APPLIED PHYSICS

By: Engr. Syed Wamiq Ali Jafri

2
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
The Configuration of two equal and opposite charges
Separated by a displacement is called an Electric
Dipole.
Associated Terms:
• Dipole Length
• Dipole Moment

3
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
• Dipole Moment
It is basically the exact measure of the strength
associated with an electric dipole.

4
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
“q” and “d” are parameters that characterize the
dipole; we define the "dipole moment" of a dipole to
be the vector.

p = qd,
Unit
5
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Q What is the dipole moment for a dipole having
equal charges -2C and 2C separated with a distance
of 2cm?
Solution:
The calculated dipole moment for this condition is,
p = q x d.
p = 2 x 0.02
= 0.04 C-m
6
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

7
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
A dipole in a uniform electric field experiences no net force, but
probably experiences a Torque.

There is no net force

F = F +F = −qE+qE =0.
− +

8
 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
If we choose the midpoint of the dipole for calculating the
Torque so, we can find,

=+ +− = 2 qE+ 2 qE=qdEsin,

 = p E.

9
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
If the dipole is free to rotate, the electric field does work to rotate the
dipole.

10
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Because the electric force is conservative, we can define a potential
energy for a dipole. The equation for work

W= −pE(cosinitial −cosfinal )
suggests we should define

Udipole = −pEcos.

11
 Udipole = −pEcos
+q
F+
p E

-q
F-

With this definition, U is zero when =/2.

12
 Udipole = −pEcos
E

+q  -q
p
F+ F-

U is maximum when cos=-1, or =.

13
 Udipole = −pEcos
E

-q =0 +q
p
F- F+

U is minimum when cos=+1, or =0.

14
Example, Torque, Energy of an Electric Dipole in an Electric Field

15
Numerical
There are 10 electrons and 10 protons in a
neutral water molecule.
So it's dipole moment is,
p = qd
p = 10e d
e = 1.6×10−19

16
FLUX OF A VECTOR FIELD

17
 FLUX
Before we discuss Gauss’ law, we must first understand the concept of
flux. The flux is a property of any vector field. The word “flux” comes
from a Latin word meaning “to flow,” and it is appropriate to think of
the flux of a particular vector field as being a measure of the “flow” or
penetration of the field vectors through an imaginary fixed surface in
the field. We shall eventually consider the flux of the electric field for
Gauss’ law.
• Flux leaving a closed surface is positive, whereas flux entering a
closed surface is negative.
• The net flux through the surface is zero if the number of lines that
enter the surface is equal to the number that leave.

18
 FLUX OF A VECTOR FIELD
We can then write the flux fora closed surface consisting of several
individual surfaces as

where v is the velocity vector at the surface. The sum is carried out
over all the individual surfaces that make up a closed surface. The flux
is a scalar quantity, because it is defined in terms of the dot product of
two vectors.

19
20
 ELECTRIC FLUX
The definition of electric flux is similar to that of velocity flux, with E
replacing v wherever it appears. In analogy with Eq. 3, we define the
flux of the electric field as

21
 ELECTRIC FLUX
The electric lines of force (or electric field lines) that intersect a
given area.

22
 FLUX IN CLOSED SURFACE
CLOSED SURFACE
Electric Flux= E.A

A1 A2 ------- An

A=4πr2

23
GAUSS’S LAW

24
 GAUSS’S LAW
• We have defined the flux of the electric field vector through a closed
surface, we are ready to write Gauss’ law. Let us suppose we have a
collection of positive and negative charges, which establish an electric
field E throughout a certain region of space. We construct in that space
an imaginary closed surface called a Gaussian surface, which may or
• may not enclose some of the charges. Gauss’ law, which relates the
total flux Of through this surface to the net charge g enclosed by the
surface, can be stated as

25
26