WEEK 10 - 11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? NANOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON DIMENSIONALITY:
NANO  0D - Nanospheres, cluster
 Greek word for dwarf or small.  1D - Nanotubes, wires, rods
 1 nanometer = 10-9 m (billionth meter).  2D - Thin films, plates, layered structures
 3D - Bulk NMs, polycrystals
NANODEVICES
 Nanopores, dendrimers, nanotubes, quantum NANOSOURCES:
dots, and nanoshel.  NATURALLY OCCURING - Volcanic ash,
forest fires, ocean spray, fine sand, and dust.
NANOSCIENCE
 The study and application of structures and  INCIDENTAL/ANTHROPOGENIC -
materials that have dimensions at the nano
Produced as a consequence of human activities.
scale level.
 The study of nanomaterials and their properties,
 COMBUSTION PROCESS -
and the understanding of how these materials,
Engineered/Manufactured/Industrial,
at the molecular level, provide novel properties
intentionally produce for a specific purpose.
and physical, chemical and biological
phenomena that have been successfully used in
innovative ways in a wide range of industries. NANODEVICE
 A device with at least one overall dimension in
NANOTECHNOLOGY the nanoscale or comprising one or more
 The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale components essential to its operation.
 In medicine: Nanodevice are nanoparticles that
nanoscale level, the properties of which differ
are created for the purpose of interacting with
significantly from that of their constituent
cells and tissues carrying out very specific tasks.
material at the macroscopic or even microscopic
scale.
 It is multidisciplinary field that encompasses IMPORTANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
understanding and control of matter at about 1 -  To improve existing industrial processes,
100 nm, leading to development of innovative materials and applications by scaling them down
and revolutionary applications. to the nanoscale in order to ultimately fully
 It covers all types of research and technologies exploit the unique quantum and surface
that deal with the special properties of matter phenomena that matter exhibits at the
on an atomic molecular and supra-molecular nanoscale.
scale.  To improve existing products by creating smaller
 It involves DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, components and better performance materials,
PRODUCTION, and APPLICATION of structures, all at a lower cost.
devices, and systems by controlling shapes and  Lighter, stronger, faster, smaller. More
sizes at the nanometer scale. durable, and more efficient.
 It is convergent: It brings together various fields
of science through its innovations.
 It is enabling: It provides the platform and the
tools to produce innovations.

NANOMATERIALS
 Are materials used to create displays that have
better color, lower energy consumption and
longer service life.
 Are chemical substances or materials that are
manufactured and used at a very small scale.
 Is developed to exhibit novel characteristic
compared to the same material without
nanoscale features.
 Increased strength
 Chemical reactivity
 Conductivity
 WEEK 10 - 11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
ANTECEDENTS OF APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOTECHNOLOGY

HOW IT ALL STARTED APPLICATIONS TO EVRYDAY LIFE

 The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and  Antimicrobial uses
nanotechnology started with a talk entitled  Sunscreens
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by  Clothes
Physicist Richard Freynman on December 29,  Sports equipment
1959.  Quantum dots.
 Freynman described a process in which
scientists would be able to manipulate and APPLICATIONS TO VARIOUS FIELDS
control individual atoms and molecule.  Nanobio
 The microscopes needed to see things at the  Electronic materials
nanoscale were invented relatively recently in  Sensors
the early 1980s.  Metro-logy.
 In 1981, with the development of the Scanning
Tunneling Microscope (STM) that would “see” APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS
individual atom, that modern nanotechnology  Semi-conductors
began.  Paints
 Once scientist had the right tools, STM and AFM,  Cosmetics
the age of nanotechnology was born.  Drug delivery
 Medicines
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)  Biosensors
 Is a type of scanning probe machine invented in  Catalyst
1982 by scientists and first used experimentally  Automobiles
in 1986.  Electronics
 Major working principle: Surface sensing,  Agriculture
detection and imaging.
 Measure properties (primary role): Magnetism, BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF
height and friction.
NANOPARTICLES APPLICATIONS
 Microorganisms
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE  Plant tissues
(STM)  Antimicrobial
 A type of microscope used for imaging surfaces  Anti-pathogen
at the atomic level.  Mosquitocidal uses
 Was developed in 1981 by inventors, Gerd  Cosmetics and medical appliances
Binnig and Heinrich Rihrer.  Photoimaging
 Can distinguished features smaller than 0.1 nm  Photothermal therapy
with a 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution.  Magnetically responsive drug delivery

