MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE (AUTONOMOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Staff Name: P.VIJAYALAKSHMI, M.Sc,M.Phil., Class: III B.Sc EC Paper

Code:19UEL07

Paper Name: PC HARDWARE NETWORKING AND TROUBLESHOOTING Unit: V

Printer
Most business people look at printers as a necessity. After all, how else do you get documents in
a "usable" format? Given the widespread use of electronic documents like Adobe's PDF format,
e-readers and increased environmental consciousness, paper is less necessary with each passing
day. Electronic files can be sent instantly around the world and offer a convenience for travelers.
Still, holding a piece of paper with your data has its advantages.
Virus
 A virus can be a way for a hacker or programmer to show off his ability. Some firms
even hire ex-hackers to create virus protectionand other types of software.

 A computer virus can be used to steal people's personal information. Although illegal,
this can be very useful and profitable for those stealing and then selling on or using the
information gained in this way.

 A virus is able to take control of a person's computer.

 Online advertising is often targeted by hackers, who make money from virus-related
scams (for example 'click jacking')

 Computer viruses are considered an important part of technological warfare. For

example, Iran has accused several countries of targeting (and successfully shutting down)
their illegal nuclear facilities, using computer viruses.

printer types
A printer is a piece of [computer hardware|hardware]] for a [[computer]. It allows a user to print
items on paper, such as letters and pictures. Mostly a printer prints under the control of a
computer. Many can also work as a copying machine or with a digital camera to print directly
without using a computer.

oday, the following types of printers are in regular use:

 Inkjet printers, also sometimes called bubble jet printers use colored ink they put on a
paper.
 Plotters are large format inkjet printers, or printers that use special pens.
 Laser printers transfer tiny particles of toner onto the paper. Most do not print colors.
 Dot-matrix printers are now almost extinct. They used a ribbon and made a lot of noise.
There were models with 9 pins and models with 24 pins.
 Dye sublimation printers produce very high quality images. Three colors are
used. Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Each color is printed one at a time from cellophane sheets.

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 The image is the sealed with an clear top layer. Some small photographic printers made
by Kodak and Canon use this process.
 Daisy Wheel printers were a typewriter printer. Results looked hand-typed. They had no
real graphics and very loud. Few were made in the 21st century.
 Line printers contain a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time.
Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
 Thermal printer is an inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-
sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and fax machines. Many
20th century computer printers worked this way.
Producing output
Printers are programmed using a programming language. The printer interprets the program, and
the outputs the result. There are two big classes of such languages: Page description languages,
and Printer Control languages. A page description language describes what a page should look
like. The program in a page description language is sent to the printer, which interprets them.
Printer command languages are at a lower level than Page description languages, they contain
information that is specific to the printer model.
Common programming languages for printers include:

 ESC/P
 Postscript
 PCL
 GDI
 HPGL and HPGL/2
 PDF
 VPS
Cost of printers
When comparing the cost of a printer, people often talk about how expensive it is to print one
page. This cost usually has three components:

1. The cost of the printer, how expensive it was to buy the printer
2. The cost of the consumable; the printer needs supplies (called toner, ink, or ribbon) to
print
3. The cost of the paper; some printers need special paper to print on
Printers that are more expensive to buy will usually be less expensive in the consumables (the
ink, toner, or ribbon used by the printer). Therefore, laser printers are often more expensive to
buy than inkjet printers, but are not as expensive to use over a long period of time. Inkjet printers
on the other hand have a higher cost of consumables because the ink tanks they use are more
expensive than the toner for a laser printer. Laser printers that can print in color are usually more
expensive than those that only print in black and white. Some expensive printers can do other
things such as print on both sides of the paper, automatically sort the output, or staple the pages.
2 interface and troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
1. interface and troubleshooting

Clearing Paper Jams

If a 13 PAPER JAM or 13 DUPLEX JAM message appears in the display panel, look for
jammed paper in any of the locations in Figure 8-1. If you get repeated paper jams or if the paper

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jam message appears repeatedly, see " Repeated Paper Jams" at the end of this section. Paper
jams occur most often when:

 Paper cassettes are not correctly loaded (see Chapter 3, "Printing Tasks").
 Your print media does not meet the specifications listed in Chapter 3, " Printing Tasks",
and Appendix C, "Media Specifications".
 The media is in poor condition.
 The printer needs cleaning.
 User-replaceable parts are wearing out (see " User-Replaceable Parts" in Chapter 7).

