ mgm¨vq fyM‡Q Ges cuvP
eQ‡ii wb‡P ¯^í IRb mgm¨vi AwaK msL¨K wkï i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki GHI m~P‡Ki gvb mve-
mvnviv Avwd«Kvq 8wU †`k ev‡` mK‡ji †P‡q wb‡P|
mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv Abyhvqx Pig `vwi`ª¨ n«vm, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vq bxU fwZ©i
nvi, cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶vi †¶‡Î †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_©xi AbycvZ, wkï g„Zz¨i nvi n«vm
BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mswk­ó †¶‡Î j¶¨
AR©‡bi m¶g n‡e e‡j cÖZxqgvb (cwiwkó 1)| Z‡e GKB mv‡_ Acyó wkïi msL¨v, cÖv_wgK
wk¶vq wkw¶‡Zi nvi, eq¯‹ wk¶vi nvi e„w×, gwnjv‡`i AK…wl Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, gvZ… ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb
msµvš— j¶¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k‡K AviI g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e, hv mnmªv‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨ AR©‡b
P¨v‡jÄ|
7| Dcmsnvi
Dc‡ii Z_¨-DcvË ch©v‡jvPbvq ejv hvq, MZ Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`k avivevwnKfv‡e cÖe„w×
AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges mvgvwRK bvbv m~P‡K we‡kl AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ wcwQ‡q cov Ges cÖvwš—
K Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ h_vh_fv‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mydj eÈb nqwb|
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 45

evsjv‡`k MZ Pvi `k‡K Ges we‡kl K‡i beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ci †_‡K D”P nv‡i cÖe„w×
AR©‡bi d‡j `vwi`ª¨ D‡j­L‡hvM¨ nv‡i n«vm †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avq ˆel‡g¨i gvÎv µgea©gvb nIqvq
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b G AR©b ch©vß bq e‡j cÖZxqgvb| Z‡e mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK bvbv m~P‡K
evsjv‡`k †h AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z ejv hvq, eo iK‡gi †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK ev mvgvwRK
wech©q bv NU‡j evsjv‡`k 2021 mv‡ji c~‡e©B ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ n‡Z m¶g n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i Ki‡e †`kxq I ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM e„w× Kiv, wRwWwc-ivR¯^
Avni‡Yi AbycvZ e„w×i Rb¨ †`kxq m¤ú` AvniY e„w× Kiv Ges g~j¨ùxwZ wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi Dci|
D”P A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cÖe„w× †hb ¸YMZ
gvbm¤úbœ nq| A_©vr cÖew„ ×i mydj †hb mKj ¯—‡ii RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †mRb¨
Drcv`bkxjLv‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Kivi gva¨‡g ‡m Lv‡Z Kg Drcv`bkxj LvZ †_‡K kªgkw³
`ª“Z ¯’vbvš—i wbwðZ Kiv `iKvi| G‡¶‡Î Rbkw³i `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ mvgvwRK
Dbœqbg~jK bxwZgvjv MÖnY Ri“wi| cÖe„w× mK‡ji Kvg¨, Avi Zvi mydj †fvMI me gvby‡li
AwaKvi| ¯^vaxbZvi myeY© Rqš—xi c~‡e©B Kg©evÜe I `vwi`ª-‡ivaK `ª“Z avivevwnK cÖe„w×i
gva¨‡g ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nevi j‡¶¨B cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK I
ivR‰bwZK Kg©hÁ|

MÖš’cwÄ
46 evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v

Ave`yj­vn I †mb (1997): Òevsjv‡`‡ki cwPk eQi: GKwU BwZevPK †cÖw¶Z,Ó evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb
mgx¶v, PZz©`k LÛ, 1403|
†nv‡mb, gbRyi I †nv‡mb, †gvnv¤§` BKevj (2011): Òga¨-Av‡qi DIi‡Yi cÖZ¨vkvq evsjv‡`k : mgm¨v
I m¤¢vebv,Ó evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb mgx¶v, AóweskwZZg LÛ, 1417|
Islam, Rizwanul (2011): “How Inclusive Has Economic Growth Been Bangladesh?”
Paper was Presented on the Seminar on “Bangladesh at 40: Changes and
Challenges,” being Organized by the Faculty of Business Studies, Jahangirnagar
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Khan, Akbar Ali (2011): “Bangladesh Conundrum: A Tapestry of Light and Shadow,”
Paper was Presented on the Seminar on “Bangladesh at 40: Changes and
Challenges” being Organized by the Faculty of Business Studies, Jahangirnagar
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz (2006): “Educational Disparity East and West Pakistan,
1947-71; Was East Pakistan Discriminated Against?” Discussion Papers in
Economic and Social History, Number 63, July 2006, University of Oxford.
Khasru, Syed Munir and Jalil, Mohammad (2004): “Revisiting Kuxnets Hypothesis: An
Analysis with Time Series and Panel Data,” The Bangladesh Development
Studies, vol. xxx, September-December, 2004, Nos, 3 & 4.
Todaro, Michel and Smith, Stephen: Economic Development (4 th edition).
IFPRI, (2011): Global Hunger Index, Washington DC.
UNDP Publications: Human Development Report various issues.
Ministry of Finance (2011): Bangladesh Economic Review.
BBS (2005): Household Income and Expenditure Survey.
BBS (2010): Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey.
BBS: Report on Labour Force Survey, various issues.

