GYROSCOPIC

MONORAIL

UNDER SUPERVISION:
Dean: Taha Ragab DR.GEN: Tarek Madbouly

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 GYROSCOPIC
MONORAIL

UNDER SUPERVISION:
Dean: Taha Ragab DR.GEN: Tarek Madbouly

Prepared by

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1. Yousef Hashem Mostafa Elnahas
2. Mohamad Khaled Abdelrazek
3. Yousef Ahmed Diab
4. Raed Mohamed Fekry
5. Saad Magdy Saad
6. Mostafa Mohamed Ahmed
7. Ahmed Seaid Ahmed
8. Ebraheem Ahmed Mohamed
9. Hossam Bakry Shokry
10. Mohammed Zayan Ali
11. fady Mina Shehata
12. Hamdy Shehata Fahem
13. Abdelhalim Atef Atout
14. Ammar Hussien Dardier
15. Youssef Shaban Hegazi
16. Mostafa Nassar Mohamed
17. Mostafa Mohamed Metwally

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DR.GEN: Tarek Madbouly and The Gyroscope Monorail Project Team

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GYROSCOPIC MONORAIL
Gyroscopic Monorail with infrastructure and controlling systems

DECEMBER 13, 2022

HIGHER INSTITUTE FOR RAIL TECHNOLOGY
Group No 1

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our sincere thanks to our Institute Manger Dean:
Taha Ragab. GEN .DR Tarek Madbouly. For their
excellent supervision, invaluable help, support and
continuous encouragement along our studying years
at Higher Institute of Transport Technology.
Our team would like to thank their families, for their
continuous and endless encouragement, patience
since childhood till the latest breath. We are forever
indebted to them, who have always kept us in their
prayers.
Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends
for supporting us. They have added an unforgettable
taste to everyday in the college. Their friendship
shows us the light to figure ourselves out, wishing
from God to keep this friendship forever.

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 ABSTRACT

The Gyroscopic monorail graduation project with

automatic counter balancing operate on mono rail,
using a gyroscopic mechanism, with an innovative
signal system, specifically to work on one rail.
Automatically using wireless signals.
The gyroscopic device is a rotating wheel at high
speeds which has 6 axes that enable it to turn around
multi turning, to makes it capable of automatic
counter balancing depends on gravity.

The monorail power supply will be a rechargeable

electric monorail and saving power

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Contents PAGE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4
ABSTRACT 5
List of figure 8
Chapter 1 (Introduction) 10
Work methodology of gyroscope.1.1 11
.The gyroscope .1.1.1 11
Description of gyroscope .1.1.2 12
.The main types of rail way systems .1.2 14
.Surface Railways .1.2.1 14
Elevated Railways .1.2.2 15
Underground Railways .1.2.3 16
?What Is The (Monorail) .1.3 17
Problem Identification. .1.3.1 18
The Monorails properties .1.3.2 19
Monorails Work .1.3.3 21
Chapter 2 (Frame of Gyroscope 25
Experimental work)
.Design of Gyroscope. .2.1 26
Gyroscope Working Principle .2.2 26
.The Gyroscope Bogie .2.3 28
.The motors of gyroscope .2.4 29
.The charging box consists of .2.5 29
Step down transformer .2.5.1 30
Rectifier circuit (Diodes) .2.5.2 31
Voltage Regulator .2.5.3 33
Screen driver & battery measurement .2.5.4 34

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.circuit
Chapter (3) Radio waves. 37
3.1. Radio. 38
3.2. Propagation characteristics. 38
3.3. Advantages of radio waves. 39
3.4. Radio waves transmitter 40
3.4.1. Radio transmitters work 41
3.4.2. Tune a radio receiver to a specific 41
transmitter.
3.5. Modulation Explained 41
3.5.1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 42
3.5.2. Frequency Modulation (FM) 42
3.6. Communication-Based Train Control. 43
3.7. The Antenna of Trains. 43
3.8. Saving Distance Between Trains. 44
3.8.1. Features. 45
3.9. Transmitter Circuit. 46
3.9.1. Transmitter Circuit Components. 46
3.9.2. This Circuit has three stages. 47
3.10. Receiver Circuit. 48
3.10.1. Receiver Circuit Components. 48

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 3.10.2. Stages Of The Receiver Circuit. 48
3.10.3. ICHT12D. 49
3.10.4. ICHT12E. 56
Chapter (4) (Sustainable Development Goals). 62
4.1. Monorails contribute to sustainable 65
development.
4.1.1. Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and 66
Communities.
4.1.2. Goal 9 Industry, Innovation. 67
4.1.3. Goal 3 Good Health And Will-being. 68
4.1.4. Goal 7 Affordable and Clean Energy 68
4.1.5. Goal 13 Climate Action. 68
4.1.6. Goal 8 Decent Work. 69
4.1.7. Goal 12 Responsible Consumption and 70
Production.
4.2. The Importance of Sustainable Development 71
Goals.
4.3. Achieving of Sustainable Development Goals. 72
Chapter (5) Project Aesthetics. 73
5.1. The Unknown Solider Memorial. 74
5.2. Specification of The Memorial. 75
Chapter (6) Recommendation and Future 81
Work.
6.1. Recommendation and Future Work. 82
6.2. Conclusion. 84
6.3. The Potential Benefits. 89
6.4. Conclusion 92
References 97

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 List of figures.
FIG.1.1. The Axis 10
FIG.1.2. The Three axis gyroscope 11
FIG.1.3. Surface railways 13
FIG.1.4. Elevated railways 14
FIG.1.5. Underground railways 15
FIG.1.6. The monorail project in Egypt 16
FIG.1.7.The monorail project in Egypt 17
FIG.1.8. Inside the monorail 20
FIG.1.9. The monorail bogie 21
FIG.1.10.The bogie 22
FIG1.11.The beam 23
FIG.1.12.The Monorail 24
FIG.2.1. Gyroscope in AUTOCAD 25
FIG.2.2. The gyroscope 26
FIG.2.3. The gyroscope in real 26
FIG.2.4. The fly wheel and the gyroscope 27
FIG.2.5. The gyroscope bogie in AUTOCAD 27
Fig .2.6. The Gyroscope Bogie. 28
FIG.2.7. The motors 28
FIG.2.8. The transformers 29
FIG.2.9. The step down transformers 30
FIG.2.10. Types of rectifier 31
FIG.2.11. Rectifier 32
FIG.2.12. The Screen driver 33
FIG.2.13. Charging box 34
FIG.3.1. Radio Controlling System For Train. 37
FIG.3.2. Radio Controlling Tower. 39
FIG.3.3. Tower of Communication system. 43

