Go, change the world

RV College of
Engineering
Dept of Mech. Engg.

Python for Mechanical Engineers

Unit -2(a)
Dr. M Krishna
Prof & Head, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
RV College of Engineering
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Engineering
Course Content
 List in Python,
 Tuple in Python,
 Dictionary in Python,
 Set in Python,
 Ranges in Python,
 Generators and Yield,
 Comprehensions and Lambda Expressions,
 Example programs Input and Output in Python,
 Reading and writing text files, writing Text Files,
 Appending to Files, Strings, regular expressions,
 Pandas, Numpy, Scipy, Matplot functions
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Engineering

List in Python
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Engineering List in Python
 List is a sequence of data type called items or elements. The elements can be any
data type (integer, float, string, etc).
 List are mutable, meaning, their elements can be changed.
 A list is created by placing all the elements (items) inside a square bracket [],
separated by commas. E.g. variable Name = [index]
a,b,c = [],[23,45,6,78,78],[1,'Hello',3,4]
print (a,b,c)
L1,L2 = [10,20,30], ['Rama','Krishna','Govinda']
print (L1,'\n',L2)
L1,L2 = [10,20,30], ['Rama','Krishna','Govinda']
print (L1,'\n',L2)
L3 =L1+L2
print (L3)
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Engineering List in Python-Indexing
 Positive value of index means counting forward from beginning of the list (starts with zero)
 Negative value means counting backward from end of the list. (starts with -1)
L1 = [45,60,70,80,90]
 It can be access in several ways
 Use the index operator[] to access an item in a list. Index starts from 0. So a list having 5
elements will have index from 0 to 4.
Forward Indexing Element Backward indexing
0 45 -5
1 60 -4
2 70 -3
3 80 -2
4 90 -1
num= [10,20,30,40,50,60,70] a = [[23,45,6,78,78],[1,'Hello',3,4]]
print (num) print(a[1][1])
print (num[0], num[1]) List = ['K','R','I','S','H','N','A']
print (num[-1], num[-2]) print(List[6])
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Engineering Adding Elements (append(), extend(), insert())
 append (): Method of adds a single item (any data) to the end of existing list.
It modifies the original list. Syntax: list.append(items)

a = [23,45,6,78] L1= ['Rama','Krishna','Govinda']

print (a) print(L1)
a.append (100) L1.append('Lakshamana')
print (a) print (L1)

# addition of set elements through input l=[50,60,70,80]

no = int (input ("No of Elements in the set")) b=[]
l = [] for a in l:
for i in range(0,no): b.append(a*10)
l.append(int(input("Enter the new items in the list:" ))) print (b)
print (l)
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Engineering Adding Elements (append(), extend(), insert())
 extend(): add several items to a list
l=['Rama', 'Krishna','Mukunda']
l=['Rama', 'Krishna','Mukunda'] m='Sita','Radha','Rukmini'
m='Sita','Radha','Rukmini' l.extend(m)
l.extend(m) print (l)
print (l)
n = [20,304,50,60,70]
l.extend(n)
print (l)
l.extend(n)
print (l)
 Insert(): insert one item at a desired location into a set *.insert(index, data)

l=['Rama', 'Krishna','Mukunda'] l=['Rama', 'Krishna','Mukunda']

m='Sita','Radha','Rukmini' print (l)
print (l,m) l.insert(2,400)
l.insert(1,m) print (l)
print (l)
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Engineering Change and Delete (del(), Clear(), remove(), pop())
 Change element in the list l=[50,60,70,80]
l=[50,60,70,80] print (l)
print (l) i=int(input ("Enter the position of changing:"))
l[0] = 40 j=int(input ("Enter the value of position:"))
print (l) l[i]=j
print (l)
 del: delete one or more items from a list or it can delete the list entirely
l=[50,60,70,80,100,200,300]
l=[50,60,70,80]
print (l)
del l[3]
print (l)
print (l) i=int(input ("Enter the position of changing:"))
del l del l[i]
print(l) print (l)
 clear(): Method to empty list
l=[50,60,70,80,100,200,300]
print (l)
l.clear()
print (l)
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Engineering Add, change and delete Items in list
 remove(): method to remove the given item l=[50,60,70,80]
l=[50,60,70,80,100,200,300] print (l)
print (l) i=int(input ("Enter the removing number:"))
l.remove(200) l.remove(i)
print (l) print (l)
 Pop(): method to remove an item at the given index
l=[50,60,70,80] l=[50,60,70,80]
l.pop(0) print (l)
print (l) i=int(input ("Enter the removing position:"))
l.pop(2) l.pop(i)
print (l) print (l)
 Count(): Returns the count of number of items passed as an argument