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL
TWO APPROACH OF ROBOTICS
NANOTECHNOLOGY:  NANO-ROBOTICS - Have the most useful
and variety of uses in medical field.
TOP-DOWN APPROACH  Diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for cancer
 Bulk materials are broken into smaller particles.  Biomedical instrumentation
 Surgery
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH  Pharmacokinetics
 Nanoparticles are built up an atom/molecule at  Monitoring of diabetes
a time.  Health care
 WEEK 10 - 11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE  Optical display
 Drug delivery and Disease treatment
 Potential to revolutionize the cancer treatment NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS
 Nanocrystals can be effective agents for  Reduced friction
selective targeting and destruction of cancer  Increase hardness
cells.  Reduced weight
 Imaging and diagnostics  Wear resistance
 Nanoplex Biomaker Detection  Resilliency
 Silica-coated Surface Enhanced Raman  Enhanced strength for weight ratio
Scattering (SERS) - Active metal  Enhanced durability
nanoparticles allow robust, ultrasensitive,
highly-multiplexed biomaker quantitation in NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COSMETICS
any biological matrix, including blood.  Sunscreen
 UVB exposure - Sunburn and carcinoma
ENVIRONMENTAL & ENERGY  UVA exposure - Melanoma and premature
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY aging
 Clean technology  Nanosclae TiO2 and ZnO particles - Provide
 Advances in energy conversion & storage broad-spectrum UV protection in a
 Remediation of soil transparent formulation.
 Environmental monitoring
 Remediation & water treatment of water NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEFENSE &
 Sensing & detection of pollutants/gas SECURITY
 Eco-friendly & efficient energy sources  Improved body armor
 Enhanced pollution prevention methods.
OTHER APPLICATIONS
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE  Carbon nanotubes - Thermal dissipation,
 Crop improvement electromagnetic shielding
 Crop protection  Photo-catalysis - Can purify water, air, surface,
 Precision farming and fabrics
 Stress tolerance  Propellants - Have higher burn rates
 Soil enhancement  Magnetic recording tapes
 Crop growth  Transparent conductive coating
 Increase productivity
 Stimulate plant growth
 Improve the quality of the soil
 Provide smart monitoring

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE FOOD

INDUSTRY
 Food processing - Improve consistency &
prevent lump.
 Gelating agent - Improve food texture
 Nano additives & nutraceutical - Improve
nutritional values.
 Food packaging - Improve, active, and smart
packaging

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
 Water repelance
 Anti-static properties
 Wrinkle resistance
 Strength enhancement
 UV Blocking
 Computing
 Antibacterial/Odor control
 Sensors
 WEEK 10 - 11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
MAJOR IMPACTS TO SOCIETY SOCIAL ISSUES AND CONCERN

POSITIVE IMPACTS NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOMEDICINE:

 Nanotech products will be smaller, cheaper, ETHICAL ASPECTS
lighter, moire functional and easier to use,
requires less energy and fewer raw materials to
HEALTH ISSUES
manufacture.
 Increase in manufacturing production of  The cost of nanodevices and nanosurgery tools
products at significantly reduced costs. and the unknown technical capacity of these
 Allows for more accurate and fast delivery of devices and tools.
services.  The effect on the relationship between physician
 Molecular scale manufacturing ensures that very and patient.
little raw materials is wasted.  The effect on the health system.
 Better performance of products compared to
those made with conventional materials. SOCIETAL ISSUES
 The effect on developing countries.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS  Getting the roles of the process cycle of
 Toxicity risks to human health and the nanotechnology.
environment.  The change in the need for raw materials.
 Pulmonary diseases due to inhalation of  The effect on laborers
airborne particles.  Undetermined employee security
 When toxic wastes from nanoparticles are  Unprescribed dangers resulting from
flushed into our waters, our water resources nanoproducts
become endangered.  The effect on managerial issues

NANOTECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES FUTURISTIC ISSUES

 Promoting renewable energies  Enlarging expectations and unsubstantial
 Extends the limits of electronics estimations
 Allows a more effective medicine  Possible risks
 Clinical applications of nanotechnology
processes
NANOTECHNOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
 The problem of confidentiality
 It threatens the environment
 The problem of equality
 The obsolete materials and changes in
 The problem of definition of being human.
production could destroy jobs
 It compromises the safety
ETHICAL INFLUENCE
 Social divides
 Technology abuse
 Grey goo - Tiny robots generated with
nanotechnology could acquire the ability to
self-replicate.
 Nanotechnology has the potential for
revolutionary advancements in military power; a
threat when it falls on the wrong hands.

SOCIAL INFLUENCE
 Environmental hazards - Nanoparticles have the
potential to remain and accumulate in the
environment.
 Health risk - Nanoparticles could have
unforeseen impacts on human health
 Economic effects
 Education avenues
 WEEK 10 - 11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
LEGAL INFLUENCES
 Privacy breach regulations
 The public has not been sufficiently involved
in debates on the applications, uses, and
regulation of nanotechnology.
 Property rights
 WEEK 10 - 11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND b. GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Is biotechnology applied to agricultural
BIOENGINEERING
processes. An example is the selection and
domestication of plants via micro-propagation.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Is the use of living systems, organisms, or c. RED BIOTECHNOLOGY
biologically derived materials to develop or  Refers to the use of organisms for the
make product. improvement of medical processes. It includes
 Fundamentally, applied biology and increasingly, the designing of organisms to manufacture
the interface between biology and engineering. pharmaceutical products like antibiotics and
vaccines, the engineering of genetic cures
BIOENGINEERING through gnomic manipulation, and its used in
 The word come from: Biology and Engineering, forensics through Ona profiling.
or simply, Biological Engineering.
 Is the application of principles of biology and the d. WHILE BIOTECHNOLOGY
tools of engineering to create usable, tangible,  Also known as industrial biotechnology, is
economically viable products. biotechnology applied to industrial processes.

SIMILAR, DIFFERENT OR CONNECTED?

BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOENGINEERING
Focused on life science. Makes use of
It’s aim is to create and engineering principles
develop products that to solve problems that
can be useful in various arise in medicine as well
industries. as biology. It makes use
of engineering methods
and scientific concepts
to find solutions.

Although they are different, the two are connected.