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FIG.3.4. Antenna of Trains. 44
FIG.3.5. Safe Distance Between Trains. 45
FIG.3.6. Transmitter Circuit. 46
FIG.3.7. receiver Circuit. 48
FIG.3.8. HT12D Block Diagram. 50
FIG.3.9. HT12D Pin Diagram. 51
FIG.3.10. Oscillator of HT12D. 52
FIG.3.11. HT12D Decoder Timing. 53
FIG.3.12. HT12D Decoder Working Flowchart. 54
FIG.3.13. HT12D Typical Application Circuit. 55
FIG.3.14. HT12E Block Diagram. 56
FIG.3.15. HT12E Pin Diagram. 57
FIG.3.16. Oscillator of HT12E. 58
FIG.3.17. Transmission Timing for The HT12E. 58
FIG.3.18. Working Flowchart of HT12E. 59
FIG.3.19. HT12E. 60
FIG.3.20. ASK Transmitter Module. 61
FIG.4.1. The Goals of Sustainable Development. 64
FIG.4.2. United Nations Sustainable Development 66
Goals.
FIG.4.3. Goal 11. 67
FIG.4.4. Goal 9. 68
FIG.4.5. Goal 3. 68
FIG.4.6. Goal 7. 68
FIG.4.7. Goal 13. 68
FIG.4.8. Goal 8. 69
FIG.4.9. Goal 12. 70
FIG.4.10. United Nations Sustainable Development 70
Goals.
FIG.5.1. The Unknown Solider Memorial. 74

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FIG.5.2. President Abdel Fattah Al Sisi During one of 75
his Visits to The Memorial.
FIG.5.3. The Unknown Solider Memorial From an 76
Internal view.
FIG.5.4. The Maquette of The Memorial. 78
FIG.5.5. Late President Sadat, Former President 79
Honey Mubarak and Officials Appreciating The
Memorial.
FIG.5.6. Late Artist and Engineer Sami Rafi 80
Fig .5.7. Project Aesthetics Before 81
Fig .5.7. Project Aesthetics After 82
FIG .6. QR Code of The Project 103

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Abbreviations Concept
HITT Higher Institute of Transport Technology
MMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems
GHz Gigahertz
MM Millimeter
HZ Hertz
GPS Global Positioning System
AM Amplitude Modulation
FM Frequency Modulation
IC Integrated Circuit
RF Radio frequency
LED Light-emitting Diode
CMOS Complementary Metal-oxide-semi Conductor
DIN Data Input Pin
VT Valid Transmission
SOP Small Outline Package
DIP Dual Inline Package
TE Transmission Enable
IR Infrared Radiation
SDGs sustainable development goals
CRT Chongqing Rail Transmit

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1. Work Methodology of Gyroscope
1.1.1. The gyroscope.
A gyroscope device (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gŷros, "round" and
σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining
orientation and angular velocity .It is a spinning wheel or disc in which
the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself.
When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or
rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of angular
momentum [1].

Fig. 1.1. The Axis

Applications of gyroscopes include inertial navigation systems, such as

in the Hubble Space Telescope, or inside the steel hull of a submerged
submarine

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1.1.2. Description of gyroscope
A gyroscope is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or
three gimbals providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to
rotate about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the
other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow a wheel mounted
on the innermost gimbal to have an orientation remaining independent of
the orientation, in space, of its support [1] .

Fig1.2. The three axes gyroscope

In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal,

which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an
axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer
gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis
possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal, is mounted in
the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis
in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis

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of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has
two degrees of rotational freedom.

The axle of the spinning wheel (the rotor) defines the spin axis.
The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is always
perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor
possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis
possesses two. The rotor responds to a force applied to the input
axis by a reaction force to the output axis [1].

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1.2. Main Types of Rail Way Systems.
There are three types of railway systems:-
 Surface railways.
 Elevated railways.
 Underground railways.
1.2.1. Surface Railways.
With this system, railways are placed above the ground. This is the
most widely used rail system on the planet and it’s also among the
least expensive. Various mechanisms, such as level crossings,
overbridges, and underbridges are provided for crossing the railway,
and allow road traffic to flow securely and efficiently across surface
railways.

Fig.1.3. Surface Railways

1.2.2. Elevated Railways

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In this system, railways are placed at a higher or elevated
position above the surface. The rail is carried on the steel deck
of a continuous viaduct supported on piers, columns, and other
structures, usually constructed from steel, cast iron, concrete, or
bricks. This system is more expensive than the previous one
because stations, waiting rooms, and offices must be built on
higher levels, necessitating the usage of staircases, escalators,
and other means of transportation [2].
This form of railway has been used successfully in densely
populated urban areas where underground lines are not feasible.
The earliest elevated railway was the London and Greenwich
Railway, built between 1836 and 1838 on a brick viaduct of
more than 800 arches.

Fig.1.4. Elevated Railways

1.2.3. Underground Railways

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In this system, the railway is provided below the ground level.
Tunnels are built to transport tracks through them, and an over
bridge is required to carry road traffic over railway traffic at
every road crossing. Due to ventilation issues in tunnels.
Electricity is the only source of power available for underground
railways.
This technique is suitable for extremely populated areas with
high traffic density on roads.
Advantages of underground railways include:
a) Quick and unhindered mobility.
b) Reduction of traffic congestion.

Fig.1.5.Underground Railway

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 1.3. What is Monorail?

Fig.1.6.The monorail project in Egypt

A monorail is a rail-based transportation system based on a

single rail, which acts as its sole support and its guide way.

The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the

system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track. The
term originates from the contraction of the words mono (one)
and rail, from as early as 1897 as early systems used metal
rails. The transportation system is often referred to as a
railway.

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 Fig.1.7. The monorail project in Egypt

1.3.1. PROBLEM Identification

The main idea of the project is to solve a lot of problems:
1. No CO 2 emission for clean cities.
2. Lowest noise level.
3. Reduced right-of-the way problems.
4. Very low ground space occupation.
5. Monorail track is less expensive to build.
6. It’s automatically operated (self-control).
7. They do not interfere with existing other transportation.

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1.3.2. Monorail Properties.
1.3.2.1. Reliable
Across the globe there are close to 50 Monorail Systems that
daily reliably carry millions of people. In Chongqing, China
alone, the monorail system operates approximately 1.3 million
passengers per day.

1.3.2.2. Eco-Friendly
During construction and operation, monorail generates far fewer
disturbances compared to the alternatives. Its footprint is a mere
36 square feet for every 100 ft. of elevated track reducing
ground disturbance during and after construction. It accordingly
has a minimal storm water footprint, and the long spans create
space for hiking/biking trails, as well as maintaining large
corridors for wildlife to roam beneath. The slim, concrete guide
rails create minimal shadows, while the electric motors and
rubber tires combine for a smooth, quiet ride.
1.3.2.3. Efficient
Now there are 42 urban monorail systems operating today
totaling over 269 miles world-wide, with over 400 stations,
reliably carrying millions of passengers per day.
Monorail incorporates over 60 years of evolutionary
improvements since the first straddle monorail systems were
built in the 1950s. Today monorail systems can operate on a
pinched loop circuit, run on automated positive train control, use

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level platform loading, support full standing height walk-
through trains, and travel at up to 65 mph.
1.3.2.4. Construction
Monorail networks are much easier to build than surface
networks. The structural system is concrete, prefabricated off
site and erected on support columns, typically with a 6' x 6' base
(36 square feet) placed every 100 feet along the route. Since it is
elevated, it removes typical high cost construction elements of
surface rail associated with moving underground utilities. The
support columns can be constructed with much less ground
disturbance. Since it is prefabricated and erected it is easy to
Budget costs within 90% of final just knowing the length and
route from Point A and Point B.