l=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]

count =l.count (50)
print ('Count of 50:', count)
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Engineering Add, change and delete Items in list
 reverse(): Reverse the items in the list
l=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
l.reverse()
print (l)

 sort(): sort the items in a list in ascending order

l=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
l.sort()
print (l)

 copy(): method returns a shallow copy of the list.

l=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
k=l.copy()
print (k)
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Engineering Slicing of a list
In short, slicing is a flexible tool to build new lists out of an existing list.
The format for list slicing is [start:stop:step].
 start is the index of the list where slicing starts.
 stop is the index of the list where slicing ends.
 step allows you to select nth item within the range start to stop
l=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
print (l[:]) # get all things
print (l[2:]) # get all elements after a specific position
print (l[:2]) # get all items before a specific position
print (l[2:4]) # get all the items from one position to
another
print (l[::2]) # get the items at spcified Interval
print (l[::-2]) # get the items of spedificed interval
reverse
print (l[1:4:2])
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Engineering Other functions
Creating multiple list:
a=b=c=d=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
print (a,'\n',b,'\n',c,'\n',d)
List Concatenation L5 =L1+L2+L3+L4
a=b=c=d=[50,50,60,70, 50,70, 80, 50, 60,70,80]
print (a,'\n',b,'\n',c,'\n',d)
print (a+b+c+d)

Copying Alternative Elements of list by Slicing: Alternative elements of a list can be

copied to another list by using ::2 here 2 represents alternative element if you use ::3 this
gives you third element, ::n nth element
L1 = [20,30,40,50,60,'Rama', 'Krishna', 'Govinda', 'Lakshamana']
L2 = L1[1:4]
L3 = L1[::1]
L4 = L1[::2]
L5 = L1[::3]
print ('L1=',L1, '\nL2=',L2,'\nL3=',L3,'\nL4=',L4,'\nL5=',L5)
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Engineering Other functions
READING LIST THROUGH KEYBOARD USE OF append ( ) Method : append () method
is used to add elements to the end of list. Every time new element is assigned using append it
will be added at the rear side of list
Example L1=[]
n=int (input ("Enter how many number enters:"))
for j in range (0,n):
print ("Enter", j, "Element in a list")
e=int (input())
L1.append(e)
print ("Elements of L1 are ", L1)

Arithmetic Operation L1 = [4,5,6,7,8]

L2 = [5,6,7,8,9]
print (L1[0]+L2[0])
print (L1[4]-L2[3])
print (L1[2]*L2[1])
print (L1[1]/L2[0])
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Engineering Program in List-1
Write a Python program to sum all the items in a list

def sum_list(items):
sum_num=0.0
for i in items:
sum_num+=i
return sum_num

list=[]
n = int (input ("Enter the number of list elements:"))
for i in range (0,n):
print ("Enter the", i+1, "th element of list")
m =int (input())
list.append(m)
print (list)
print ("sum of list is=", sum_list(list))
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Engineering Program in List-2
Write a Python program to get the largest number from a list
def max_list(items):
max1 = max (items)
return max1

list=[]
n = int (input ("Enter the number of list elements:"))
for i in range (0,n):
print ("Enter the", i+1, "th element of list")
m =int (input())
list.append(m)
print (list)
print ("Maximum element is =", max_list(list))
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Engineering Program in List-3
Write a Python function that takes two lists and returns True if they have at least one common member.

def common_data(x,y):
result =False
for i in x:
for j in y:
if i==j:
result = True
return result
L1 = [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
L2 = [1,11,12,13,14,15,8,9,19]
L3 = [200,201,202,203,204]
print (common_data(L1,L2))
print (common_data (L2,L3))
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Engineering Program in List-4
Write a Python program to generate and print a list of first and last 5 elements where the values are
square of numbers between given numbers (both included).