Biotechnology makes use of technology when

studying and using biological systems. On the other
hand, bioengineering relates to designing and
transforming the technology in biotechnology.

WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
 Is any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products
or processes for specific use.
 Is often used to refer to genetic engineering
technology of the 21st century.
 Is technology based on biology, especially when
used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.

BRANCHES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

a. BLUE TECHNOLOGY
 Is a term that has been used to describe the
marine and aquatic applications of
biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
 WEEK 10 - 11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
GENETICALLY MODIFIED STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING:
ORGANISMS
1. CUTTING DNA
 DNA from the organism containing the gene of
GENES interest is cut by restriction enzymes.
 Is the basic physical and functional unit of
heredity. This is carried on an chromosome.
 RESTRICTION ENZYMES - Are
 Is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a
enzymes that destroys foreign DNA
molecule that has a function. The transmission
molecules by cutting them at specific cites.
of genes to an organism’s offspring is the basis
They are bacterial enzymes that recognizes
of the inheritance of phenotypic traits.
and bind to specific short sequences of DNA.
 Are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
 The DNA from a vector is also cut.
DNA: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
 Is a molecule composed of two chains which coil
 VECTOR - Is an agent that is used to carry
around each other to form a double helix
the gene of interest into another cell.
carrying the genetic instructions used in the
Common used vectors are viruses, yeast,
growth, development, functioning of all known
and plasmids.
living organisms.
 PLASMIDS - Are circular DNA molecules
PROTEIN MAKING
that can replicate independently of the main
 Through the process of Transcription and
chromosomes of bacteria.
Translation, information from genes is used to
make proteins. Some genes act as instructions
2. MAKING RECOMBINANT DNA
to make molecules called protein.
 The DNA fragments from the organism
containing the gene of interest are combined
DNA → RNA → PROTEIN
with the DNA fragments from the vector.
 The host cells then take up the recombinant
GENETIC ENGINEERING DNA.
 Also called recombinant DNA technology, which
involves the group of techniques used to cut up
3. CLONING
and join together genetic material, especially
 GENE CLONING - Many copies of the gene of
DNA from different biological species, and to
interest are made each time the host cell
introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an
reproduces.
organism in order to form new combinations of
heritable genetic material.
4. SCREENING
 Is the process of manipulating genes for
practical purposes.  GENETIC SCREENING - Is the process of testing a
 Process in which biologists make changes in the population for a genetic disease in order to
DNA code of a living organism. identify a subgroup of people that either have
 Is a technology in which the genome of a living the disease or the potential to pass it on their
cell is modified for medical or industrial use. offspring.

MANIPULATING DATA
APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC
 In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
isolated a gene from DNA of the African E.coli ENGINEERING:
bacteria. During transcription, the rRNA first
genetically altered organisms.  FORENSICS

RECOMBINANT DNA  GENE THERAPY - The insertion, alteration,

 Genetic engineering can involve building or removal of genes within an individual’s cells
recombinant DNA. and biological tissues to treat disease.
 DNA molecules that are artificially made from
two or more different organisms.
 WEEK 10 - 11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
 VACCINES - Through the recombinant DNA 5. ARCTIC APPLE
procedure, it is now possible to transfer the  Trademark for a group of patented apples that
genes that stimulate antibody formation to a contain a non-browning trait (when the apple
harmless microorganism and use it as vaccine. are subjected to mechanical damage, such as
slicing, the apple flesh remains as its original
 CLONING - A clone is a member of a color).
population of genetically identical cells
produced from a single cell. 6. AQUAADVANTAGE SALMON
 Gene enables the GM salmon to grow year
 TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS - An around instead of only during spring and
organism described as transgenic, contains summer.
genes from other species. Produce important
substances useful for health and industry.

 TRANSGENIC PLANTS - Contain a

gene that produces a natural insecticide.

 TRANSGENIC ANIMALS - Have been

used to study genes and to improve the
food supply.

 GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

(GMO) - Are organisms in which genetic
materials has been altered in a way that does
not occur naturally by mating and/or natural
recombination.

EXAMPLE OF GMO’S:

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE

 Naturally produces crystal-like proteins that
selectively kill a few specific insect species.
 To express agriculturally desirable traits such as
resistance to pests and to herbicides.

2. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PAPAYA

3. ROUNDUP READY SOY BEAN

 A genetically engineered crop resistant to
glyphosate gene allowing resistance.

4. GOLDEN RICE
 It is intended to be used in combination with
existing approach to overcome VAD such as
eating foods.
 Golden rice is genetically modified in order to
produce beta carotene.
 Is a genetically modified, bio-fortified crop.

 BIOFORTIFICATION - Increase the

nutritional value in crops.
 WEEK 10 - 11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS SAFEGUARDS IN GMO

BENEFITS BIOSAFETY ON GMO’S:

 Increased productivity through effective
combating of weeds, diseases and pest. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
 Positive impact on biodiversity, contributing to
(CODEX)
environmental protection through overall
 Responsible for the development of standards,
reduction of the quantities of pesticides.
codes of practices, guidelines, and
 Improved consumer health through reducing
recommendations on food safety.
adverse effects based on reducing dependence
on conventional pesticides.
 Improving ground water and surface water CATEGANA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
based on reducing pesticides residues.  International environmental treaty that
 Higher profits for producers by reducing the cost regulates the trans boundary movements of
of production. GMOs.