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1.3.3. Monorails Work

Fig.1.8. The monorail construction.

Monorails have been around since the 1800s, but only really
came to public attention in the 1950s when Walt Disney
installed one in his new theme park: Disneyland, California. In
most parts of the world their use is still restricted to amusement
parks, however in Asia – particularly Japan – they also play
An important role in public transport around major
metropolises.
Modern monorails are based on a single solid beam that supports
and guides the train; the carriages are either suspended beneath
the track, or sit on top, with their wheels straddling electricity,
which is carried on a ‘third rail’ either within, or connected to,
the main beam. Conductive shoes on the carriages then transmit
the current to the train [3].

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 Fig.1.9.The monorail bogie.

The straddle-beam design is the most widely used. The carriages

have pneumatic rubber tires, which drive along the top of an ‘I’-
shaped beam. To prevent side-to-side swaying of the train, a
series of smaller tires clamp around the beam, providing general
stability and also helping to guide the carriages.

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 Fig.1.10.The bogie.

Suspended monorails, meanwhile, hang underneath the track.

The design can be a where the cars hang from the underside of
the ‘I’ beam, or alternatively the wheels can sit inside a hollow
steel girder. In the latter case, the wheels are completely
enclosed, protecting them from the elements and making the
train extremely difficult to derail.

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 Fig.1.11.The beam

In fact, monorails are one of the safest forms of transportation.

The elevated track minimum’s interaction with traffic and
pedestrians, eliminating the need for crossings, and derailment is
very rare. They are energy efficient too and their rubber types
produce the beam. They are usually powered by simple
inversion of the straddle monorail, much less noise pollution
than the metal wheels of conventional trains.

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 FIG.1.12. The Monorail .

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 Chapter 2
(Experimental work)

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2.1. Design of Gyroscope.

Fig.2.1.Perspective gyroscope in AutoCAD.

A gyroscope can be considered a massive rotor fixed on the
supporting rings known as the gimbals. The central rotor is
isolated from the external torques with the help of frictionless
bearings that are present in the gimbals. The spin axis is
defined by the axle of the spinning wheel.
The rotor has exceptional stability at high speeds as it
maintains the high-speed rotation axis at the central rotor. The
rotor has three degrees of rotational freedom

2.2. Gyroscope Working Principle.

The working principle of a gyroscope is based on gravity. It is
explained as the product of angular momentum, which is
experienced by the torque on a disc to produce a gyroscopic
precession in the spinning wheel.

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This process is termed gyroscopic motion or gyroscopic force
and is defined as a rotating object’s tendency to maintain its
orientation.

Fig.2.2.The gyroscope (1) Fig 2.3. The gyroscope (2)

Gyroscope frame
We have worked a lot to achieve a similar gyroscope that can
rotate smoothly and in a simple and innovative way. We used
some preliminary tools to
achieve the practical side of the project.

Fig.2.4.The fly wheel and the gyroscope.

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2.3. Gyroscope Bogie.
The gyroscope bogie is designed to carry the gyroscope on it
and install wheels and the gyroscope operating motor
The design is executed through the AutoCAD engineering
drawing program–

Fig.2.5. The scheme of gyroscope (AUTO CAD).

Fig .2.6. The Gyroscope Bogie.

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2.4. The motors of gyroscope
We have used is DC MOTOR, 6V

Fig. 2.7. DC motors (6V).

2.5. The charging box consists of.

 Step down transformer.
 Rectifier circuit (Diodes).
 Voltage Regulator.
 Screen driver & battery measurement circuit.

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 2.5.1.

Fig 2.8. Step down transformer

What is a Step down Transformer?

A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts
the high voltage (HV) and low current from the primary side of
the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high current value
on the secondary side of the transformer. The reverse of this is
known as a step up transformer.

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 Fig 2.9. Step down transformer.

2.5.2. Rectifier circuit (Diodes)

. What is a rectifier circuit?
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current from the mains voltage into a unidirectional direct
current. It works simplest by changing the main supply AC
voltage from the power grids to DC voltage. Most importantly,
many appliances rely on require DC.

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Fig 2.10. Types of Rectifiers

Fig 2.11. Rectifier

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2.5.3. Voltage Regulator
How does the voltage regulator work?
Most of the Integrated IC’s require a constant voltage with
which it could operate. Be it a simple Logic Gate or a complex
microprocessor they have their own operating voltage. The most
common operating voltages are 3.3V, 5V and 12V. While we
have batteries and DC Adaptors that could acts as a voltage
source, most of the time they cannot be directly connected to our
circuit design since the voltage from them is not regulated.
Say for example, we have 9V battery but need to trigger a 5V
Relay, which obviously works on 5V.

2.5.3.1. What is Voltage Regulator and (Why Do We Use

It)?
You could replace the bottom resistor of the voltage divider with
a Zener diode, but the current required to properly bias a Zener
(against things like temperature coefficients
2.5.3.2. Voltage Regulator Limitations.
Linear regulators work like a variable resistor with feedback,
dropping any unneeded voltage. While drawing the same current
as the load. This wasted energy is converted to heat, making
these regulators hot and inefficient at high currents.

2.5.4. Screen driver & battery measurement circuit.

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 Fig.2.12. Screen driver

Fig.2.13. Charging power.

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Chapter 3
(Radio waves)

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 Fig 3.1. Radio Controlling System for Trains.

3.1. Radio waves.

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with the
longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, typically
with frequencies of 300 gigahertz (GHz) and below. At 300
GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm (shorter than a
grain of rice); at 30 Hz the corresponding wavelength is 10,000
kilometers (6,200 miles) (longer than the radius of the Earth).
Like all electromagnetic waves, radio waves in a vacuum travel
at the speed of light, and in the Earth's atmosphere at a close, but
slightly lower speed. Radio waves are generated artificially by
an electronic device called a transmitter, which is connected to
an antenna which radiates the waves. They are received by
another antenna connected to a radio receiver, which processes
the received signal. Radio waves are very widely used in
modern technology for fixed and mobile radio communication,

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broadcasting, radar and radio navigation systems,
communications satellites, wireless computer networks and
many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves
have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's
atmosphere; long waves can diffract around obstacles like
mountains and follow the contour of the earth (ground waves),
shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth
beyond the horizon (sky waves), while much shorter
wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of
sight, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual
horizon.

3.2. Propagation Characteristics.

Radio waves are more widely used for communication than
other electromagnetic waves mainly because of their desirable
propagation properties, stemming from their large wavelength.
Radio waves have the ability to pass through the atmosphere in
any weather, foliage, and most building materials, and by
diffraction can bend around obstructions, [clarification needed]
and unlike other electromagnetic waves they tend to be scattered
rather than absorbed by objects larger than their wavelength.
The study of radio propagation, how radio waves move in free
space and over the surface of the Earth, is vitally important in
the design of practical radio systems. Radio waves passing
through different environments experience reflection, refraction,
polarization, diffraction, and absorption. Different frequencies

44
experience different combinations of these phenomena in the
Earth's atmosphere, making certain radio bands more useful for
specific purposes than others. Practical radio systems mainly use
three different techniques of radio propagation to communicate

Fig 3.2. Radio Controlling Tower

3.3. Advantages of Radio Waves:

. Real-time control and monitoring for all trains around Egypt
. it Convert every train to be self-controlled by itself , as well , it
can be controlled from only one central controlling tower 🗼 that
can control all trains manually .