def p_value(ini, fi):

l=[]
for i in range (ini, fi):
l.append (i**2)
print (l)
print (l[:5])
print (l[-5:])

a = int (input ("Enter the intial value:"))

b = int (input ("Enter the final value:"))
p_value(a,b)
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Engineering Program in List-6
Multiply all the items in a given list

def multi_list (a):

Tot=1
for i in a:
Tot*=i
return Tot

list=[]
n = int (input ("Enter the number of list elements:"))
for i in range (0,n):
print ("Enter the", i+1, "th element of list")
m =int (input())
list.append(m)
print (list)
print (multi_list(list))
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Engineering Program in List-7 &8
Write a Python program to generate a 3*4*6 3D array whose each element is *
array = [[['*' for col in range(6)]for col in range(4)] for row in range (3)]
print (array)
Write a Python program to convert a list of characters into a string

s = ['K','R','i','S','H','N',"A"]
print (''.join (s))
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Engineering

Tuple
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Engineering Tuple in Python
 A tuple is a sequence of values, which can be of any type and they are indexed by
integer. Tuples are just like a list, but we can’t change vales of tuple in place. They are
immutable
 They are created using Parentheses, rather than square bracket
 Generally tuple is used for heterogeneous (different) datatypes and list for
homogeneous (similar) datatype
 Since tuple are immutable, iterating through tuple is faster than with list. So there is a
slight performance boost.
 Tuple that contain immutable elements can be used as key for a dictionary. With list,
this is not possible
 If you have data that does not change, implementing it as tuple will guarantee that it
remains write-protected.
 The index value of tuple starts from 0
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Engineering Tuple in Python

Tuples Lists
The Items are surrounded in The items are surrounded in square
paranthesis () brackets[]
Tuples are immutable in nature Lists are mutable in nature
There are 33 available methods on There are 46 available methods on lists
tupples
The dictionary, we can create keys In dictionary, we can’t use list as keys
using tuples
Fast Slow
Need Less Memory Need More Memory
Less Method More Method
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Engineering Tuple in Python
 A tuple is created by placing all the items (elements) inside a parentheses() separated
by comma
 The parentheses are optional but is a good practice to write it
 A tuple can have any number of items and they may be different types (integer, float,
list, string, etc)
a = ()
b=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
c= (1,2,3,"rama","krishna",[1,2,3])
print ('a=',a, '\nb=',b,'\nd=',c)
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Engineering Tuple in Python-Accessing Elements
 You can access the values in the tuple with their index, just as your did with lists;
 Nested tuple are accessed using nested indexing
 Negative indexing can be applied to tuples similar to lists
 We can access a range of items in a tuple by using the slicing opetor
 Trying to reassign a values in a tuple causes a typeerror
c=('Ramakrishna', [10,20,30],[56,78,90],'rvce')
c= (1,2,3,"rama","krishna",[1,2,3]) print (c[1][1])
print (c[0]) print (c[2][1])
print (c[-1]) print (c[2])
print (c[0]-c[1]) print (c[3])

c=('Ramakrishna',10,20,30,56,78,90,'rvce')
for i in c:
print (i)
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Engineering Tuple in Python-Changing Tuples
c=('Ramakrishna',10,20,30,56,78,
 Unlike lists, tuples are immutable 90,'rvce')
a = ((1,2,3,4)+(5,6,7,8)) print (c[1])
print (a) c[1]=20
print [c[1]]
 This means that elements of a tuple cannot be changed once it has been assigned. But,
it the element is itself a mutable datatype like list, its nested items can be changed.
c=('Ramakrishna',[10,20,30,56,78,90],'rvce')
a= (1,2,3,4) print (c[1][1])
b=(5,6,7,8) c[1][1]=30
c=a+b print (c)
print (c)
 Concatenation : we can use + operator to combine tow tuples
 Repeat: we can also repeat the elements in a tuple for a given number of time using the
operator (+ and *)
print (('Bangalur ')*4)
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Engineering Tuple in Python-Deleting Tuples
 We cannot change the element in a tuple, that also means we cannot delete or remove
items from a tuple
a= (1,2,3,4) a= (1,2,3,4)
b=(5,6,7,8) del (a(1))
c=a+b
delete (c)
 But deleting a tuple entirely is possible the keyword del.
a= (1,2,3,4)
print(a)
del (a)
print (a)
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Engineering Tuple in Python-Python Tuple Methods
 Methods that add items or remove items are not available with tuple. Only the
following two methods are available
 Count(): Return the number of items that is equal to x
 Index(): Return index of first item that is equal to x

