Class-11th

BIOLOGY FACULTY
Monika Sisodia
Transportation
Process in which a substance synthesized or absorbed in one
part of the organism is carried to other parts of its body.
Transportation in Human beings

Blood Vascular Lymphatic

System System
Transportation

• Every organism must exchange materials with its

environment
• Exchanges ultimately occur at the cellular level by
crossing the plasma membrane
• In unicellular organisms, these exchanges occur directly
with the environment
General Properties of Circulatory Systems

• A circulatory system has

• A circulatory fluid
• A set of interconnecting vessels
• A muscular pump, the heart
• The circulatory system connects the fluid that surrounds
cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb
nutrients, and dispose of wastes
• Circulatory systems can be open or closed, and vary in the
number of circuits in the body
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

• In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs , blood bathes

the organs directly in an open circulatory system

• In an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between

blood and interstitial fluid, and this general body fluid is called
hemolymph
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

• In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to

vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
• Closed systems are more efficient at transporting
circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
• Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates have closed
circulatory systems
Transportation

Heart

Blood Vascular
Blood
System

Blood Vessels
Transportation
BLOOD

Plasma Blood Cells (45%)

55%

RBC [Erythrocytes] WBC [Leucocytes] Platelets

Blood
Erythrocytes
Red in color – Haemoglobin
Smaller in size Disc shaped
Non-nucleated Carry oxygen

Leucocytes
Colorless Bigger in size
Not definite shape Nucleated
Kill the disease causing germs

Platelets
Rounded, biconvex Colorless
Non-nucleated
Helps in the coagulation (clotting) of blood
RBC (Erythrocytes)
AGRANULOCYTES
WBC (Leuc0cytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Blood Vessels
BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries Capillaries Veins

Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel
Arteries
Thick walled Small lumen
Valves absent
Heart Organs
Capillaries
Extremely thin walled
Lumen is very small
Present at the junction of
arteries and vein
Valves absent
Arteries Veins
Veins
Thin walled
Big lumen
Valves present
Organs Heart
Blood Vessels

• Arteries branch into arterioles and carry blood away from

the heart to capillaries
• Networks of capillaries called capillary beds are the sites of
chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
• Venules converge into veins and return blood from
capillaries to the heart
Heart
Heart
• The heart is an organ present in our body
that pumps the blood in the blood
vessels.
• It is located in the chest cavity.
• It has 4 chambers-Two upper chambers
are ATRIA & two lower chambers are
VENTRICLES.
• Its lower part is a little tilted towards the
left.
• The heart is divided into four chambers
with prevents the oxygen-rich blood from
mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood.
FlowFlow
of Blood
of Blood
Superior & Inferior Venacava
Parts of the body Right atrium
Deoxygenated blood
Tricuspid valve
RA RV Pulmonary trunk
R. pulmonary artery
Oxygenation
Pulmonary trunk LUNGS

L. pulmonary artery
PV
LUNGS LA
Oxygenated blood

Bicuspid valve
LA Oxygenated blood LV
AORTA All body
LV parts
Oxygenated blood
Double Circulation
Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood
Lungs

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary veins

Right Ventricle Left atrium

Right atrium Left ventricle

Systemic Circulation

Venacava Body Parts Aorta

(De-oxygenated (Oxygenated
blood) blood)
 HUMAN
HEART

septum
Schematic Diagram of Heart
Valves in Heart

• LARGEST ARTERY- AORTA

• LARGEST VEIN – VENA CAVA

• VALVES PRESENT BETWEEN RIGHT

ATRIUM & RIGHT VENTRICLE-
TRICUSPID VALVE
• VALVES PRESENT BETWEEN LEFT
ATRIUM & LEFT RIGHT VENTRICLE-
BICUSPID VALVE (MITRAL VALVE )
Valves in Heart

Four valves prevent backflow

of blood in the heart
The atrioventricular (AV)
valves separate each atrium
and ventricle
The semilunar valves control
blood flow to the aorta and
the pulmonary artery
circulatory
system
circuits
Double Circulation

• Amphibian, reptiles, and

mammals have double
circulation
• Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich
blood are pumped separately
from the right and left sides of
the heart
Mammals and Birds

• Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with

two atria and two ventricles
• The left side of the heart pumps and receives only
oxygen-rich blood, while the right side receives and
pumps only oxygen-poor blood
• Mammals and birds are endotherms or warm blooded
and require more O2 than ectotherms or cold blooded.
Mammalian Circulation

• Blood begins its flow with the right ventricle pumping

blood to the lungs
• In the lungs, the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2

• Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at

the left atrium and is pumped through the aorta to the
body tissues by the left ventricle
• The aorta provides blood to the heart through the
coronary arteries
Mammalian Circulation