Note
The top cover or rear cover of the printer must be opened and then closed in order to clear the
paper jam message. If paper jams occur frecuently, clean the printer and check the quality of
your paper or other print media.

Paper Jams: Paper Pickup and Transfer Guide Areas

1. Remove the paper cassette

2. Pull the paper out through the front of the printer

Note
Do not force the paper. If you can see paper in the cassette opening but cannot remove it easily,
remove the paper through the Transfer Guide Area (see next steps)

1. Open the top cover and remove the toner cartridge.

2. Raise the green handle to free the paper, and pull the paper out through the front of the
printer.

Paper Jams: Fusing Assembly Area - Top Cover

1. Open the top cover and remove the toner cartridge.

2. Remove the paper by pulling it back out of the fuser, into the printer body. Roll the paper
toward you to avoid spilling loose (unfused) toner.
3. Clean any loose toner that may have fallen into the printer with a clean lint-free cloth

Note
If loose toner falls into the fuser, it may cause print quality problems

If toner gets on your clothes, wipe it off with a dry cloth and wash your clothes in cold water.
Hot water sets toner into fabric.

Paper Jams: Rear Cover - Fusing Assembly and Paper Exit Areas

Warning
The fusing area gets HOT.

1. Open the rear cover.

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 2. Open the rear door of the fusing assembly, if necessary
3. Pull the jammed paper from the fusing assembly.
4. Remove the leading edge from the paper exit in the output bin if necessary

Note
Make sure that the orange packing spacers have been removed from the fusing assembly.

Paper Jams: 500-sheet Lower Cassette

(not applicable at ING)

1. Partially remove the 500-sheet Lower Cassette

2. Remove jammed paper.
3. If necessary, partially remove the 500-sheet Paper Cassette and remove jammed paper.
4. Remove any pages in the cassette that are damaged. Do not reload damaged paper into
the cassette.

Note
If there are frequent paper jams or multi-feed problems in the lower cassette area, see "Printing
from the OPtional lOwer Cassette" in Chapter 3 and " Repeated Paper Jams" at the end of this
section.

Paper Jams: Optional Duplex Unit

(not applicable at ING)

1. Remove the Paper Cassette

2. Open the front access cover of the duplex unit and remove any paper. Also, remove any
paper protruding from the rear of the duplix unit.
3. Open the rear duplex door.
4. Lift paper guide and remove any paper, then lift paper guide and remove any paper, then
close.
5. Close rear duplex door (it should latch when completely closed). Replace the Paper
Cassette and close the duplex unit's front access cover.

Repeated Paper Jams: Situations and Solutions

Repeated Paper Jams: Situations and Solutions
Situation Solution
General repeated 1. Check to see that media is correctly loaded in trays (see Chapter 3,
paper jam problems. "Printing Tasks ").
2. Previously printed paper or torn, worn, or irregular paper should not
be used.
3. Certain media jams, other media does not. For the recommended
paper and other media for your printer, see Appendix C, "Media
Specifications." Try turning over the stack of paper in the tray.
4. Parts may be worn. See " User-Replaceable Parts " in Chapter 7.
5. If jams continue, contact your authorized HP service provider.