a =(1,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,5,8,6,5,4,3,5,6,7)
print ('Total number of 5s=', a.count(5))
print ("Position of 8 is = ", a.index(8))
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Engineering Tuple in Python- tuple Membership test
 We can test if an items exists in a tuple or not using the keyword in
fruits = ('apple', 'Orange', 'Banana', 'Mango')
if 'apple' in fruits:
print ('Yes, Apple in the fruits ')

fruits = ('apple', 'Orange', 'Banana', 'Mango')

print ('apple' in fruits)
print ('coconut' in fruits)
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Engineering Tuple in Python- Iterating Through a Tuple
 Using a for loop we can iterate through each items in a tuple

students=('Rama','Krishna', 'Umesh', 'Ramesh', 'Uma',

'Kodanda')
for name in students:
print ('Hello', name)
 all(): Return True if all elements of the tuple are true or it the tuple is empty

a,b,c,d = (1,2,3,4,5,5), (0,2,3,4,5), (False,29),()

print (all(a),'\n',all(b),'\n',all(c),'\n',all(d))

 any(): Return True if any element of the tuple is true. If the tuple is empty, return False

a,b,c,d =(1,2,3,4,0),(0,False),(0,False,5),()
print (any(a),'\n',any(b),'\n',any(c),'\n',any(d))
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Engineering
Tuple in Python- Other functions
 min(): The min() function returns the smallest item in an iterable. It can also be
used to find the smallest item between two or more parameters
 max():The max() function returns the largest item in an iterable. It can also be
used to find the largest item between two or more parameters
 len(): The len() function returns the number of items (length) in an object
 sum(): The sum() function adds the items of an iterable and returns the sum
.
a =(1,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,5,-8,6,5,4,3,5,6,7)
print (min(a))
print (max(a))
. print (a)
print (len(a))
print (sum(a))
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Engineering
Time Tuple in Python
What is TimeTuple?
Many of Python's time functions handle time as a tuple of 9 numbers, as shown below:
Inde
Field Values
x
0 4-digit year 2008
1 Month 1 to 12
2 Day 1 to 31
.
3 Hour 0 to 23
4 Minute 0 to 59
5 Second 0 to 61 (60 or 61 are leap-seconds)
.
6 Day of Week 0 to 6 (0 is Monday)
7 Day of year 1 to 366 (Julian day)
8 .Daylight savings -1, 0, 1, -1 means library determines DST
.
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Engineering
Time Tuple in Python
The above tuple is equivalent to struct_time structure. This structure has following
attributes:
Index Attributes Values
0 tm_year 2008
1 tm_mon 1 to 12
2 tm_mday 1 to 31
3 . tm_hour 0 to 23
4 tm_min 0 to 59
5 tm_sec 0 to 61 (60 or 61 are leap-seconds)
.
6 tm_wday 0 to 6 (0 is Monday)
7 tm_yday 1 to 366 (Julian day)
8 tm_isdst -1, 0, 1, -1 means library determines DST
.
.
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Engineering
Time Tuple in Python
Getting current time
import time
a = time.localtime(time.time())
print("Local Current time:", a)
Getting formatted time -:

import time
. a = time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))
print("Local Current time:", a)
Getting calendar for a month
.
import calendar
cal = calendar.month(2023, 2)
print ("Here is the calendar")
. print (cal)
.
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Engineering
Sample Program in Tuple-1
Write a python program to unpack a tuple in several variable
a=(4,5,6,7)
print(a)
n1,n2,n3,n4 =a
print (n1,'+',n2,'+',n3,'+',n4,'=',n1+n2+n3+n4)

