UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA
UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI-110078
(2020-2024)

PRACTICAL FILE
OF
COMPUTATION LAB
IT -253
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to: - NAME: AKSHAT KUMAR

Ms. ANSHUL BHATIA
IT-253 ENROLLMENT NO: 00716401520

B.Tech IT 3rd Sem

 INDEX

S. No Name of the Programs

1. To Convert Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal numbers

2. To find the roots of the non-linear equation using Bisection

Method
3. To find the roots of the non-linear equation using Secant
Method
4. To find the roots of the non-linear equation using Newton’s
Method
5. To implement numerical integration using Trapezoidal rule

6. To implement numerical integration using Simpson 1/3 rule

7. To implement numerical integration using Simpson 3/8 rule

8. To solve the system of linear equation using Gauss-Elimination

method
9. To Implement Langrange’s Interpolation formula

10. To find the numerical solution of ordinary differential equation

by Euler’s Method
11. To find the numerical solution of ordinary differential equation
by Runge-Kutta Method
 PROGRAM 1

Write a C++ Program for Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal

Conversion.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int choice;
    while(1)
  {
        cout<<endl<<endl<<"1. Decimal to Binary conversion";
        cout<<endl<<"2. Binary to Decimal conversion";
        cout<<endl<<"3. Exit";
        cout<<endl<<"ENTER YOUR CHOICE:";
        cin>>choice;
        switch(choice)
    {
            case 1:
      {
                int a[10],n,i;    
                cout<<"Enter the Decimal number to convert:";    
                cin>>n;    
                for(i=0;n>0;i++)    
        {  
                    a[i]=n%2;    
                    n= n/2;  
        }  
                cout<<"Binary of the given number:";    
                for(i=i-1;i>=0;i--)    
        {  
                    cout<<a[i];    
        }  
                break;
      }
            case 2:
      {
                int B;
                cout<<"Enter Binary Number to convert:";
                cin>>B;
                int dec=0;
                int base =1;
                while(B)
        {
                    int rem = B%10;
                    B = B/10;
                    dec += rem*base;
                    base=base*2;
        }
                cout<<"Decimal value is:"<<dec;
                break;
      }
            case 3: exit(0);
            default: cout<<"You have entered invalid choice";
    }
  }
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 2

Write a C++ program to find the roots of non-linear equation by

using bisection method.

#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
#define ESP 0.001
double func1(double x)
{
    return x*x*x - 6*x*x + 11*x - 6;
}
double func2(double x)
{
    return 3*x*x - 7*x +1;
}
int main()
{
    double a,b;
    int choice;
    cout<<endl<<"1. Cubic Equation";
    cout<<endl<<"2. Qudratic Equation";
    cout<<endl<<"Enter your choice:";
    cin>>choice;
    cout<<endl<<"Enter the value of a and b:";
    cin>>a>>b;
    switch(choice)
  {
        case 1:
    {
            if(func1(a)*func1(b) >=0)
      {
                cout<<"Invalid Input"<<endl;
                goto end;
      }
            double c;
            while(fabs(b-a)>=ESP)
      {
                c=(a+b)/2;
                if(func1(c)*func1(a)<0)
                    b=c;
                else
                    a=c;
      }
            cout<<"The value of root is:"<<c;
            goto end;
    }
        case 2:
    {
            if(func2(a)*func2(b) >=0)
      {
                cout<<"Invalid Input"<<endl;
                goto end;
      }
            double c= a;
            while(fabs(b-a)>=ESP)
      {
                c=(a+b)/2;
                if(func2(c)*func2(a)<0)
                    b=c;
                else
                    a=c;
      }
            cout<<"The value of root is:"<<c;
            goto end;
    }
        default : cout<<"Invalid choice";
  }
    end:
    return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 3

Write a C++ Program to find the roots of non-linear equation

using Secant method.

#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
#define f(x) x*x*x - 4*x*x - 6*x + 5
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float x0,x1,x2,f0,f1,f2,e;
    int step=1,N;
    cout<<"Enter the first guess:";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"Enter the second guess:";
    cin>>x1;
    cout<<"Enter the mathematical error:";
    cin>>e;
    cout<<"Enter the maximum iteration:";
    cin>>N;
    do
  {
        f0=f(x0);
        f1=f(x1);
        if(f0==f1)
    {
            cout<<"Mathematical error";
            exit(0);
    }
        x2=x1-(x1-x0)*f1/(f1-f0);
        f2=f(x2);
        cout<<"Iteration-"<<step<<": x2= "<<x2<<" and f(x2)=
"<<f(x2)<<endl;
        x0 = x1;
        f0 = f1;
        x1 = x2;
        f1 = f2;
        step = step + 1;
        if(step>N)
    {
            cout<<"Not convergent";
            exit(0);
    }
    }while(fabs(f2)>e);
    cout<<endl<<"Root is: "<<x2;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 4

Write a C++ Program to find the roots of non-linear equation

using Newton’s method.