Multipurpose (MP) If jams persist after you have cleaned the printer, check the media
Tray repeated jams. specifications and verify that you are loading the Multipurpose (MP) tray
correctly (see Chapter 3 "Printing Tasks"). You may need to replace the
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 Multipurpose (MP) Tray Pickup Roller as described in Chapter 7.
Paper Cassette If jams persist after you have cleaned the printer, check the media
repeated jams. specifications and verify that you are loading the Multipurpose (MP) tray
correctly (see Chapter 3 " Printing Tasks"). You may need to replace the
Multipurpose (MP) Tray Pickup Roller as described in Chapter 7. If using
the universal (adjustable) Paper Cassette, verify that the paper size knob
and other adjustments are set correctly and that the tray is not overloaded.
Lower Cassette Adjust the Lower Cassette as described in "Printing from the Optional
repeated jams (not Lower Cassette " in Chapter3. Verify that the paper size, tension, and other
applicable at ING). adjustments are set correctly and that the tray is not overloaded. If two or
more pieces of media are being selected at once, it may help to decrease the
tension (turn the adjustment clockwise). If the media is not being picked up
from the tray, increase the tension (turn the adjustment counterclockwise).

Improving Print Quality

General causes of print quality problems are given in the checklist below, followed by specific
samples of common print quality problems. If the listed solutions do not work, call for help.

Print Quality Checklist

 Redistribute the toner in the toner cartridge (see " The toner Cartridge" in Chapter 7).
 Clean the inside of the printer (see " Cleaning the printer" in Chapter 7).
 Adjust the print density (see "Adjusting Print " )
 Check the paper type and quality (see Appendix C, " Media Specifications").
 Replace the toner cartridge, then check the print quality again.

Vertical Fade
If a vertical white streak or faded area appears on the page:

 The toner cartridge toner supply is low. Remove the toner cartridge from the printer and
rotate it back and forth. If shaking the cartridge does not improve the print quality,
replace the toner cartridge.
 The print density is too light. Adjust the density adjustment setting from the control panel
(1 is light; 5 is dark). (see " Adjusting Print Density" in Chapter 5).

Dropouts
If faded-out areas, generally rounded, occur randomly on the page:

 The moisture content of the paper is uneven, or the paper has moist spots on its surface.
Try paper from a different source.
 The paper lot is bad. The manufacturing process can cause some areas to reject toner. Try
paper from a different source.
 The transfer roller is dirty. Replace the transfer roller (see 'User-Replaceable Parts' in
Chapter 7).

Vertical Lines

If sharp black vertical streaks appear on the page, the photosensitive drum inside the toner
cartridge has probably been scratched. Replace the toner cartridge.

If smeared black vertical streaks appear, the fuser may be bad. Inspect the rollers for scratches
and escessive wear, and, if necessary, replace the fusing assembly as described in 'User-
Replaceable Parts' in Chapter 7.
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Toner Smear

If toner smears appear on the leading edge of the paper, the paper guides are dirty. Clean the
printer as described in 'Cleaning the Printer' in Chapter 7.

If toner on the paper is loose or can be wiped off easily, your fuser may be damaged. See your
service representative.

Background Gray Toner Shading

If the amount of background toner shading becomes unacceptable, the procedures described
below may help to clear the condition:

 Increase the density setting (see 'Adjusting Print Density' in Chapter 5). This will
decrease the amount of background shading.
 Change the paper to a lighter basis weight.
 Check the printer's environment; very dry (low humidity) conditions can increase the
amount of background shading.
 Replace the toner cartridge
 Replace the transfer roller (see 'Transfer Roller' in Chapter 7).

Vertical Repetitive Defects

If marks appear repeatedly on the printed side of the page:

 The toner cartridge is damaged. The circumference of the toner cartridge drum is 3 3/4
inches (95 mm). If a repetitive mark occurs every 3 3/4 inches on the page, replace the
toner cartridge.
 The developer roller is defective. If a repetitive mark occurs every 2 inches (51 mm) on
the page, replace the toner cartridge.
 The charger roller in the toner cartridge is defective. If a horizontal black line occurs
every 1 1/2 inches (38 mm), replace the toner cartridge.
 The transfer roller has toner on it. If the defects occur every 2 1/6 inches (53 mm) on the
black page, the problem will likely correct itself after a few more pages.