Write a python program to add an item in a tuple

a=(4,5,6,7)
print(a)
a = a+ (10,)
print(a)
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Engineering
Sample Program in Tuple-1
Write a python program to add items in a specific index
aTuple = (123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc');
aList = list(aTuple)
print ("List elements : ", aList)
aList.append(345)
aTuple = tuple(aList)
print (aTuple)

Write a Python program to convert a tuple to a string.

a=('A','P','P','L','E')
print (a)
print (''.join(a))
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Engineering

Dictionaries in Python
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Engineering
Dictionaries in Python
List Tuple Dictionary
A list is mutable A tuple is immutable A dictionary is mutable
Lists are dynamic Tuple are fixed size in nature In values can be of any data type and can
repeat, key must be of immutable type
Lists are enclosed in brackets [] and there Tuples are enclosed in parenthesis () and Dictonary are enclosed in curly braces {}
elements and size can be changed cannot be updated and consist of key: value
Homogenous Heterogeneous Homogenous
E.g. List = [10,20.30] Words =(“Spam”, “eggs”) Dict= {“ram”:26, “Abi”: 28
Can contain duplicate element Can contain duplicate elements. Can’t contain duplicate keys but can
contain duplicate values
Slicing can be done Slicing can be done Slicing can’t be done
Usage: Usage: Usage:
List is used if a collation of data that Tuple can be used when data cannot be Dictionary is used when a logical
doesn’t need random access changed association between key value pair
List is used when data can be modified A tuple is used in combination with a When in need of fast lookup for data
frequently dictionary i.e tuple might represent a key based on a custom key
Dictonary is used when data is being
constantly modified
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Engineering
Dictionaries in Python
 A dictionary is mutable and is another container type that can store any number of Python
objects, including other container types.
 Dictionaries consist of pairs (called items) of keys and their corresponding values.
 Python dictionaries are also known as associative arrays or hash tables. The general syntax
of a dictionary is as follows:
rvce={"krishna":"Professor", "Rajkumar": "Associate
Professor", "Shivaraj": "Assistance Professor"}
print (rvce)
print ("\nKrishna:",rvce["krishna"])
print ("\nRajkumar:",rvce["Rajkumar"])
 Curley brackets are used to represent a dictionary.
 Each pair in the dictionary is represented by a key and value separated by a colon.
 Multiple pairs are separated by comas
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Engineering
Dictionaries in Python
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key value pairs.
A dictionary has a length, specifically the number of key value pairs.
A dictionary provides fast look up by key.
The keys must be immutable object types.
E.g.
mech={1:'one', 2:'Two', 3:'Three', 4:'Four’}
 1, 2, 3, 4 are Keys and ‘One’, ‘’Two’, ‘Three’, ‘Four’ values

mech= {1:'One', 2:'Two', 3:'Three', 4:'Four'}

print (mech)
print (mech[1], mech[2],mech[3],mech[4])

marks ={}.fromkeys(['math', 'Scinece', 'Arts'],0)

print (marks)
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Engineering
Creating Dictionary in Python
The function dict ( ) is used to create a new dictionary with no items. This function is called
built-in function. We can also create dictionary using {}.
mech=dict()
print (mech)

def creating_dic_device(device):
for i in device:
print (i, device[i])

device= {1:'One', 2:'Two', 3:'Three', 4:'Four'}

creating_dic_device (device)
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Engineering
Built in Methods Dictionary in Python
dict.clear(): Remove all the elements of the dictionary
mech={1:'One', 2:'Two', 3:'Three', 4:'Four'}
print (mech)
mech.clear()
print (mech)
dict.copy(): Returns copy of dictionary
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
print (marks)
k=marks.copy()
print (k)
dict.get(key) for key key, returns value or default if key not in dictionary (note that default's
default is None)
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
print (marks)
k=marks.get('Maths')
print (k)
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Engineering
Built in Methods Dictionary in Python
dict.items(): returns a list of dict's (key, value) tuple pairs
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
print (marks)
k=marks.items()
print (k)
dict.keys(): Returns list of dictionary dict’s keys
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
print (marks)
k=marks.keys()
print (k)
dict.update(dict2) adds dictionary dict2's key-values pairs to dict

marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}

print (marks)
marks1={'Kannada':47, 'Hindi': 49, 'General Knowledge': 41}
print (marks1)
marks.update(marks1)
print (marks)
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Engineering
Built in Methods Dictionary in Python
dict.pop(): returns list of dictionary dict's keys
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
marks1={'Kannada':47, 'Hindi': 49, 'General Knowledge': 41}
marks.update(marks1)
print (marks)
marks.pop('Science')
print (marks)

dict.popitems(): similar to get(), but will set dict[key]=default if key is not already in dict
marks={'Maths': 46, 'Science': 43, 'English':40, 'Social': 39}
marks1={'Kannada':47, 'Hindi': 49, 'General Knowledge': 41}
marks.update(marks1)
print (marks)
marks.popitem()
print (marks)
marks.popitem()
print (marks)
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Engineering
Changing and Adding Dictionary
elements
 Dictionaries are mutable. We can add new items or change the value of existing items using
an assignment operator.
 If the key is already present, then the existing value gets updated. In case the key is not
present, a new (key: value) pair is added to the dictionary.

infor={'Name': 'M Krishna', 'Age': 54}

print (infor)
infor['Age'] =55
print (infor)
infor['Address'] = 'Ramangaram'
print (infor)
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Engineering Dictionary Comprehension
 Dictionary comprehension is an elegant and concise way to create a new dictionary
from an iterable in Python.
squ = {x:x*x for x in range (11)}
print (squ)
odd_squ= {x:x*x for x in range (11) if x%2==1}
print (odd_squ)
evn_squ = {x:x*x for x in range (11) if x%2==0}
print (evn_squ)
 Dictionary Built in Functions .

squ = {x:x*x for x in range (11)}

print (squ)
print (all(squ))
print (any(squ))
print (len(squ))
print (sorted (squ))
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Dictionary –sample programs-1
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Engineering

 To Check if a given key exists in a dictionary or no.

squ = {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 4, 'D': 9, 'E': 16, 'F': 25}

print (squ)
key=input ('Enter key to check')
if key in squ.keys():
print ('Key is present and value of the key is:')
print (squ[key])
else:
print ("key isn't present")
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Dictionary –sample programs-2
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 to add a key-value pair to a dictionary.

squ = {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 4, 'D': 9, 'E': 16, 'F': 25}

print (squ)
key=input ('Enter key to check')
if key in squ.keys():
print ('Key is present and value of the key is:')
print (squ[key])
else:
print ("key isn't present")
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Dictionary –sample programs-3
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 Python Program to map two lists into a dictionary.

keys = []
values =[]
n = int (input("Enter the number of elements for dictonary:"))
print ("For Keys:")
for i in range (0,n):
element = input ("Enter the element"+ str(i+1)+ ":")
keys.append(element)
print ("For Values:")
for j in range (0,n):
element = int (input ("Enter the element"+str(j+1)+ ":"))
values.append(element)
d =dict(zip(keys,values))
print ("The dictionary is ", d)
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Dictionary –sample programs-3
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 Python Program to map two lists into a dictionary.

keys = ['Name', 'Position’, 'Dept’, 'Institute']

Val=['Krishna', 'HoD','Mechanical', 'RVCE']
d=dict(zip (keys, Val))
print (d)

Merge two Python dictionaries into one

squ = {x:x*x for x in range (11)}
squ = {x:x*x for x in range (11)} print (squ)
print (squ) squ1 ={x:x*x for x in range (11,21)}
squ1 ={x:x*x for x in range (11,21)} print (squ1)
print (squ1) squ2=squ.copy()
squ2={**squ,**squ1} squ2.update(squ1)
print (squ2) print (squ2)
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Set in Python
RV College of Go, change the world
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Sets in Python
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Sets in Python
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Sets in Python
 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Sets in Python
 A set is an unordered collection of items. Every set element is unique (no duplicates) and must be
immutable (cannot be changed).
 However, a set itself is mutable. We can add or remove items from it.
 Sets can also be used to perform mathematical set operations like union, intersection, symmetric
difference, etc.