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. It can tell the central controlling tower if the train suddenly
stopped, to make them faster to fix or send support locomotive.
. it can connect with *GPS on train and send the location
directly to the central controlling tower.
. it can stop the train automatically to protect road crossing was
not secured and if there any car on the rail
. If there a problem (cut or broken) in the rail and the rail
discovery technical found it, he can push the button to stop any
train will come
. It’s analog Encrypted signal, make it hard to be hacked
. Easy to install, easy to fix.
. There will be one little move able that can be fixed in any (on
rail work) like change rails or anything,
This little tower will transmitter for desired signal in this
area. .More cost efficient, and less power consumption
3.4. Radio Waves Transmitter
A radio transmitter is a device that produces radio waves and
sends them to an antenna. Radio waves are a type of
electromagnetic radiation that can carry information such as
sound or images.
3.4.1. Work of Radio transmitters.
Radio transmitters work by generating an electric current that
alternates at a certain frequency and applying it to an antenna.
The antenna then converts the electric current into radio waves
that travel through the air. The radio waves carry information

46
such as sound or images by changing their amplitude or
frequency.
3.4.2. Tuning a radio receiver to work specific
transmitter.
To tune a radio receiver to a specific transmitter, you need to
adjust the frequency of the receiver to match the frequency of
the transmitter. This can be done by changing the value of a coil
or a capacitor in the receiver circuit. The coil or capacitor forms
part of a resonant circuit that filters out unwanted signals and
lets through only the desired signal.

3.5. Modulation Explained

In order to understand why modulation is necessary, imagine a
situation where you are sending a message with semaphore
flags. (Semaphore is a way of representing letters and numbers
by holding two flags, one in each hand, and varying the
positions of the flags based on the letters or numbers you want
to communicate.) First imagine that instead of varying the
positions of the flags, you always hold your arms outstretched to
the sides regardless of what letter you are trying to send.
In this case, every message you send will look the same. The
person receiving your message will not know how to decode it,
since you never did anything to differentiate one letter from
another. Now imagine that a unique positioning of the flags
represents each letter you wish to send (this is how semaphore
actually works). For instance, arms outstretched would represent

47
only the letter ‘R’, and your right arm outstretched with your left
arm raised above your head would represent only the letter ‘P.’
now your receiver can decode your message as long as he or she
knows what letter each flag position represents.
Now that you’ve read the semaphore analogy, the idea of radio
modulation should be easy to understand. If a radio station were to
transmit a simple sine wave, there would be no way to encode
information because the radio wave would always look the same. In
order to send any useful information, the radio station would have to
somehow change the shape of the radio wave. How do they change the
shape? By using one of the two forms of modulation.
3.5.1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
How then is information actually encoded for AM radio? To
begin with, you need a carrier signal. This is just a simple
unmodulated sine wave, meaning a constant sine wave with no
changes in amplitude or frequency. Then you need a wave that
represents the message you wish to send. The amplitude of this
wave will change based on the information sent. For sake of
simplicity, assume you are sending letters instead of sounds.
Then the letter ‘A’ might be represented by a very small
amplitude and the letter ‘Z’ with a very large amplitude, with the
rest of the alphabet falling respectively in between.
Once you have both the carrier and message signals, you
multiply the two together. By multiplying the two, the amplitude
of the carrier signal is changed according to the amplitude of the
message signal. This combined wave is the actual broadcast
signal. When a radio picks up this signal, all it has to do is

48
determine the different amplitudes of the signal and convert
these amplitudes back to letters.

3.5.2. Frequency Modulation (FM)

Now let’s look at frequency modulation. FM radio works in a
similar fashion to AM radio. Again, you must first begin with a
simple sine wave as a carrier signal. The message signal is
formed the same way as it is with AM radio. This time,
however, instead of using the message signal to vary the
amplitude of the carrier signal, the message signal is used to
vary the frequency of the carrier signal. Thus, in the final
broadcast signal, a low frequency will represent the letter ‘A’
and a high frequency will represent the letter ‘Z.’ When a radio
receives a signal that has been frequency modulated, it decodes
the changes in frequency into whatever message was sent.

3.6. Communication-Based Train Control.

This system enable trains to detect their own position and

control and speed
Equipment. Additionally, wayside equipment is streamlined and
advanced radio technology communication between the train
and the signal tower that send all information about condition of
railway
A railway signaling system that makes use of the
telecommunications between the train and track equipment for

49
the traffic management and infrastructure control. Systems, the
exact position of a train is known more accurately than with the
traditional signaling systems. This results in a more efficient and
safe way to manage the railway traffic. Metros (and other
railway systems) are able to improve headways while
maintaining or even improving safety.

Fig 3.3. Tower of communication system.

3.7. The Antenna of trains.

In our project, the trains has two antenna

One receive signals from tower and the front train,
His place on the front of train and the another send signals to
tower and trains, his place on the back of train
The antenna communicate with towers and trains to send and
receive information of condition or railway and trains such as
(Speed, location of train, acceleration, the distance between
trains)

50
 Fig.3.4. antenna of trains.

3.8. Saving Distance between Trains

Trains is communicate with antenna and tower that know speed

and acceleration and location
There is safe distance is from 20 to 30 meters, when distance be
30 meters speed of trains will be zero and when the distance
increases the train can move again, System is a “continuous,
automatic train control system utilizing high-resolution train
location determination, independent of track circuits;
continuous, high-capacity.

Fig 3.5. . Safe Distance between trains.

51
3.8.1. Features
Cost reduction by reducing wayside signals and other equipment
Energy Savings
Improving headway (the duration or distance between trains)
Reliable Wireless Communication
Advanced wireless transmission technologies guarantee highly
available train-wayside communication for urban areas.

3.9. Transmitter circuit.

Fig 3.6. Transmitter circuit

52
3.9.1. Transmitter Circuit Components:
1. IC HT12E
2. Diode 1N4007
3. 4 Resistors 1kΩ
4. 1 Resistor 1MΩ
5. 1 Capacitor 1 uF
6. Antenna
7. Power source
3.9.2. This circuit has three stages they are
1. Input switch
2. Encoder IC HT12E
3. RF transmitter (434 MHz ASK module)
Seven Comments Power Control Solutions, The input switches
are connected with encoder ICs data pin, these switches decides
the on / off condition by turn on any switch we connect data
input pin of encoder ic to the ground, the oscillator pins
connected with 1 MΩ resistor because the encoder ic has
internal oscillator, Address lines A0 to A7 of encoder is
terminated to the ground which is used for address data
encoding with unique identity but we don’t need these pins in
this project. Output Dot pin 17 is connected with data pin of RF
transmitter then the encoded data from IC HT12E is converted
as RF signal by ASK transmitter chip and transmitted through
air, an ordinary wire is enough to transmit RF signal in short
distance by choosing Ariel or antenna we can transmit RF signal
to long distance.