• Blood returns to the heart

through the superior vena
cava (blood from head,
neck, and forelimbs) and
inferior vena cava (blood
from trunk and hind limbs)
• The superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava flow into
the right atrium
Single Circulation

• Bony fishes, rays, and sharks

have single circulation with a
two-chambered heart
• In single circulation, blood
leaving the heart passes
through two capillary beds
before returning
Circulation in Fishes
Heart is two chambered. (VENOUS HEART)
Deoxygenated
blood
Heart Gills
Venous
Oxygenated blood
Parts of
the body

Circulation in Amphibians
and Reptiles
Heart is three chambered.
Mixed blood is passed to
various organs of the body.
Circulation in Amphibians & Reptiles
Circulation in Amphibians

• Frogs and other amphibians have a

three-chambered heart: two atria
and one ventricle
• The ventricle pumps blood into a
forked artery that splits the
ventricle’s output into the
pulmocutaneous circuit and the
systemic circuit
• When underwater, blood flow to
the lungs is nearly shut off
Circulation in Reptiles

• Turtles, snakes, and lizards have a

three-chambered heart: two atria
and one ventricle
• In alligators, caimans, and other
crocodilians a septum divides the
ventricle
• Reptiles have double circulation,
with a pulmonary circuit (lungs) and
a systemic circuit
CARDIAC
CYCLE
 DIASTOLE The chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) are relaxed and
felling up with blood from veins. The atrioventricular valves
(pulmonary and aortic) are closed. This stage lasts for about 0.4
second.

ATRIAL The atria contract and top up the ventricles. This takes about 0.1
SYSTOLE
second.

VENTRICULAR The ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart into the
SYSTOLE arteries. During this stage the atrioventricular valves are closed
and the semilunar valves are open. This takes about 0.3 second.

The total cycle takes about 0.8 second .This gives a heart rate of
about 75 beats per minute.
Cardiac Cycle
• The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac
cycle
• The contraction, or pumping, phase is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase is called diastole
• The heart rate, also called the pulse, is the number of beats per
minute
• The stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped in a single
contraction
• The cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped into the systemic
circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke
volume
Heart Sounds

The “lub-dup” sound of a heart beat is caused by the recoil of blood

against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves.

The first heart sound Lub (S1) and second heart sound Dup
(S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and
semilunar valves, respectively.

Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a heart murmur

Heart beat is one complete contraction of the heart. It includes

one systole and one diastole. (1 Heartbeat= 1Cardiac cycle)
myogenic

Purkinje fibres
PULSE
Pulse & Pulse Rate

The continuous pumping of blood in the

arteries results in their rhythmic
throbbing which is called Pulse.

Pulse rate is defined as the number of

pulse beats per minute.

The normal pulse rate of human beings is

70 to 80 beats per minute.
 Blood Pressure

• Blood flows from areas of higher

pressure to areas of lower pressure
• Blood pressure is the pressure that
blood exerts against the wall of a
vessel
• In rigid vessels blood pressure is
maintained; less rigid vessels deform
and blood pressure is lost
Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is generally measured for an artery in

the arm at the same height as the heart
• Blood pressure for a healthy person at rest is 120 mm
Hg at systole and 80 mm Hg at diastole
Changes in Blood Pressure During the Cardiac Cycle

• Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during

ventricular systole; it is the highest pressure in the
arteries
• Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during
diastole; it is lower than systolic pressure
• A pulse is the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with
each heartbeat
 ECG

An electrocardiogram —(EKG or ECG)It

is a test that measures the electrical
activity of the heartbeat. With each
beat, an electrical impulse (or “wave”)
travels through the heart. This wave
causes the muscle to squeeze and pump
blood from the heart.
It can be used to check for signs of
heart disease.
Lymphatic
System
 Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System

Lymph
Extracellular, colourless body fluid.
Portion of blood that oozes out of the capillaries.
Similar to blood plasma, contains less proteins.
Transported from tissues to veins by system of vessels –
Lymphatic system.
Functions
It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
It transports metabolites to and from the cells and the blood.
It protects the body by killing the germs.
Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic system returns fluid that leaks out from the
capillary beds
• Fluid, called lymph, reenters the circulation directly at the
venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the
lymphatic system
• The lymphatic system drains into veins in the neck
• Valves in lymph vessels prevent the backflow of fluid
• Lymph nodes are organs that filter lymph and play an
important role in the body’s defense
• Edema is swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of
lymph
YOUTUBE LINK
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

https://youtu.be/o0-1OknbO3M

https://youtu.be/JRkLDKrDtDY