 Creating Python set

a, b, c, d =[], {}, (),set()
print (type(a), type(b), type(c), type(d))

My_Set = {29,40,50,60}
print (My_Set)

a_set = {1,2,3,4,7,5,6,7,8,4,5,6,7,8}
print (a_set)
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Sets in Python-Modifying a set in
Pythonindexing has no meaning.
 Sets are mutable. However, since they are unordered,

a = {0,2,4,6,8,10} Discard(), remove (), pop(), clear()

b= {1,3,5,7,9} a = {0,2,4,6,8,10}
print (a,'\n',b) b= {1,3,5,7,9}
a.update(b) a.update(b)
print (a) a.add(11)
a.add(11) print(a)
print (a) a.discard(5)
print (a)
a.remove(6)
my_set = set("Hello world") print (a)
print (my_set) a.pop()
my_set.pop() print (a)
print (my_set) a.clear()
print (a)
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Engineering
Alpabets of English
import string for i in range(97,123):
for i in string.ascii_lowercase: print(chr(i), end=" ")
print(i, end=" ")
print ('\n') print ('\n')
for i in range(65,91):
for i in string.ascii_uppercase: print(chr(i), end=" ")
print(i, end=" ")
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Python Set Operations
Set Union, Set Intersection, Set Difference, Symmetric difference
The isdisjoint() method returns True if two sets don't have any common items between
them, i.e. they are disjoint. Else the returns False
The issubset() method returns True if set A is the subset of B, i.e. if all the elements
of set A are present in set B . Else, it returns False
A= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} A= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
B = {4,5,6,7,8,9,10} B = {4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
print (A|B)#Set Union print (B.issubset (A))
print (A&B)#Set Intersection
print (A-B)#Difference A= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
print (B-A)# Differebce B = {11,12,13}
print (A^B)#Symmetric difference print (B.isdisjoint(A))
print (A.isdisjoint(B))
print (B.isdisjoint(A))
print (A.issubset(B))
print (B.issubset(A))
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Python Set Operations
The issuperset() method returns True if a set has every elements of another set
(passed as an argument). If not, it returns False.

import string
A = set(string.ascii_lowercase)
print (A)
B = {'a','b','c','d'}
C = {'x','y','z'}
print (A.issuperset(B))
print (C.issuperset(A))
print (A.issuperset(C))
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Python Set other Operations

a= set('apple') numbers = [2,4,5,2,4,5,6,7,8,2,1]

print (a) print (numbers)
print ('a' in a) print (len(numbers))
print ('p' not in a) print (sorted (numbers))
print (len(sorted(numbers)))
print (set(numbers))
print (len(set(numbers)))
a= set('apple')
for i in a:
print (i)
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Range in Python
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by
1 (by default), and stops before a specified number.
range(start, stop, step)
start Optional. An integer number specifying at which position to start. Default is 0

stop Required. An integer number specifying at which position to stop (not included).

step Optional. An integer number specifying the incrementation. Default is 1

x = range (3,6) x = range(3,30,3)

for i in x: for i in x:
print (i,end="\t") print (i, end="\t")
x = range(3,30,3)
print (list(x))
number= range (-2,4)
print (list(number))
for i in range (5):
print (i, end= "\t")
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Generators and Yield
 Python provides a generator to create your own iterator function.
 A generator is a special type of function which does not return a single value, instead, it
returns an iterator object with a sequence of values.
 Ina generator function, a yield statement is used rather than a return statement
Generator and Yield Function and Return
 Yield statement is used to define generators  Return statement causes a function exit
 It replaces the return value of a function to  It terminates the execution of a function and
suspend its execution without destroying the destroys all the local variables
local variables
 The yield statement used when the generator  The return statement is used when a function
returns an intermediate result to the caller is ready to send a value back to its caller
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Generators and Yield

#using recursion in generator function

def oddnum(start):
yield start
yield from oddnum(start+2)

#using for loop to print odd numbers till 10 from 1

for nums in oddnum(1):
if nums<20:
print (nums)
else:
break
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Generators and Yield