53
3.10. Receiver circuit.

Fig 3.7. Receiver circuit.

3.10.1 Receiver Circuit Components:

1. IC HT12D
2. Diode 1N4007
3. 4 Resistors 330 Ω
4. 1 Resistor 1MΩ
5. 1 Capacitor 1 uF
6. 5 LED
7. Antenna
8. Power source DC

54
3.10.2. Stages of Receiver circuit
There are three stages of receiver circuit:
1. RF receiver (434 MHz ASK receiver module)
2. Decoder IC HT12D
3. Output data line
The RF receiver receives RF signal that is transmitted by ASK
Transmitter module, and gives output through pin 2, this signal
is fed to input pin 14 of decoder IC HT12D, here the Address
pin A0 to A7 are terminated to the ground as done in encoder
IC, hence we ensure the same address in transmitter and receiver
circuit, the decoder IC provides the data output from D3 to D0
pins, this outputs are same as per the switch conditions in
transmitter circuit.
3.10.3. IC HT12D (Decoder)
HT12D is a 212 series decoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remot
e control applications manufactured by Holtek. It is commonly u
sed for radio frequency (RF) wireless applications. By using the
paired HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder we can transmit 12
bits of parallel data serially. HT12D simply converts serial data t
o its input (may be received through RF receiver) to 12 bit parall
el data. These 12 bit parallel data is divided in to 8 address bits a
nd 4 data bits. Using 8 address bits we can provide 8 bit security
code for 4 bit data and can be used to address multiple receivers
by using the same transmitter.

55
 Fig.3.8. HT12D-Block-Diagram.

HT12D is a CMOS LSI IC and is capable of operating in a wide

voltage range from 2.4V to 12V . Its power consumption is low
and has high immunity against noise . the recieved data is cheke
d three times for more accuracy. It has built in oscillator , we ne
ed to connect only a small external resistor . as HT12E , It is ava
ilable in 18 pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) and 20 pin SOP (Sma
ll Outline Package) as given below.

56
3.10.3.1. Pin diagram and description .

Fig.3.9. HT12D-Pin-Diagram.

VDD and VSS are used to provide power to the IC, Positive and
Negative of the power supply respectively. As I said earlier its o
perating voltage can be in the range 2.4V to 12V
OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistor for interna
l oscillator of HT12D. OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC
2 is the oscillator output pin as shown in the figure below.

57
 Fig.3.10. Oscillator-of-HT12D

A0 – A7 are the address input pins. Status of these pins should

match with status of address pin in HT12E (used in transmitter)
to receive the data. These pins can be connected to VSS or left
open.
DIN is the serial data input pin and can be connected to a RF
receiver output.
D8 – D11 are the data output pins. Status of these pins can be
VSS or VDD depending upon the received serial data through
pin DIN.
VT stand for Valid Transmission. This output pin will be HIGH
when valid data is available at D8 – D11 data output pins.

58
 Fig.3.11

HT12D decoder will be in standby mode initially i.e., oscillator

is disabled and a HIGH on DIN pin activates the oscillator. Thus
the oscillator will be active when the decoder receives data
transmitted by an encoder. The device starts decoding the input
address and data. The decoder matches the received address
three times continuously with the local address given to pin A0
– A7. If all matches, data bits are decoded and output pins D8 –
D11 are activated. This valid data is indicated by making the pin
VT (Valid Transmission) HIGH. This will continue till the
address code becomes incorrect or no signal is received.

59
Fig.3.12. HT12D-Decoder-working-Flowchart.

60
Typical Application Circuit

Fig.3.13. HT12D-Typical-Application-Circuit.

Use Resistor 51KΩ as recommended in the datasheet.

61
 3.10.4. IC HT12E

HT12E is a 212 series encoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote

control applications. It is commonly used for radio frequency
(RF) applications. By using the paired HT12E encoder and
HT12D decoder we can easily transmit and receive 12 bits of
parallel data serially. HT12E simply converts 12 bit parallel data
in to serial output which can be transmitted through a RF
transmitter. These 12 bit parallel data is divided in to 8 address
bits and 4 data bits. By using these address pins we can provide
8 bit security code for data transmission and multiple receivers
may be addressed using the same transmitter.

Fig.3.14. HT12E-Block-Diagram.

HT12E is able to operate in a wide voltage range from 2.4 V to

12V and has a built in oscillator which requires only a small

62
external resistor. Its power consumption is very low, standby
current is 0.1µA at 5V VDD and has high immunity against
noise. It is available in 18 pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) and 20
pin SOP (Small Outline Package) as given below.

Pin Diagram and Description.

Fig.3.15. HT12E-Pin-Diagram.

VDD and VSS are power supply pins which are used to connect
positive and negative of the power supply respectively.
OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistance for the
internal oscillator. OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is
the oscillator output pin.

63
 Fig.3.16. Oscillator-of-HT12E.

TE is used for enabling the transmission and is an active low

input.
A0 – A7 are the input address pins. By using these pins we can
provide a security code for the data. These pins can be
connected to VSS or left open.
D8 – D11 are the input data pins. These pins can be connected to
VSS or may left open for sending LOW and HIGH respectively.
DOUT – It is the serial data output of the encoder and can be
connected to a RF transmitter.

Fig.3.17.

64
The HT12E 212 series encoder starts a 4 word transmission
cycle upon receiving transmission enable signal on TE input.
This output cycle will repeats as long as the transmission is
enabled. When the transmission enable (TE) signal switches to
HIGH, the encoder output completes the current cycle and stops
as shown above. The encoder will be in the Standby mode when
the transmission is disabled.

Fig.3.18. Working-Flowchart-of-HT12E.

Use Resistor = 1.1MΩ as recommended in the datasheet.

65
 Typical-Application-Circuit-HT12E

Fig.3.19. HT12E

3.11. ASK transmitter module.

A wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver can be
easily made using HT12D Decoder, HT12E Encoder and ASK
RF Module. Wireless transmission can be done by using 433
MHz or 315MHz ASK RF Transmitter and Receiver modules.
In these modules digital data is represented by different
amplitudes of the carrier wave, hence this modulation is known
as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Radio Frequency (RF)
transmission is more strong and reliable than Infrared (IR)
transmission due to following reasons:

66
Radio Frequency signals can travel longer distances than
Infrared.
Only line of sight communication is possible through Infrared
while radio frequency signals can be transmitted even when
there is obstacles.
Infrared signals will get interfered by other IR sources but
signals on one frequency band in RF will not interfered by other
frequency RF signals.

Fig .3.20. ASK transmitter module.

67
 Chapter 4
(Sustainable Development Goals)

68
 Fig 4.1.The Goals of Sustainable Development

Monorails are not a new invention. They have been around for
more than a century, and have been used for various purposes
such as amusement parks, zoos, airports, and exhibitions.
However, in recent years, monorails have gained renewed
attention and interest as a viable mode of transport for urban
areas and beyond. Monorails offer many advantages over
conventional rail systems, such as lower construction costs, less
land use, greater flexibility, higher safety, and lower
environmental impact. Monorails can also play an important role
in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs), which
are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United

69
 Fig .4.2. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure

that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the
Global Goals, are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United
Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy
peace and prosperity. The SDGs are based on the principle of
"leaving no one behind" and aim to address the interconnected
challenges of economic, social and environmental development.