POTENTIAL RISKS OF GMO INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGGREEMENT

 Inadequate studies on the effects of GMO to ON LABELING OF GM FOOD AND FOOD
humans and the environment. PRODUCTS
 Promotes mutation in organisms, which the  An agreement that requires exporters of GM
long-term effects are still unknown. food and food products to label their products
 Human consumption might have the following and give rights to importing parties to rejector
effects: more allergic reactions, gene mutation, to accept the GM products.
antibiotic resistance and change in nutritional
value.
 WEEK 12-13: GENE THERAPY
DEFINITION AND HISTORY TYPES AND APPROACHES

DNA REPLICATION MISTAKES TYPES OF GENE THERAPY

 In humans, gene vary in size from a few hundred
DNA bases to more that 2 million bases. 1. SOMATIC CELL GENE THERAPY
 If genes don’t produced the right proteins or (SCGT)
don’t produce them correctly, a child can have a  Is the transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of
genetic disorder. the body that doesn’t produce sperm or eggs
therapeutic genes transferred into the somatic
GENE THERAPY cells of the patient.
 Is an experimental technique that uses genes to
treat or prevent disease. It seeks to alter genes 2. GERMLINE GENE THERAPY (GGT)
to correct genetic defects in order to prevents or  Is the transfer of a section of DNA to cells that
cure genetic diseases. produce eggs or sperm. Involves the
 It is a medical approach that threats or prevents modification of germ cells that will pass the
disease by correcting the underlying genetic change on the next generation.
problem.
 Gene therapy techniques allow doctors to treat
a disorder by altering a person’s genetic makeup
APPROACHES OF GENE THERAPY:
instead of using drugs or surgery.

HOW IT STARTED 1. EX VIVO

 In the 1980s, scientists began to look into gene  Is the transfer of genes in cultured cells and will
therapy. be re-injected to the body of the patient.
i. They would insert human genes into a
bacteria cell.  EX VIVO GENE - Is performed when the
ii. Then the bacteria cell would transcribe and genetic alterations of patients target cells
translate the formation into a protein. happening outside of the body in a culture.
iii. Then they would introduce the protein into Target cells from the patient are infected
human cells with a recombinant virus containing the
st
 1 case: Performed on September 14, 1990. desired therapeutic gene. These modified
Ashanti De Silva was treated for SCID. cells are then reintroduced into the patients
body.

HOW EX VIVO THERAPY WORK:

 STEP 1: Treatment begins by isolating cells with
genetic defect from a patient.
 STEP 2: These cells are then grown in culture in
the laboratory.
 STEP 3: Therapeutic gene will be introduced into
the cultured cells using a virus called vector. The
virus DNA is taken out and replaced with the
one that treats the patient.
 STEP 4: Patients sample target cells are now
genetically altered with therapeutic genes and
re-injected into the patients body.

2. IN VIVO
 Is the introduction of therapeutic gene into the
vector injected directly to the body.

HOW IN VIVO GENE THERAPY WORK

 Involves direct delivery of the therapeutic gene
into the target cells of a particular tissue of a
patient.
 WEEK 12-13: GENE THERAPY
 Potential issue candidates include liver, muscle,  HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS - Are
skin, spleen, lung, brain and blood cells. double stranded DNA viruses that infect
 Can be carried out using (1) viral or (2) non-viral neurons; contagious and can be transmitted
vectors, from person to person through direct
 Success depends on efficiency of the uptake of contact.
the therapeutic gene by the target cells
intracellular degradation of the gene and its 2. NON-VIRAL VECTOR
uptake by nucleus.  Naked DNA or DNA complexes. Non-viral vectors
are currently being evaluated for long-term
VECTORS expression of the therapeutic genetic material.
 To transfer the desired gene into a target cell, a The most actively researched non-viral vectors
carrier is required, and vectors are responsible include chemical disruption, electroporation,
for gene delivery. and polymer-based vectors.
 Naturally occurring compounds
 Enhanced delivery by physical methods
TYPES OF VECTORS:  Enhanced delivery by chemical methods
 Direct introduction of therapeutic DNA
1. VIRAL VECTORS  But only with certain tissue
 Recombinant viruses (sometimes called  Requires a lot of DNA
biological nanoparticles). Viral vector gene  Creation of artificial lipid sphere with aqueous
therapies due to the virus’ natural ability to core, liposome.
access the cells of the body.  Carries therapeutic DNA through membrane.

 RETRO VIRUSES - It is a kind of virus VIRUS

that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into  Are replicate by inserting their DNA into a host
the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus cell.
changing the genome of that cell. It is a virus  Gene therapy can use this to insert genes that
composed of RNA and not DNA. It has an encode for a desired protein to create the
enzyme called reverse transcriptions, that desired traits.
gives them the unique property of
transcribing their RNA into DNA after VIRAL VECTORS USED IN COVID 19
entering a cell. HIV IS A RETROVIRUS. VACCINES
 For covid-19 viral vector vaccines, the vector will
 ADENO VIRUSES - These are a group enter a cell in our body and then use the cells
of common viruses that infect the lining of machinery to produce a harmless piece of the
your eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, virus that cause covid-19. this piece is known as
urinary tract, and nervous system. They’re a spike protein and it is only found on the
common causes of fever, coughs, sore surface of the virus that causes covid-19.
throats, diarrhea, and pink eye. Infection
happen in children more often that adults.
Target cells immune response is HIGH.

 ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUSES
(AAV) - These are small viruses that infect
humans and some other primate species. It
is small, single stranded DNA that insert
genetic material at a specific point on
chromosome 19. it is from parvovirus family
- cause no known disease and doesn’t
trigger patient immune response. Has low
information capacity. Gene is always “on” so
the protein is always being expressed.
Target cells immune response is VERY LOW.
 WEEK 12-13: GENE THERAPY
STATUS AND ISSUES

CURRENT STATUS OF GENE THERAPY

 FDA hasn’t approved any human gene therapy
product for sale because:
 In 1999, 18 year old Jesse Gelsinger died
from multiple organ failure 4 days after
treatment.
 Death was triggered by severe immune
response to adenovirus carrier on January
2003.
 Published in 2021: Gene therapy can be done in
either somatic or germline cells.
 SOMATIC CELLS GENE THERAPY
- Only the modified tissues will be affected.

 GERMLINE CELLS GENE

THERAPY - Genetic changes transmits to
the offspring.

ISSUES ON GENE THERAPY

 SHORT LIVED - Hard to rapidly integrate
therapeutic DNA into genome and rapidly
dividing nature of cells prevent gene therapy
from long time.

 IMMUNE RESPONSE - New things

introduced leads to immune response.

 VIRAl VECTORS - Patient could have toxic,

immune, inflammatory response. Also may
cause disease once inside.

 MULTIGENE DISORDER - Heart disease,

high blood pressure, Alzheimer's, arthritis and
diabetes are hard to treat.

THE FIRST GENE EDITED BABY: THE

ROGUE SCIENTIST
 Dr. He Jianku announced he had edited the
genome of seven human embryos and one of
them transferred into the mothers uterus and
she successfully delivered a twins.
 WEEK 12-13: STEM CELL THERAPY
DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND USES TYPES OF STEM CELLS:

STEM CELLS 1. TOTOPOTENCY CELL

 These inner cell from a blastocyst. These stem  Has the ability to differentiate into cell lineages
cells can become any tissue in the body. from all three germ layers: mesoderm,
 Are cells from which all other cells with endoderm, and ectoderm.
specialized functions are generated. Ex.: Cells from early (1-3) embryos

MORE ABOUT STEM CELLS 2. PLURIPOTENT CELL

 These are essential cells that replaced damaged  Is the ability to differentiate into cells from all
cells or cells lost due to diseases. three germ layers with the exception of placenta.
 They are the earliest cells lineage in all tissues Ex.: Some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
and are found in both embryonic and adult
organisms. 3. MULTIPOTENT CELL
 They provide a continuous supply of new cells  Is the ability to differentiate into a limited
that make up the tissues and organs of animals number of types from one germ layer.
and plants.
 They have been of great interest as a 4. UNIPOTENT CELL
therapeutic method for various disease and  Has the ability to produced cells of their own
conditions. type.

STEM CELL THERAPY

STEM CELLS  Also known as regenerative medicine promotes
CHARACTERISTIC/PROPERTIES: the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or
injured tissue using stem cells or their
a. UNSPECIALIZED OR derivatives. It is the next chapter in organ
transplantation and uses cells instead of donor
UNDIFFERENTIATED (BLANK CELLS)
organs.
 All stem cells are present as a mass of cells that
differentiate later during their period of division.
USES OF STEM CELL
 TISSUE REGENERATION - Is probably the most
b. PROLIFERATION AND RENEWAL
important use of stem cells.
 Stem cells, of all origins, are capable of dividing
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE TREATMENT
and renewing themselves for long period of time.
 BRAIN DISEASE TREATMENT
These cells undergo a period of cell proliferation
 BLOOD DISEASE TREATMENTS
while preserving the undifferentiated state.

c. DIFFERENTIATION
 Have the potential to give rise to specialized
cells that together make up different tissue type.
These cells can either be PLURIPOTENT or
MULTIPOTENT

THE TWO DEFINING

CHARACTERISTICS
 The ability to self regenerate
 The ability to differentiate
 WEEK 12-13: STEM CELL THERAPY
IMPORTANCE, DONATING & II. THERAPEUTIC CLONING
 Is a technique used to create stem cells that are
HARVESTING
a genetic match to a donor. It has been used to
clone non-human animals. Therapeutic cloning
IMPORTANCE OF STEM CELLS has been negatively associated with the idea of
 Can replace diseased or damaged cells. human reproductive cloning but the majority of
 Allows us to study development and genetics. the scientists do not support the reproductive
 Can be used to test different substances. uses of this procedures in human.