#include<iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
#define f(x) 3*x*x - cos(x) - 1
#define g(x) 6*x + sin(x)
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float x0,x1,f0,f1,g0,e;
    int step=1,N;
    cout<<"Enter the inital guess:";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"Enter the mathematical error:";
    cin>>e;
    cout<<"Enter the maximum iteration:";
    cin>>N;
    do
  {
        g0=g(x0);
        f0=f(x0);
        if(g0==0.0)
    {
            cout<<"Mathematical Error.";
            exit(0);
    }
        x1=x0-f0/g0;
        cout<<"Iteration-"<<step<<": x= "<<x1<<" and f(x1)=
"<<f(x1)<<endl;
        x0=x1;
        step=step+1;
        if(step > N)
    {
            cout<<"Not Convergent.";
           exit(0);
    }
        f1=f(x1);
    }while(fabs(f1)>e);
    cout<<endl<<"Root is: "<<x1;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 5

Write a C++ program to implement numerical integration

using Trapezoidal rule.

#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
#define f(x) 1/(1+pow(x,2))
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float lower,upper,integration=0.0,stepsize,k;
    int i,subinterval;
    cout<<"Enter the lower limit of integration:";
    cin>>lower;
    cout<<"Enter the upper limit of integration:";
    cin>>upper;
    cout<<"Enter the number of subintervals:";
    cin>>subinterval;
    stepsize= (upper-lower)/subinterval;
    integration= f(lower) + f(upper);
    for(i=1;i<=subinterval-1;i++)
  {
        k=lower+i*stepsize;
        integration=integration + 2 * (f(k));
  }
    integration=integration * stepsize/2;
    cout<<endl<<"Required value of integration is:"<<integration;
    return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 6

Write a C++ Program to implement numerical integration

using Simpson 1/3 Rule.

#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
#define f(x) 1/(1+pow(x,2))
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float lower,upper,integration=0.0,stepsize,k;
    int subinterval;
    cout<<"Enter the lower limit of integration:";
    cin>>lower;
    cout<<"Enter the upper limit of integration:";
    cin>>upper;
    cout<<"Enter the number of subintervals:";
    cin>>subinterval;
    stepsize=(upper-lower)/subinterval;
    integration= f(lower) + f(upper);
    for(int i=1;i<=subinterval-1;i++)
  {
        k=lower + i*stepsize;
        if(i%2==0)
    {
            integration= integration + 2*(f(k));
    }
        else
    {
            integration= integration + 4*(f(k));
    }
  }
    integration=integration*stepsize/3;
    cout<<endl<<"Required value of integration is:"<<integration;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 7

Write a C++ Program to implement numerical integration

using Simpson 3/8 Rule.

#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
#define f(x) 1/(1+pow(x,2))
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float lower,upper,integration=0.0,stepsize,k;
    int subinterval;
    cout<<"Enter the lower limit of integration:";
    cin>>lower;
    cout<<"Enter the upper limit of integration:";
    cin>>upper;
    cout<<"Enter the number of subintervals:";
    cin>>subinterval;
    stepsize=(upper-lower)/subinterval;
    integration= f(lower) + f(upper);
    for(int i=1;i<=subinterval-1;i++)
  {
        k=lower + i*stepsize;
        if(i%3==0)
    {
            integration= integration + 2*(f(k));
    }
        else
    {
            integration= integration + 3*(f(k));
    }
  }
    integration=integration*stepsize*3.0/8.0;
    cout<<endl<<"Required value of integration is:"<<integration;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 8

Write a C/C++ Program to solve the system of linear

equations using Gauss - elimination method.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#define size 10
int main()
{
    float a[size][size],x[size],ratio;
    int i,j,k,n;
    cout<<"Enter the number of unknowns:";
    cin>>n;
    cout<<"Enter the coefficients of Augmented Matrix:"<<endl;
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
  {
        for(j=1;j<=n+1;j++)
    {
            cout<<"a["<<i<<"]"<<"["<<j<<"]:";
            cin>>a[i][j];
    }
  }
    for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
  {
        if(a[i][i]==0.0)
    {
            cout<<"Mathematical Error!";
            exit(0);
    }
        for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
    {
            ratio = a[j][i]/a[i][i];
            for(k=1;k<=n+1;k++)
      {
                a[j][k]=a[j][k] - ratio*a[i][k];
      }
    }
  }
    x[n] = a[n][n+1]/a[n][n];
    for(i=n-1;i>=1;i--)
  {
        x[i]=a[i][n+1];
        for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
    {
            x[i]=x[i] - a[i][j]*x[j];
    }
        x[i]=x[i]/a[i][i];
  }
    cout<<endl<<"Solution: "<<endl;
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
  {
        cout<<"x["<<i<<"]:"<<x[i]<<endl;
  }
    return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 9