The SDGs cover a wide range of topics such as poverty, hunger,

health, education, gender equality, clean energy, decent work,
industry,
Innovation,
Infrastructure,
Reduced inequalities,
Sustainable cities and communities,

70
Responsible consumption and production,
Climate action,
Life below water,
Life on land,
Peace,
Justice
And strong institutions,
And partnerships for the goals. Each SDG has a number of
targets and indicators to measure progress and track
accountability.
The SDGs are not legally binding but they are politically and
morally commitments made by all UN member states. They are
also supported by various stakeholders such as civil society
organizations, private sector entities, academia, media, and
individuals who can contribute to their implementation and
advocacy
In this chapter, we will explore how monorails can contribute to
some of the key SDGs related to mobility and development. We
will look at some examples of existing and planned monorail
systems around the world that demonstrate their potential and
benefits. We will also discuss some of the challenges and
opportunities that monorails face in terms of technology, policy,
financing, and public perception.

4.1. Monorails contribute to sustainable development.

71
Goals of Monorails
4.1.1. Goal 11(Sustainable Cities
and Communities): by providing
efficient, safe, and accessible public
transportation that reduces congestion,
pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions in
urban areas.
Monorails can support this goal by
providing efficient, safe, and accessible
public transportation that reduces Fig 4.3.Goal 11: Sustainable
Cities and Communities
Congestion, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions in urban
areas. Monorails can also improve urban livability by creating
more space for pedestrians, cyclists, and greenery by using less
land than conventional rail systems. Monorails can also enhance
urban resilience by being less vulnerable to natural disasters
such as floods or earthquakes. Due to their elevated structure.

Some examples of monorail systems that contribute to

Goal 11 are:
- The Chongqing Rail Transit (CRT) in China is the longest and
busiest monorail system in the world, with two lines totaling
96.5 km (60 mi) and serving 70 stations.
The CRT connects the hilly city of Chongqing with its suburbs
And provides fast

72
And affordable mobility for millions of residents.
The CRT has reduced travel time
And emissions significantly
And has stimulated economic development along its corridors.

- The São Paulo Metro Line 15 in Brazil is one of the newest

And most advanced monorail systems in the world,
With 11 stations covering 14.6 km (9.1 mi).
The line serves one of the most densely populated
And underserved areas of São Paulo
And provides access to education, healthcare, employment, and
leisure opportunities for millions of people. The line has also
improved air quality and reduced noise pollution in the area.

- The Walt Disney World Monorail System in Florida is one of

the oldest and most iconic monorail systems in the world, with
three lines totaling 23.66 km (14.7 mi)

73
4.1.2. Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure by supporting economic growth,
Trade, and innovation through improved
Connectivity and mobility of people and goods.

Fig 4.4.Goal 9: Industry,

Innovation and
Infrastructure

4.1.3. Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being by

reducing exposure to air pollution and noise
pollution from road traffic, which can cause
respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and
stress.
Fig 4.5.Goal 3: Good
Health and Well-being

4.1.4 Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

by using renewable energy sources or energy-
efficient technologies to power their systems.
For example, some monorails use maglev
technology that reduces friction and energy
consumption.
Fig 4.6.Goal 7: Affordable
and Clean Energy

74
 4.1.5. Goal 13: Climate Action by
mitigating climate change impacts through
lower carbon emissions compared to other
modes of transport. Fig 4.7.Goal 13: Climate
Action

4.1.6. Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic

Growth
One of the main SDGs that monorails can help
achieve is Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic
Growth. This goal aims to promote sustained,
inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full
Fig4.8.. Goal 8: Decent Work
and Economic Growth

And productive employment, and decent work for all by

improving productivity, diversifying economies, promoting
entrepreneurship, reducing inequality, and supporting
innovation.
Monorails can support this goal by creating jobs, and income
opportunities for local communities involved in the construction,
operation, maintenance, and service provision of monorail
systems.
Monorails can also boost tourism revenues.
And stimulate economic development along their routes

75
By attracting more visitors, and increasing their spending
And length of stay.
Monorails can also foster innovation And competitiveness in the
transport sector by adopting new technologies and best
practices.

4.1.7. Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and

Production):

One of the main SDGs that monorails can help

achieve is Goal 12: Responsible Consumption
and Production. This goal aims to ensure
sustainable consumption Fig 4.9.Goal 12:
Responsible Consumption
And production patterns by reducing waste, and Production
Promoting resource efficiency, supporting
Sustainable tourism, ensuring sustainable management of
chemicals, and encouraging corporate social responsibility.
Monorails can support this goal by providing eco-friendly
And low-carbon transportation for people to access
entertainment venues, events, and activities.
Monorails can also reduce waste and promote resource
efficiency by using renewable energy sources, or energy-
efficient technologies to power their systems. Monorails can
also support sustainable tourism by connecting visitors with
local cultures, heritages, and natural attractions, without harming
the environment or communities.

76
 Fig 4.10. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

4.2. The importance of Sustainable Development Goals.

The SDGs are important because they represent a shared vision
of humanity for a better future. They reflect the aspirations and
needs of billions of people around the world who face multiple
challenges such as poverty, injustice, insecurity, discrimination,
disease, pollution, and climate change. They also recognize the
interdependence and responsibility of all countries and actors to
work together for the common good.

The SDGs are important because they provide a framework and

a roadmap for sustainable development that is inclusive,
equitable, and transformative. They aim to balance economic
growth with social justice and environmental protection. They
seek to address the root causes of problems rather than their
symptoms. They promote human rights, human dignity, and
human potential for all people.

The SDGs are important because they have the potential to

change lives for the better. They can help eradicate extreme

77
poverty, hunger, and preventable diseases. They can ensure
quality education, gender equality, and decent work for all. They
can foster innovation, culture, and creativity. They can enhance
resilience, safety, and peace in communities and countries. They
can safeguard biodiversity, natural resources, and ecosystems.
They can combat climate change and its impacts.

4.3. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Achieving the SDGs is not an easy task but it is not impossible
either. It requires collective action, collaboration, and
commitment from all stakeholders at all levels: global, national,
regional, and local.
It also requires adequate resources, political will, policy
coherence, data availability, capacity building, multi-stakeholder
partnerships, and mobilization of public opinion, and monitoring
and evaluation mechanisms.

Achieving the SDGs also requires innovation, integration, and

transformation in our ways of thinking and doing things. It
requires us to adopt a holistic and systemic approach that
considers the interlinkages and trade-offs among different goals
and targets. It requires us to embrace diversity and inclusiveness
in our decision-making processes and outcomes. It requires us to
shift from business-as-usual scenarios to sustainable
development scenarios that align with the principles.

78
 Chapter 5
Project Aesthetics

79
5.1. The Unknown Soldier Memorial

Fig 5.1. The Unknown Soldier Memorial

The Unknown Soldier Memorial, where the late President

Anwar Sadat was buried after his assassination in the 1981
podium accident, is without a doubt one of the most important
symbols commemorating the martyrs and the victories of the
October War.