PLANARIANS III. BONE MARROW

 Are flatworms that are capable of profound  Those cells are taken under a general anesthetic,
regenerative feats dependent upon a population usually from the hip or pelvic bone. Technicians
of self-renewing adult stem called neoblasts. then isolate the stem cells from the bone
marrow for storage or donations.
PLANARIANS USED IN STEM CELL
STUDIES IV. PERIPHERAL STEM CELLS
 Regeneration in planarians offers a paradigm for  A person receives several injections that cause
understanding the molecular and cellular control their bone marrow to release.
of the repair and regeneration of animal tissues,
and could provide valuable insights for the safe V. UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD
use of stem cells to repair damaged human  Stem cells can be harvested from the umbilical
tissues with little or no regenerative capacities. cord after delivery. This harvesting of stem cells
can be expensive, but the advantage:
WHERE DO STEM CELLS NATURALLY  The stem cells are easily accessible.
COME FROM  Less chance of transplanted tissue being
 Stem cells originate from two main sources: rejected.
adult body tissues (adult stem cells) and
embryos (embryonic stem cells). VI. ADULT CELLS (SKIN CELLS)
 Can be reprogrammed to behave like
 ADULT STEM CELL - Are undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells,
undifferentiated cells, found all through the producing induced pluripotent stem cells.
body after improvement, that increase by  PLURIPOTENT CELLS - Are able to develop
cell division to renew dying cells and recover into any of the hundreds of cell types in the
harmed tissues. human body.

 EMBRYO STEM CELLS - Are cells

derived from the inner cell mass of the
blastocyst prior to implantation. They are
pluripotent and have an unlimited capacity ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY
for self-renewal and the ability to
differentiate into any somatic cell type. CONTROVERSY ON STEM CELLS
 Use of embryos for stem cells - The argument
against using embryonic stem cells is that it
DONATING OR HARVESTING STEM destroys a human bastocyst, and the fertilized
CELLS egg cannot develop into a person.
 Mixing humans and animals - This could create
an organism that is part of human.
I. FROZEN EMBRYOS  Stem cell therapy and FDA regulation - Some
 To be used for stem cell research, are thawed may illegal and some can be dangerous.
and cells from the pluripotent inner cell mass is
removed and grown in a petri dish in a research
laboratory. Under the right conditions, these
embryonic stem cells can self renew indefinitely.
WEEK 14-15: BIODIVERSITY, THREATS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
BIODIVERSITY: DEFINITION AND ECOSYSTEM A community plus the physical
environment.
LEVELS
Regions of the earth’s crust,
BIODIVERSITY BIOSPHERE waters and atmosphere
 Variability in life forms within and between inhabited by living things.
species in an ecosystem (animals, plants, fungi,
and bacteria) that make up our natural worlds. LEVELS (TYPES) OF BIODIVERSITY:
 It provides the assurance of food, countless raw
materials for clothing, materials for shelter, 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
fertilizer, fuel and medicines.
 Variety of genes within a species.
 It is a source of work energy in the form of
 Every species is made up of individual that
animal traction.
have their own particular genetic
 It maintains the ecological balance necessary for
composition.
planetary and human survival.
 A species may have different populations,
each having different genetic compositions.
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION  GENES serves as basic units of all life on
 Refers to the hierarchy of levels at which living earth. They are responsible for both the
organisms are organized, studied and similarities and differences between
understood. organisms.
 The greater the genetic diversity, the higher the
chance of a long-term survival.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION: 2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
 Variety of species within an ecosystem or
Smallest unit of an element habitat or a region (rainforest or coral reefs).
ATOMS composed of electrons, protons,  Species are grouped together into families
and neurons. according to shared or similar characteristics.
 Defined as the number of different species
Union of 2 or more atoms of the present in an ecosystem and relative abundance
MOLECULE
same or different elements. of each of those species.
 Diversity is greatest when all the species present
The structural and functional are equally abundant in the area.
CELL
unit of the same or different
elements. 3. ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY
 Variety of ecosystems within a geographical
TISSUE A group of cells with a common location.
structure and function.  ECOSYSTEMS - A system or community
of organisms and their physical environment
Composed of tissues functioning interacting together (whole forest, or a
ORGAN
together for a specific task small area, such as a pond).
ORGAN Composed of several organs
SYSTEMS working together.

An individual, complex of
individuals that contains organ
ORGANISMS
systems.

Organisms of the same species

POPULATION in a particular area.

COMMUNITY Interacting populations in a

particular area.
WEEK 14-15: BIODIVERSITY, THREATS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
ECOSYSTEMS: DIFFERENT  Agroforestry - interaction of agriculture and
trees.
TYPES  Some are disturbed areas:
 Urban areas
TWO MAJOR ECOSYSTEM  Residential areas
 Commercial areas
1. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
 River ecosystem 4. VARIED SOIL TYPE
 Lake ecosystem  Dictate different forest habitats.
 Coastal ecosystem  Soils are vital components of ecosystems
 Marine ecosystem because: the majority of plants grow in soil.
 Soil determine the nutrients that are
2. TERRESTIAL ECOSYSTEM available for plants.
 Forest ecosystem  Soil, with climate and topography, can
 Grassland ecosystem determine the available water for plants.
 Tundra
 Deserts 5. TROPICAL CLIMATE TYPE
 Savannas  Climate is a single best predictor of ecosystem
 Chaparral structure and functioning.
 Geographic distribution of climate (precipitation
BIODIVERSITY COUNTRIES and temperature, NPP).
 PHILIPPINES is considered as mega-diversity  Temporal variation in climate depends on solar
country in the world. It has diverse flora and input, surface properties, and the capacity of the
fauna and high levels of endemics. It belongs to atmosphere to trap heat.
the World’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. It  Spatial and temporal variation in climate used to
is known to be the worlds “center of marine predict many of the ecosystem patterns.
biodiversity”. The country belongs to the Coral
Triangle, which covers more that 75% of all coral 6. SOIL TYPES
species and 35% of worlds coral reefs.

FACTORS AFFECTING PHILIPPINE

BIODIVERSITY:

1. ARCHIPELAGIC NATURE

2. MOUNTAINOUS TOPOGRAPHY
 Mountains are divided into montane and
lowland forests, each habitat with a unique set
of highland and lowland fauna.

 RUGGED TOPOGRAPHY - Supports

numerous mountain ecosystems with stratified
forest habitats.

 STRATIFICATION - A pattern of vertical

layering in a forest community.

3. DIVERSE HABITAT TYPES

 Forest ecosystems such as:
 Mossy forest
 Montane forest - ecosystem found in
mountains
 Dipterocarp forest - lowland rainforest
WEEK 14-15: BIODIVERSITY, THREATS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS  PARASITISM - Symbiotic relationship in
which an organism from one species, called
the parasite, benefits, while an organism
THREE (3) MAJOR TYPES OF
from the other species, called the host, is
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS: harmed. In parasitism, two species have a
close, lasting interaction that is beneficial to
1) COMPETITION one, the parasite, and harmful to the other,
the host.
 INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION -
Members of two different species use the same
limited resource and therefore compete for it. FOOD CHAIN
Competition negatively impacts both  A linear sequence o organisms through which
participants. Species compete when they have nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats
overlapping niches, that is overlapping another.
ecological roles and requirements for survival  Is the sequence of transfers of matter and
and reproduction. energy in the term of food from organism to
organism.
 INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION -  Plants, which convert solar energy to food by
Occurs between members of the same species. photosynthesis, are the primary food source.
 In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is
2) PREDATION eaten by a flesh-eating animal.
 A member of one species (the predator) eats
part of all of the living, or recently living, body of FOOD WEB
another organism (the prey-victim).  Consists of many interconnected food chains
 This interaction is beneficial for the predator, and more realistic representation of
but harmful for the prey. consumption relationships in ecosystem.
 Predation may involve two animal species, but it  Intertwine locally into a food web because most
can also involve an animal, a special case of organisms consume more that one type of
predation known as herbivore. animal or plant.
 In food webs, arrow point from an organism that
is eaten to the organism that eats it.
3) SYMBIOSIS
 A general term for inter-specific interactions in
which two species live together in a long-term,
intimate association.
 Close relationship between two organisms of
different species in which at least one of the
organisms benefits.
 For the other organism, the relationship may be
beneficial or harmful, or it may have no effect.
 TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS:
 MUTUALISM - Symbiosis refer to a
closed and prolonged association between
two organisms of different species.
Mutualism refers to mutually beneficial
interactions between members of the same
or different species.

 COMMENSALISM - Symbiotic
relationship in which an individual from one
of the species benefits while an individual
from the other species in unaffected.
WEEK 14-15: BIODIVERSITY, THREATS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY PHILIPPINE CONSERVATION
LAWS
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOST
 Is a bio-geographic region that is both a REPUBLIC ACT 9147 - WILDLIFE
significant reservoir of biodiversity and is
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND
threatened with destruction.
 Specifically refers to the 25 biologically rich PROTECTION ACT
areas around the world that have lost at least 70  An act providing for the conservation and
percent of their original habitat. protection of wildlife resources and their
habitats appropriating funds therefore and for
other purposes.
FOREST COVER
 SECTION 27. ILLEGAL ACTS UNDER RA 9147
 Extent of forest cover loss in the Philippines for
a) Killing and destroying wildlife species,
the last 100 years
except in the following instances;
i. When it is done as part of the
religious rituals of established tribal
groups or indigenous cultural
communities.
ii. When the wildlife is afflicted with
an incurable communicable disease.
iii. When it is deemed necessary to put
an end to the misery suffered by the
wildlife.
iv. When it is done to prevent an
imminent danger to the life or limb
of the human being.
v. When the wildlife is killed or
destroyed after it has been used in
authorized research or experiments.
b) Inflicting injuries which cripples and/or
impairs the reproduction system of
wildlife species.
c) Effecting any of the following acts in
critical habitats:
i. Dumping of waste products
detrimental to wildlife.
ii. Squatting or otherwise occupying
any portion of the critical habitat
iii. Mineral exploration and/or
extraction
iv. Burning
v. Logging
vi. Quarrying
d) Introduction, reintroduction, or
restocking of wildlife resources.
e) Trading of wildlife
f) Collecting, hunting, or possessing
wildlife, their by-products and
derivatives.
g) Gathering or destroying of active nests,
nest trees, host plants and the like.
h) Maltreating and/or inflecting other
injuries not covered by the preceding
paragraph.
i) Transporting of wildlife
WEEK 14-15: BIODIVERSITY, THREATS AND CONSERVATION LAWS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT 7586 - NATIONAL LEGAL BASIS OF PROTECTED AREAS
INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES
SYSTEM ACT 1992  Commonwealth act 3915
 An act providing for the establishment and  National Parks Act (Feb 1, 1932)
management of national integrated protected  1987 Philippine Constitution
areas system, defining its scope and coverage,  National park is a land classification
and for other purpose  Congress sets the limits of national parks
 PROHIBITED ACTS UNDER RA 7586  RA 7586 or the National Integrated Protected
a) Hunting, destroying, disturbing, or mere Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 (June 1, 1992)
possession of any plats or animals or  RA 11038 known as the Expanded National
products derived therefrom without a Integrated Protected Areas System (E-NIPAS) Act
permit for the management board. of 2018.
b) Dumping of any waste products
detrimental to the protected area, or to
the plants and animals or inhabitant
therein.
c) Use of any motorized equipment
without a permit from the management
board.
d) Mutilating, defacing or destroying
objects of natural beauty or objects of
interest to cultural communities.
e) Damaging ad leaving roads and trails in
a damaged conditions.
f) Squatting, mineral locating, or
otherwise occupying any land
constructing or maintaining any kind of
structure fences or enclosures.

TEN PRIORITY PROTECTED AREAS:

1. Batanes Protected Land and Seascapes
2. Northern sierra Madre Natural Park
3. Mangyan heritage Natural Park
4. Apo reef Marine Natural Park
5. Mt. Canlaon natural Park (Negros Island)
6. Wildlife Sanctuary (Surigao del Norte)
7. Mt. Kitanglad Park (Bukidnon)
8. Mt. Apo Natural Park
9. Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
10. Turtle Island Marine Natural Park

PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT

BOARD (PAMB)
 A decision-making body created RA 7586, which
exercise jurisdiction over a protected area
within its are of responsibility.
 Is responsible for making sure that the
management plan is properly implemented.
 WEEK 16-17: CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACTS TO SOCIETY
WHAT IS CLIMATE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE HUMAN (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES

 Is the average daily weather for an extended OF GHG’S
period of time at a certain location.  Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Most prevalent GHG
 Long-term patterns of atmospheric conditions.  Methane (CH4) - Second most common, 21x the
potency of CO2
WEATHER  Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - 310x the potency of CO2
 Reflects short term conditions of atmosphere, it  Energy Generation Industrial Processes
can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-  Transportation
hour, day-to-day and season-to-season. Climate  Land use: Agriculture and Forestry
is the average of weather over time and space.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
CLIMATE CHANGE  Since the industrial revolution began in 1750,
 Long term shifts in temperatures and weather human activities have contributed substantially
patterns. to climate change by adding CO2 and other heat
 Major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or trapping gases to the atmosphere. These
wind pattern lasting for decades or longer. greenhouse gas emissions have increased the
 Is the consequences or effect brought about by greenhouse effect causing Earth’s surface
climate change; to the environment maybe temperature to rise.
detrimental.
 Are any change in the climate over time, FACTORS THAT CAUSE EARTH’S
whether due to natural variability or as a result CLIMATE TO CHANGE
of human activity.  Variations in the sun’s energy reaching earth.
 Changes in the reflectivity of earth’s atmosphere
CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE and surface.
 Emission of pollutants, temperature rise,  Changes in the amount of greenhouses gases
precipitation change, sea level rise, flooding, that changes the current greenhouse effect,
intensified cyclones, abrupt frequency of events, which affects the amount of heat retained by
ozone layer depletion, biodiversity loss, earth’s atmosphere.
vegetation change and drought - almost all
negative impact. HOW DOES THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
WORK
 Most greenhouses look like a small glass house.
Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially
in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping
heat from the sun. The glass panels of the
greenhouse let in light but keep heat from
escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up,
much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight,
and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the
cool seasons.
 Earth’s temperature depends on the balance
between energy entering and leaving the
planet’s system.
 When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed
by the earth system, earth warms.
 When the sun’s energy is reflected back into
space, earth avoids warming.
 When absorbed energy is released back into
space, earth cools.
 WEEK 16-17: CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACTS TO SOCIETY
IMPACT OF HUMAN BEINGS CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE
 It is very likely that most of the climate change
CHANGE
in the current era is the result of human
activities.
 Humans are increasingly influencing the climate EXPANSION OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT
and the earth’s temperature by burning fossil  The sun’s radiation that strikes the earth’s
fuels, cutting down rainforest and farming atmosphere in the form of light, ultraviolet
livestock. radiation (UV) and infrared Radiation (IR).
 Human activities have increased concentrations  UV radiation has a shorter wavelength and a
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. higher energy level that visible light, while IR
 These gases trap heat and cause the earth to radiation has a longer wavelength and a weaker
warm. energy level.
 These human activities release large amounts of
CO2. GLOBAL WARMING
 Is the gradual increase in the earth;s average
HOW DO GREENHOUSE GASES surface temperature due to the increase of
INFLUENCE CLIMATE CHANGE greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere
 By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization from anthropogenic surface.
and to sustain our modern lifestyle, the level of
GHG’s increase rapidly. The higher the CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL
concentration of greenhouse gases in the WARMING / CLIMATE CHANGE
atmosphere, the stronger the greenhouse effect  Increase in sea level which results in flooding
making it into enhanced greenhouse effect. and erosion of coastal and low lying areas.
 Extreme weather.
 Risk to human health
 Risk to wildlife extinction
 Imposes heavy costs on society and economy.

DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

MITIGATION
 Actions that reduce emissions that cause climate
change.
 Measures that could slow down the build of
atmospheric GHG’s
 Reduce, minimize, avoid or stop GHG emission.
 Sustainable transportation
 Energy efficiency
 Clean energy

ADAPTATION
 Actions to manage the risk of climate change
 Adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli.
 Increase the resilience and coping capacity of
the sector with the current and future changes.
 Disaster management & business continuity
 Infrastructure upgrades
 Flood protection

WAYS
 New energy systems
 Education
 Water conservation
 Natural environment