cwiwkó
Avn‡g` I †nv‡mb: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i ¸YMZ AR©b 47

mviwY 1
mnm«v‡ãi Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv AR©‡b AMÖMwZ
wfwË eZ©gvb j¶¨gvÎv
weeiY eQi Ae¯’v 2015
j¶¨gvÎv- 1: Pig `vwi`ª¨ I ¶zav wbg~Ñj
`ªvwi`ª †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix RbmsL¨vi kZKiv
Ask (2122 wK‡jv K¨vjix) 56.6%(1991) 31.5(2010) 29.00%
`vwi`ª¨ e¨eav‡bi AbycvZ 17.0(1990) 6.5(2010) 8.00%
cuvP eQ‡ii wb‡P Kg IR‡bi wkïi nvi (kZvsk) 66.0%(1990) 45.0(2009) 33.00%
j¶¨gvÎv- 2: mve©Rbxb cªv_wgK wk¶v AR©b
cÖv_wgK wk¶vq bxU fwZ©i nvi (kZvsk) 60.5%(1990) 95.6%(2010) 100%
cÖv_wgK wk¶v mgvwßi nvi (kZvsk) 40.0%(1990) 60.2%(2010) 100%
eq¯‹ wk¶vi nvi (15 eQ‡ii E‡aŸ©) 36.9(1991) 59.1%(2008) 100%
j¶¨gvÎv- 3: †RÊvi mgZv I bvixi ¶gZvqb DØy×KiY
cÖv_wgK wk¶vq †g‡q‡`i bxU fwZ© nvi (kZvsk) 50.8%(1990) 99.2(2010) 100%
†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_©xi AbycvZ: cÖv_wgK wk¶v 100:83(1990) 100:103(2010) 100:100
gva¨wgK wk¶v 100:52(1990) 100:117(2009) 100:100
D”P wk¶v 100:37(1990) 100:61 100:100
A-K…wl Lv‡Z Kg©Rxex gwnjv‡`i †gvU Ask (kZvsk
) 19.1%(1990) 24.6(2008) 50%
j¶¨gvÎv- 4
cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi
RxweZ R‡š§) 146(1990) 67(2009) 48
wkï (0-1 eQi) g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi RxweZ
R‡š§) 92(1990) 45(2009) 31ª
j¶¨gvÎv- 5: gvZ… m^v¯’¨ Dbœqb
gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi (cÖwZ GK j¶ RxweZ R‡š§) 574(1990) 348(2008) 144
`¶ m^v¯’¨Kg©xi ZË¡veav‡b Rš§ †bqv wkïi AbycvZ 5.0(1990) 24.4%(2009) 50.00%
j¶¨gvÎv-6 : GBPAvBwf, g¨v‡jwiqv I Ab¨vb¨
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva
mivmwi ch©‡e¶YK…Z wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq h¶v
D`NvU‡bi kZKiv nvi 21%(1990) 72.2%(2009) 100%
j¶¨gvÎv-7: †UKmB cwi‡ek wbwðZKiY
†gvU AvqZ‡b ebf‚wgi Ask (kZvsk) 9.0%(1990) 19.2(2007) 20.00%
DboeZ cvwbi Dr‡mi wbðqZv Av‡Q Ggb
RbmsL¨vi kZKiv nvi 78.00% 86.0%(2009) 89%
Kve©b-WvB A·vBW wbM©gY, gv_vwcQy †gwUªK U‡b 0.14(1990) 0.3(2007) cÖ‡hvR¨ bq
Drm: cwiKíbv Kwgkb, evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Ges cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v gš¿Yvjq|