Interfacing

1. Serial : Computers send one bit at a time, one after another through serial connection. The
communication parameters like parity, baud should be set on both entities before communication
takes place.

2. Parallel : Parallel communication is more popular with printers because it is more faster than
serial communication. In this type of communication, printer receives eight bits at a time over
eight separate wires.

Parallel uses a DB25 connection on the computer side and a oddly shaped 36 pin connection on
the printer.

3. USB (Universal Serial Bus) : These can transfer data quickly with a transfer rate up to 12
Mbps and it automatically recognizes new devices.
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4. Network : Network, or commonly Ethernet, connections are commonplace on network laser
printers, though some other types of printers do employ this type of connection. These printers
have a Network Interface Card (NIC) and ROM-based software that allows them to
communicate with networks, servers and workstations.

5. Infrared : Infrared transmissions are wireless transmissions that use radiation in the infrared
range of the electromagnetic spectrum. An Infrared acceptor allows your devices (laptops,
PDA’s, Cameras, etc) connect to the printer and send print commands via infrared signals.

6. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) : Laser printer, dye-sublimation printers and few
other use SCSI interfaces to PC as there are benefits like daisy chaining wherein more than one
device could be on a single SCSI connection and it is easy to implement.

7. IEEE 1394 Firewire : Firewire is a high speed connection typically used for digital video
editing or other high bandwidth requirements. This interface currently supports devices with a
maximum throughput of 800 Mbps and capable of speeds up to 3.2 Gbps.

8. Wireless : Wireless is the currently popular technology like infrared, Bluetooth, 802.11 etc.
The information is transmitted wirelessly through the air using radio waves and is received by
the device.

3.Powersupply connector
Alternatively referred to as a power cable, mains cable or flex, a power cord is the primary
cable that provides power to the computer, printer, monitor, and components within a computer.
In the image to the right, is an example of the power cord that is commonly used with computers,
monitors, printers, and other peripherals.
4.DVI connector
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video displayinterface developed by the Digital Display
Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source, such as a
video display controller, to a display device, such as a computer monitor.
With televisions, HDMI is the most common connector. But if you want to connect a computer
to your TV (or you've got a new computer monitor), the options tend to be HDMI,
DisplayPort, DVI, and sometimes old-school VGA.
The traditional video cables, including VGA and Composite video, transmit analog video signals
only. While this works great for CRT screens, it isn't preferable for newer LCD screens. While
many current LCD TVs and computer monitors still accept VGA input, they generally work best
with DVI or HDMI
5.Mother board and cabinet form factor

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 A small or large circuit board inside a cabinet containing most of the electronic
components.

 Everything connected to the computer is directly or indirectly plugged into

motherboard. Components like CPU, BIOS, ROM, RAM, chips, and CMOS setup
information.
 Expansion slots for installing different cards like video, sound, graphics, and NIC.
 Also contains RAM slots, system chipset, controllers and underlying circuit to tie it
together.

Types of motherboard

Non-integrated:

 Assemblies such as I/O port connectors, hard drive connectors, CD drive connectors etc
installed as expansion boards.
 Takes lot of free space inside the case because of expansion slots.
 If something goes wrong such as bend or broken pin or defective controller can be
repaired with minor cost.
 Are cheap and easy to produce.
 Most of the olden motherboards were non-integrated.

Integrated:

 Assemblies are integrated or built right onto the board.

 Serial and parallel ports, IDE, CD drive are directly connected to the motherboard.
 This tends to free some space inside case and better accessibility to the components.
 Cheaper to produce but are expensive to repair.
 Fast, powerful, feature rich motherboard at reasonable price.

Motherboard form factors:

 Determines general layout, size and feature placement on the motherboard.