80
 Fig 5.2. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi during one of his visits to the memorial
It is an annual symbol of celebrations in the Egyptian state. Each
year, wreaths are placed on the Unknown Soldier Memorial,
witnessed by the President, the Minister of Defense and senior
commanders of the armed forces.

5.2. Specifications of the memorial

However, many do not know the details of the memorial,

although 44 years have passed since it was established in 1975.
It is a concrete building in the form of a hollow pyramid from
the inside with a height of 33.64 meters. The width of the pillars
at the base is 14.30 meters, with a diameter of 1.9 meters each.

81
 Fig 5.3.The Unknown Soldier Memorial from an internal view

In the following lines, ET reveals some special angles to the

memorial, supported by pictures and drafts, created by the late
great scientist Sami Rafi, who passed away several months ago.

At first glance, onlookers might think that the memorial carries

geometric shapes. However, the surprise is that the body of the
hollow pyramid bears the names of many citizens, where the
designer of the memorial immortalized their names in gratitude
of their acts of heroism and martyrdom.

82
Furthermore, the body of the memorial carries 71 names and
symbols, including; Mustafa, Omar, Nagy, Suessi, Said,
Moussa, Abdullah, Hilal, Helmi, Sharqawi, Ibrahim,
Mohammed, Hamdi, Qasim, Asaad, Othman, Atef, Shawki,
Bassiouni, Shady, Zaki, Sami, Saber, among others.

“A surprise that many do not know is that I was not directly

assigned to design the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. There was
a competition launched by the Ministry of Housing published in
the newspapers, where 50 artists applied for participation.
Fortunately, I was the winner among the contestants. The prize
was LE 3,000 in 1975, being the biggest reward of that time, I
was skeptical about receiving it.” said Sami Rafi jokingly in one
of his rare interviews.

The late artist and engineer Sami Rafi stated that he knew he
was the winner through the newspapers, saying: “I even kept
looking at the newspaper, checking the name and reward
number, time and time again”. He adds that three days after the
announcement of the competition, “I went to the Ministry of
Housing, and because of the overwhelming welcoming i
received, I feared that they would not grant me the reward”.
The designer of the memorial further stated that when late
President Anwar Sadat saw the Maquette of the memorial in the
newspapers, he immediately called the Minister of Housing and
told him: “Have you read the Al-Ahram newspaper today? See
what Sami Rafi designed and executed the memorial in Nasr
City”.

83
 Fig 5.4.The Maquette of the memorial

The Minister of Housing returned to Sami Rafi with the

immediate need to start implementing the design as soon as
possible, in order to complete it before the anniversary of
October1974.

The call was in June, which lead Sami Rafi to ask the minister:
“You want to complete the memorial in four months only?” The
minister replied saying: “Yes, we will celebrate this historic
work with all the Egyptians, and I will do it.”

84
 Fig 5.5.Late President Sadat, former President Honey Mubarak and officials
appreciating the memorial

l The Minister of Housing at that time was Osman Ahmed

Osman, founder of the Arab Contractors Company.

In a press interview before his death, Sami Rafi clarified that the
symbolic and virtual names placed on the memorial, such as Ali,
Hussein, Mohammed, Sayed, Mahmoud, Peter, Georges, Jacob
and George were placed on the memorial reflecting the unity of
the Egyptian people from all ethnicities and backgrounds in
defending the homeland.

Moreover, the names of people derived from the names of cities

and provinces were also placed on the memorial, which reflects
the unity of the country’s different cities and governorates in
times of hardships. The names were implemented on the
Unknown Soldier Memorial using the Kufic line of a cube made
of solid basalt stones.

85
 Fig 5.6.Late Artist and Engineer Sami Rafi

Sami Rafi holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts, Department of Decor

in 1948, and a Diploma of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna,
Department of Theater Decor. The late artist and engineer was
the Undersecretary of the Syndicate of Fine Artists, in addition
to his design of 14 drawings of the Egyptian subway system, in
addition to several Egyptian entities and institutions.

86
Fig .5.7. Project Aesthetics Before

Fig .5.8. Project Aesthetics After

 Chapter 6
Recommendations and Future Work
6.1. Recommendations for Future Research:

While the use of gyroscopes for balance in monorail systems

has shown promise, there is still much room for improvement
and innovation. Some of the areas that could benefit from
further research and development include:

1. Integration with other technologies: Gyroscopes could be

integrated with other technologies, such as sensors and
artificial intelligence, to improve the performance of
monorail systems. For example, sensors could be used to
detect changes in elevation or curvature of the track, and
the gyroscope system could adjust the train’s balance
accordingly.

2. Optimization of gyroscopes: The design and placement of

gyroscopes could be optimized to improve their
effectiveness and efficiency. Researchers could explore the
use of different types of gyroscopes, such as MEMS-based
gyroscopes, which are

Smaller and more energy-efficient than traditional flywheel-

based gyroscopes.

89
3. Cost-effectiveness: While gyroscopes have shown to be
effective in improving the stability and balance of monorail
systems, they can also be expensive to install and
maintain. Future research could focus on developing cost-
effective solutions for implementing gyroscopes in
monorail systems.

4. Safety and reliability: The safety and reliability of

gyroscope-based monorail systems need to be thoroughly
tested and evaluated to ensure their viability in real-world
scenarios. Future research could focus on developing
safety protocols and redundancy measures to mitigate the
risk of system failure.

90
6.2. Conclusion:

The usage of gyroscopes balance in monorail systems has

shown promise in improving stability, reducing sway, and
enhancing passenger comfort. Case studies of monorail systems
that have implemented gyroscopes have reported positive
results. However, there is still much room for improvement and
innovation in this area. Future research could focus on
integrating gyroscopes with other technologies, optimizing
their design and placement, improving cost-effectiveness, and
ensuring safety and reliability. Gyroscope-based monorail
systems have the potential to revolutionize urban
transportation and provide a safe, comfortable, and efficient
mode of travel.
Additionally, the use of gyroscopes could also contribute to
reducing the environmental impact of transportation systems.
Monorails are already considered a more sustainable mode of
transportation compared to other options, as they emit less
pollution and consume less energy. By using gyroscopes for
balance, monorail systems could further reduce their energy
consumption and emissions, contributing to a more sustainable
future.

Overall, the use of gyroscopes for balance in monorail systems

is a promising area of research and development. While there

91
are still challenges to be overcome, the potential benefits of
gyroscopes in improving stability, reducing sway, enhancing
passenger comfort, and contributing to a more sustainable
future make them a promising technology for the
transportation industry. Further research and development in
this area could lead to the implementation of safer, more
efficient, and more sustainable monorail systems in urban areas
around the world.
In terms of the practical implementation of gyroscopes in
monorail systems, there are several factors to consider. First,
the size and weight of the gyroscopes must be taken into
account, as they will need to be mounted on the monorail
vehicles. While micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
gyroscopes are small and lightweight, they may not be suitable
for larger monorail systems, as they may not be able to provide
sufficient stabilization. On the other hand, larger gyroscopes
may be too heavy and bulky, which could impact the overall
efficiency and performance of the monorail system.