#Generators and Yield #using recursion in generator function

def mygenerator (a,b): def oddnum(start):
print ('First item') yield start
yield a*b yield from oddnum(start+2)
print ('Second item')
yield a-b for nums in oddnum(1):
print ('last item') if nums<20:
yield a+b print (nums)
else:
gen = mygenerator(10,20) break
print (next (gen))
print (next (gen))
print (next (gen))
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Comprehensions and Lambda Expressions
List Comprehension: List Comprehension provides a brief way to create lists. It starts
and end with '[' and ']' , which notifies that this is a list.
E.g. Squaring even numbers from a list of numbers:

obj = ["Even" if i%2==0 else "Odd" for i in range(10)]

print(obj)

num_list = [x for x in range (20) if x%2 ==0]

print (num_list)
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Comprehensions and Lambda Expressions
 Lambda Expression : In Python, an anonymous function is a function that is defined without
a name.
 While normal functions are defined using the def keyword in Python, anonymous functions
are defined using the lambda keyword.
 Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions

square= lambda x:x**2 Example use with map()

print (square(5)) #Lambda Expression with map
my_list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,23,34,45,67,68]
Example use with filter() new_list = list (map(lambda x: x*2, my_list))
print(new_list)
my_list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,23,34,45,67,68]
new_list = list (filter(lambda x:(x%2==0), my_list))
. print(new_list)
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 Python provides inbuilt functions for creating, writing, and reading files.
 There are two types of files that can be handled in python, normal text files and binary
files (written in binary language, 0s, and 1s).

 Text files: In this type of file, Each line of text is terminated with a special character called
EOL (End of Line), which is the new line character (‘\n’) in python by default.

 Binary files: In this type of file, there is no terminator for a line, and the data is stored after
converting it into machine-understandable binary language.

File Access Modes

Access modes govern the type of operations possible in the opened file. It refers to how the
file will be used once its opened. These modes also define the location of the File Handle in
the file. File handle is like a cursor, which defines from where the data has to be read or
. written in the file. There are 6 access modes in python.
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Create a New File

To create a new file in Python, use the open() method, with one of the following
parameters:
"x" - Create - will create a file, returns an error if the file exist
"w" - Write - will create a file if the specified file does not exist
"a" - Append - will create a file if the specified file does not exist
# File Management
f =open("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\Rama.txt","x")
# File Management
f =open("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\Rama1.txt","w")
f.write("Rama Krishna")
f.close()

# File Management
f =open("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\Rama1.txt","a")
f.write("Bhima")
f.close()
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Append Only (‘a’): Open the file for writing. The file is created if it does not exist. The handle is
positioned at the end of the file. The data being written will be inserted at the end, after the
existing data.
Append and Read (‘a+’) : Open the file for reading and writing. The file is created if it does not
exist. The handle is positioned at the end of the file. The data being written will be inserted at the
end, after the existing data.
Delete a File: To delete a file, you must import the OS module, and run its os.remove() function:
# File Management
f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","a")
f.write ("\nR V College of Engineering")
# File Management-Delete
import os
. if os.path.exists("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\Rama.txt"):
os.remove("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\Rama.txt")
else:
print ("The file does not exist")
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Read Only (‘r’) : Open text file for reading. The handle is positioned at the beginning of the file. If the
file does not exists, raises the I/O error. This is also the default mode in which a file is opened.
# File Management
f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","r")
print (f.read())

Read Only Parts of the File

f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","r")
print(f.read(15))

Read Lines

.
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Read Lines
f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","r")
print(f.readline())
Loop through the file line by line:
f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","r")
for i in f:
print (i)
Close File
f=open ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK2.txt","r")
for i in f:
print (i)
f.close()
.
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Write a Python program to read an entire text file.

def file_read(fname):
txt=open(fname)
print (txt.read())
file_read ("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK.txt")

.
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Write a Python program to read first n lines of a file

#Write a Python program to read first n lines of a file.
def file(fname, nlines):
from itertools import islice
with open(fname) as f:
for line in islice(f, nlines):
print(line)
file("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK.txt",4)

Combine each line from first file with the corresponding line in second file
#Combine each line from first file with the corresponding line in second file
with open("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK.txt") as f1, open
("C:\\Users\\KRISHNA M\\Desktop\\MK1.txt") as f2:
. for line1, line2 in zip (f1, f2):
print (line1+line2)