Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Electronics Engineering

BEJ 10801 – Fundamental Electronics Laboratory

Laboratory report

Name Matric no. Section: Group No:

1. AZRIL AFIFI BIN ZULKIFLY CE220013 Lecturer’s name:
DR. WAN SUHAIMIZAN BIN WAN
2. ABNER JAWIH ANAK MICHAEL CE220023 ZAKI

3.

4.

5.

Experiment No.: 4 Day of experiment:

Experiment Title: Superposition Date of experiment:

Theorem
Time of experiment:

Experiment laboratory:
Laboratory verification stamp (Name of laboratory & Date received):
 PRE-LAB

Figure 1

RT = (2.2k * 1.2k)/ (2.2k + 1.2k) + 820

= 1.6kΩ

I1 = 15/ 1.6k V1 = 9.38m * 820

= 9.38mA = 7.69V

I3 = 7.31/ 1.2k V3 = 6.09m * 1.2k

= 6.09mA = 7.31V

I2 = 9.38m - 6.09m V2 = 3.29m * 2.2k

= 3.29mA = 7.24V

Figure 2

RT = (820*1.2k)/ (820+1.2k) + 2.2k

= 2.69kΩ

I2 = 10/ 2.69k V2 = 3.72m * 2.2k

= 3.72mA = 8.18V

I1 = 1.94/ 820 V1 = (820/ 2.2k + 1.2k + 820) * 10

= 2.37mA = 1.94V

I3 = 3.72m – 2.37m V3 = 1.35m * 1.2k

= 1.35mA = 1.62V
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A superposition theorem is essential for studying linear circuits because it makes it possible to break down a
complicated circuit into smaller, simple sub-circuits. According to the superposition theorem, all independent
sources are short-circuited in a linear circuit, therefore the voltage or current in any branch is the sum of the
individual reactions brought on by each independent source functioning alone. To put it another way, if a circuit
has several independent sources of voltage or current, the total response in any branch of the circuit can be
determined by calculating the responses brought on by each source independently, and then adding those
results together.

2.0 METHOD
The circuit was constructed with resistors as R1 was 820 Ω, R2 was 2.2KΩ and R3 was 1.2KΩ as in figure 1 and
figure 2. However, for the power supply, according to the connection in figure 1 and 2, the position and the
value of the inputs were different as figure 1 was set at 15V on the left side, while figure 2 with a value of 10V
on the right. This means that the two values were set for both channels from the power supply so that both
inputs be combined at the same time (from figure 3) for the application of the superposition method in the
circuit. The resistors from the circuit were tested by voltmeter and ammeter based on the table result from
figure 1, figure 2 and figure 3, but more importantly to compare and observe the effect of the superposition
theorem based on the circuits.

3.0 RESULTS

I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3
Readings from Figure 1 (A) 9.4mA 3.2mA 6.2mA 7.55V 7.07V 7.07V
Readings from Figure 2 (B) -2.3mA -3.9mA 1.6mA -1.81V -8.15V 1.81V
(A+B) 7.1mA 0.7mA 7.8mA 5.74V 1.08V 8.88V
Readings from Figure 3 (C) 7.2mA -0.45mA 7.8mA 5.92V 0.72V 8.93V
4.0 QUESTIONS
Question 1
Because it enables us to analyze the circuit by separating it into simpler circuits when voltage sources are
shorted and current sources are opened.

Question 2
Yes, based on the readings In Figure 3, both voltage and current for resistor R1 and resistor R2 were different
when compared to the sum from readings in figures A and B for both resistors, but for resistor R3, eventually,
both values were similar respectively.

Question 3
Making sure that the values are accurately added or subtracted, depending on whether the sources are in series
or parallel, and keeping track of the voltage or current's direction, are both benefits.

5.0 DISCUSSION
From the experiment, we learn that the superposition theorem was only applied to linear circuits. The
superposition theorem cannot be performed to analyze nonlinear circuits and must be replaced by other
methods. The sources were also presumed to be independent, which means that the output from one source
does not depend on the output of any other sources in the circuit, according to the superposition theorem. In
other cases, even if the input value was greater than the other input, the polarity of the resistance may be
conducted to the resulting output value. Unlike Kirchoff’s Law and mesh analysis, the polarities may be the
reason for the change in the output value of the theorem. If not, the superposition theorem could not be valid.
We also learn that the application of Kirchoff’s voltage law and Kirchoff’s current law needs to be employed in
the calculation to compare them with the value outputs obtained.

6.0 CONCLUSION
At the end of the experiment, we learn that a superposition theorem experiment should examine to determine
whether the theorem applies to the particular circuit and sources being used. This may involve adding several
sources into the circuit, measuring the output in various connection branches, and proving that the response is
the total of the responses brought on by each source functioning alone. We also knew that the superposition
theorem only applies to linear circuits, so it's important to confirm that the circuit under test was linear. It
might require checking that the circuit's voltages and currents were minimal enough to keep it within the linear
operating range of its fundamental elements.

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