The placement of the gyroscopes is another important

consideration. The gyroscopes could be mounted on the
monorail vehicles themselves, or they could be integrated into
the monorail track. Mounting the gyroscopes on the vehicles
would provide more flexibility in terms of system design and
would allow for easy maintenance and replacement of the
gyroscopes. However, integrating the gyroscopes into the track

92
could provide a more stable and reliable system, as the
gyroscopes would be fixed in place and not subject to the
movement and vibrations of the vehicles.

Another factor to consider is the cost-effectiveness of

implementing gyroscopes in monorail systems. While
gyroscopes have been shown to improve stability and balance,
they can also be expensive to install and maintain. Therefore,
future research should focus on developing cost-effective
solutions for implementing gyroscopes in monorail systems,
such as exploring new manufacturing techniques or materials
that could reduce the cost of production.

Finally, safety and reliability are critical factors to consider

when implementing gyroscopes in monorail systems. The
gyroscopes will need to be thoroughly tested and evaluated to
ensure that they can withstand the stresses and strains of
regular use. Additionally, redundancy measures and safety
protocols should be implemented to ensure that the system
can continue to operate safely in the event of a failure or
malfunction.

In conclusion, the use of gyroscopes for balance in monorail

systems is a promising area of research and development.
While there are still challenges to be overcome, the potential

93
benefits of gyroscopes in improving stability, reducing sway,
enhancing passenger comfort, and contributing to a more
sustainable future make them a promising technology for the
transportation industry. Further research and development in
this area could lead to the implementation of safer, more
efficient, and more sustainable monorail systems in urban areas
around the world.
6.3. The Potential Benefits
Including:-

1. Cost: The cost of building and maintaining a gyroscope

stabilized monorail system can be quite high compared to
other forms of transportation. The gyroscopes themselves
are expensive, and the complex mechanical and electrical
systems needed to keep the monorail stable can add to the
overall cost.

2. Maintenance: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system

requires regular maintenance to keep it running smoothly.
The gyroscopes need to be carefully calibrated and serviced
to ensure they are functioning correctly, and the mechanical
and electrical systems also need to be checked regularly.

94
3. Safety: While the gyroscope stabilized monorail system is
designed to be stable and safe, there is always a risk of
malfunction or failure. If the gyroscopes or other systems
fail, the monorail could become unstable and potentially
cause an accident.

4. Limited Capacity: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system

typically has a limited capacity compared to other forms of
transportation. This is because the system is relatively
complex and requires a lot of space to operate, making it
difficult to scale up for high-capacity transportation needs.

5. Limited Terrain: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system is

also limited in the types of terrain it can operate on. The
system is designed for relatively flat and even surfaces,
making it difficult to use in areas with steep inclines or
uneven terrain.

Despite these challenges, the gyroscope stabilized monorail

system has the potential to be a safe and efficient form of
transportation in certain situations. With ongoing research and
development, it may be possible to address some of these
challenges and make the system more practical for widespread
use.

95
6. Energy Efficiency: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system
requires a significant amount of energy to operate. The
gyroscopes, motors, and other components consume power,
and the system needs to be powered continuously to maintain
stability. This energy consumption can make the system less
energy-efficient than other forms of transportation.

6. Noise Pollution: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system

can produce significant noise pollution, particularly if the
system is not properly maintained. The motors, gears, and
other components can generate noise that can be disruptive
to nearby residents and businesses.

7. Environmental Impact: The construction and operation of a

gyroscope stabilized monorail system can have a significant
environmental impact. The system requires a lot of materials
to build, and the energy consumption can contribute to
greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution.

8. Public Perception: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system

is not as well-known or widely used as other forms of
transportation, which can make it difficult to gain public
acceptance. The system may also be viewed as a novelty or

96
 gimmick rather than a practical transportation solution,
which can limit its adoption.

Despite these challenges, the gyroscope stabilized monorail

system has the potential to be a useful and innovative form of
transportation in certain situations. With ongoing research and
development, it may be possible to address some of these
challenges and make the system more practical and widely
used in the future.
10. Limited Infrastructure: Building a gyroscope stabilized
monorail system requires significant investment in
infrastructure, such as specialized tracks and support
structures. This can make it difficult to deploy the system in
new locations or retrofit existing transportation networks.

11. Limited Accessibility: The design of the gyroscope stabilized

monorail system can limit its accessibility for people with
disabilities or limited mobility. The system may not have
enough space for wheelchair users or require stairs or other
obstacles to access the monorail.

12. Limited Flexibility: The gyroscope stabilized monorail

system is typically designed for a specific route and cannot
easily adapt to changing transportation needs or routes. This

97
can limit its flexibility and make it less adaptable than other
forms of transportation.

Overall, the gyroscope stabilized monorail system faces several

challenges that must be addressed to make it a practical and
widely used transportation solution. While the technology has
potential benefits, such as improved stability and safety, there
are also significant costs and limitations that must be
considered when evaluating its feasibility for a particular
application. Ongoing research and development will be critical
to addressing these challenges and improving the performance
and adoption of the gyroscope stabilized monorail system.

13. Complexity: The gyroscope stabilized monorail system is a

complex piece of machinery, with many moving parts and
intricate mechanical and electrical systems. This complexity can
make it more difficult to build, maintain, and repair the system,
and can also increase the risk of malfunctions or failures.

14. Limited Interoperability: The gyroscope stabilized monorail

system may not be compatible with other transportation
systems or infrastructure, which can limit its ability to connect
to other transportation networks. This can make it difficult to
use the system for multi-modal transportation needs, such as
connecting to airports or train stations.

98
6.4. Conclusion
The conclusion, the gyroscope stabilized monorail system is a
unique and innovative transportation solution that has
potential benefits in certain applications. However, it also faces
several challenges and limitations that must be addressed to
make it a practical and widely used form of transportation.
With ongoing research and development, it may be possible to
overcome
These challenges and make the gyroscope stabilized monorail
system a more viable transportation option in the future. For
example, advancements in materials science and engineering
may allow for lighter, stronger, and more efficient components
that can improve energy efficiency, speed, and cargo capacity.
Additionally, advancements in automation and control systems
may enable the monorail to adapt to changing transportation
needs and operate more safely and efficiently.

Furthermore, public perception of the gyroscope stabilized

monorail system may also play a significant role in its adoption.
Effective communication and education efforts can help to
increase awareness of the technology and its potential benefits,
as well as address concerns and misconceptions that may limit
public acceptance.

99
In summary, the gyroscope stabilized monorail system has the
potential to provide a unique and innovative form of
transportation that can address some of the limitations of other
transportation options. However, it also faces several
challenges and limitations that must be addressed to make it a
practical and widely used solution. Ongoing research and
development, along with effective communication and
education efforts, will be critical to overcoming these
challenges and realizing the potential benefits of the gyroscope
stabilized monorail system.

100
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Awards Earned
 Summit forum competition for science clubs.

The Project got The Third, place at the level of the Arab
Republic of Egypt. In the field of Electric vehicles.
Competition by The Ministry of higher education of Egypt.

• Genius Forum competition.

The Project got the First, in Mechatronics field at the

level of Cairo.
Competition by The Ministry of higher education of Egypt.

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FIG.6. QR CODE of The Project

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