Write a C++ Program to implement Langrange’s

interpolation formula.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float x[100],y[100],xp,yp,p;
    int i,j,n;
    cout<<"Enter the number of Coordinates:";
    cin>>n;
    cout<<"Enter the Data:"<<endl;
    for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
  {
        cout<<"x["<<i<<"]:";
        cin>>x[i];
        cout<<"y["<<i<<"]:";
        cin>>y[i];
  }
    cout<<endl<<"Enter Interpolation Point:";
    cin>>xp;
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
  {
        p=1;
        for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
    {
            if(i!=j)
      {
                p=p*(xp-x[j])/(x[i]-x[j]);
      }
    }
        yp=yp+p*y[i];
  }
    cout<<endl<<"Interpolated value at "<<xp<<" is "<<yp;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 10

Write a C++ Program to find numerical solution of ordinary

differential equations by Euler’s method.

#include<iostream>
#define f(x,y) x+y
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float x0,y0,xn,h,yn,slope;
    int i,n;
    cout<<"Enter Initial Conditions"<<endl;
    cout<<"x0=";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"y0=";
    cin >>y0;
    cout<<"Enter calculation point xn:";
    cin>>xn;
    cout<<"Enter number of steps:";
    cin>> n;
    h=(xn-x0)/n;
    cout<<"\nx0\ty0\tslope\tyn\n"<<endl;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
  {
        slope =f(x0,y0);
        yn=y0+h* slope;
        cout<<x0<<"\t"<<y0<<"\t"<<slope<<"\t"<<yn<<endl;
        y0 =yn;
        x0 =x0+h;
  }
    cout<<endl<<"Value of y at x = "<<xn<<" is "<<yn;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM 11

Write a C++ Program to find numerical solution of ordinary

differential equations by Runge-Kutta method.

RK-2

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float f(float x,float y)
{
    return (x*x*x)/(2*y);
}
int main()
{
    float x0,xn,y0,yn,h,k,k1,k2,n;
    int i;
    cout<<"Enter Initial Condition"<<endl;
    cout<<"x0:";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"y0:";
    cin>>y0;
    cout<<"Enter calculation point xn:";
    cin>>xn;
    cout<<"Enter number of steps:";
    cin>>n;
    h=(xn-x0)/n;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
  {
        k1=h*f(x0,y0);
        k2=h*f(x0+h,y0+k1);
        k=(k1+k2)/2;
        yn=y0+k;
        x0=x0+h;
        y0=yn;
        cout<<"\nValue of y at x="<<x0<<" is "<<y0;
  }
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
RK-3

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float f(float x,float y)
{
    return (x*x*x)/(2*y);
}
int main()
{
    float x0,xn,y0,yn,h,k,k1,k2,k3,n;
    int i;
    cout<<"Enter Initial Condition"<< endl;
    cout<<"x0:";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"y0:";
    cin>>y0;
    cout<<"Enter calculation point xn:";
    cin>>xn;
    cout<<"Enter number of steps:";
    cin>>n;
    h=(xn-x0)/n;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
  {
        k1=h*f(x0,y0);
        k2=h*f(x0+(h/2),y0+(k1/2));
        k3=h*f(x0+h,y0+2*k2-k1);
        k=(k1+4*k2+k3)/6;
        yn=y0+k;
        x0=x0+h;
        y0=yn;
        cout<<"\nValue of y at x="<<x0<<" is "<<y0;
  }
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
RK-4

#include<iostream>
#define f(x,y) (y*y-x*x)/(y*y+x*x)
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    float x0,y0,xn,h,yn,k1,k2,k3,k4,k;
    int i,n;
    cout<<"Enter Initial Condition"<<endl;
    cout<<"x0:";
    cin>>x0;
    cout<<"y0:";
    cin>>y0;
    cout<<"Enter calculation point xn:";
    cin>>xn;
    cout<<"Enter number of steps:";
    cin>>n;
    h=(xn-x0)/n;
    cout<<"\nx0\ty0\tyn\n"<<endl;
    for(i=0; i < n; i++)
  {
        k1= h * (f(x0, y0));
        k2 = h * (f((x0+h/2), (y0+k1/2)));
        k3 = h * (f((x0+h/2), (y0+k2/2)));
        k4 = h * (f((x0+h), (y0+k3)));
        k = (k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6;
        yn = y0 + k;
        cout<<x0<<"\t"<<y0<<"\t"<<yn<<endl;
        x0 = x0+h;
        y0 = yn;
  }
    cout<<"\nValue of y at x="<<xn<<" is "<<yn;
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT: