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Ethics Midterm Reviewer

This document discusses three levels of moral dilemmas - individual, organizational, and structural. It provides examples of structural dilemmas and approaches to solving ethical dilemmas, including analyzing the situation, choosing the greater good, and finding alternative solutions. It also covers types of freedom and responsibility, the importance of reason and impartiality in decision making, different types and characteristics of culture, and approaches to developing moral behavior.

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134 views3 pages

Ethics Midterm Reviewer

This document discusses three levels of moral dilemmas - individual, organizational, and structural. It provides examples of structural dilemmas and approaches to solving ethical dilemmas, including analyzing the situation, choosing the greater good, and finding alternative solutions. It also covers types of freedom and responsibility, the importance of reason and impartiality in decision making, different types and characteristics of culture, and approaches to developing moral behavior.

Uploaded by

Hannieee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 3:

Three Levels of of Moral Dilemmas


1. Individual - based on self-chosen principles.
2. Organization - social organization and member self-interest.
3. Structural - finding a satisfactory system of roles and relationships.

Example of Structural Dilemmas


1. Differentiation Vs. Integration
- The tension between allocating work and coordinating sundry efforts creates a
classic dilemma.
2. Gap Versus Overlap
- If key responsibilities are not clearly assigned, important task fall through the
cracks.
3. Lack of Clarity Versus Lack of Creativity
- If employees are unclear about of what they are supposed to be doing, they often
shape their role
around personal preferences instead of organizational goals, frequently leading
to problems.
4. Excessive Autonomy Versus Excessive Interdependence
- If the efforts of individuals or group are too autonomous, people often feel
isolated and unsupported.

How do you overcome dilemma?


1. Figure out the why.
2. Set the stage.
3. Turn on the spotlight.
4. Use the meedia to shine the light.
5. Own the light.

The following approaches to solve an ethical dilemma were deduced:


1. Refute the paradox (dilemma): The situation must be carefully analyzed.
2. Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the greater good and
the lesser evil.
3. Find alternative solutions: The problem can be reconsidered, and the new
alternative solutions may arise.

Lesson 4:
Six Types of Freedom
1. Internal Freedom – the greatest personal intimacy and secretiveness.
2. Self-Freedom - the practice of self-control, restraint, and balance.
3. External Freedom - normal and common freedom expected in daily life.
4. Spritual Freedom - striving for a complete identification with God.
5. Collective Freedom - ideology of collective unity that prescribes distinct
social and moral values.
6. Political Freedom - establishing certain rights of action and limits to
government power.

Responsibility
- the duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task,
assigned by someone or created by one’s own promise or circumstances.

Four Kinds of Responsibility


1. Role Responsibility – occupying certain role in society.
2. Causal Responsibility – what cause something to happen.
3. Liability Responsibility – who is liable for something is happening.
4. Capacity Responsibility – the capacity of a person to be held liability
responsible for their actions.

Lesson 5:
Reason and Impartiality
Reason - ability of the mind to think.
Impartiality - quality of being unbiased.

Making Ethical Decisions


1. Gather the facts.
2. Determine the ethical issues.
3. Determine what virtues/ principles have bearing on the case.
4. List the alternatives.
5. Compare the alternatives with other virtues/ principle.
6. Consider the consequences.
7. Decide.

Lesson 6:
Types of Culture
Material Culture - concrete and tangible things that man creates and uses.
Non-material Culture - words people used, the habits they follow, the ideas,
customs, and behavior.

Characteristics of Culture
1. learned and acquired,
2. shared and transmitted,
3. social,
4. ideational,
5. gratifies human needs,
6. adaptive,
7. tends toward integration, and
8. cumulative.

Elements of Culture
1. Norms
2. Values
3. Language
4. Fashions, fads, and craze.

Modes of Acquiring Culture


1. Imitation
2. Indoctrination
3. Conditioning

Moral behavior
- are actions that produce good outcomes for the individuals as members
of a community, or society, it can be applied to whole global society.

Approaches in the Development #of Moral Behavior


1. Psychoanalytic Approach - expresses the idea that when the superego dominates
the individual.
2. Learning-theory Approach - claims that we have been trained and disciplined by
our upbringing.
3. Social-group Approach - states that we behave the way we do because people
expect us to behave that way.
4.Cognitive-developmental Approach - asserts that to behave morally implies
intelligent adaptation to our environment.

Culture "way of life"


- includes moral values and behavior, along with knowledge, beliefs,
symbols that they accept, “generally without thinking about them.
- learned as children grow up in society and discover how
their parents and others around them interpret the world.
Social learning
- the process by which individuals acquire knowledge form others in
the group to which they belong, as a normal part of childhood.

Culture Relativism
- what is ethically acceptable or unacceptable is relative to, or dependent on
one’s culture.

Something Appealing to Cultural Relativism


1. Cultural relativism seems to conform to what we experience.
2. By taking one’s culture as the standard, we are provided a basis for our
valuations.
3. Teaches us to be tolerant of others from different cultures.

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