 Form factors such as physical size, shape, component placement, power supply
connectors etc.
 Various form factors of motherboards are AT, Baby AT, ATX, Mini-ATX, Micro-ATX,
Flex ATX, LPX and Mini LPX and NLX.

1) AT (Advanced Technology):

 Oldest and biggest form factor and popular until Baby AT.
 Capable of using 386 processor.
 12' inch size and was difficult to install, service and upgrade.

2) Baby AT:

 Standard in computer industries and still being used in Pentium class products.
 CPU socket is placed in such a way that it can interfere with longer bus cards.
 Limitation over peripheral card installation.
 I/O ports are connected to pin-outs near the floppy drive which results in jumbling of

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 ribbon cables.

3) ATX (Advanced Technology Extended):

 Improvement done in easy to use, support for current and future I/O, and also to current
and future technology.
 New mounting configuration for power supply.
 Processor relocated away from expansion slots to allow full length add-in cards.
 Provides air-flow through chassis and across the processor.

4) Mini ATX:

 Commonly same as ATX.

 Just change in size from ATX= 12" x 9.6" to Mini ATX= 11.2" x 8.2".

5) Micro ATX:

 Supports current and new processor technologies.

 AGP (Accelerated graphics port) to have high performance graphics.
 Smaller in size and less power supply.

6) Flex ATX:

 A subset of micro ATX.

 Gives chance to system developers to create new personal computer design.
 Enhanced flexibility to allow custom case and board design to be manufactured.
 Small motherboard size and supports current processor technology.

7) LPX (Low Profile Extension) and Mini LPX:

 Based on design by western digital.

 Usually found in desktop pc's.
 Case are slim-line, low profile case with riser card arrangement for expansion cards.
 Riser card arrangement means expansion boards are parallel rather than perpendicular.
 This make smaller case but limits number of expansion slots to two or three.
 High quality product at low cost but makes difficult to upgrade and repair.

8) NLX (New Low Profile Extended):

 Supports current and future processor technologies.

 Also supports new AGP and tall memory technology.
 Installing and upgrading the system is easy.

6. PC assembly

Basic tools[edit]
Before you begin building or refitting a computer, you should have some basic tools:

1. #2 Phillips-head (cross-shaped) screwdriver

2. Needle-nose pliers
3. Anti-static Wrist Strap
4. A large level working space
5. Brush
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An anti-static wrist strap with crocodile clip.
Optional, but useful tools[
Some other tools and equipment can come in handy as well, such as:

1. Spring action parts grabber.

2. Electrical tape
3. Wire or nylon ties
4. Flashlight, preferably hands-free
5. A second, working computer to swap parts, look for tips, ask for help on-line, download
drivers and patches, etc. - very useful
6. A can of compressed air - useful when working with older parts that have collected dust.
A better alternative but also more costly, is a vacuum cleaner designed for cleaning
electronics.
7. Magnetic screwdriver
8. Zip ties or velcro ties for cable management
Preparation
Proper preparation is the key to a successful build. Before you begin, make sure you have all the
tools you will need, secure a clear, well-lit workspace, gather all the components you’ll be using
and unpack them one at a time, verifying that everything that is supposed to be there is actually
present. At this point you should leave the parts themselves in their protective anti-static bags,
and assemble all the accompanying manuals. Now I know you want to get started, but trust
me, read the manuals, check the diagrams, make sure you understand where each part goes and
how it attaches. If there is anything you don’t understand, now is the time to do a little extra
Internet research or call the manufacturer with your questions.
7.virus types
A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when
executed, replicates by reproducing itself (copying its own source code) or infecting
other computer programs by modifying them.[1] Infecting computer programs can include as
well, data files, or the "boot" sector of the hard drive. When this replication succeeds, the
affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus. [2][3][4] The term "virus" is also
commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware.
 Resident Viruses.
 Direct Action Viruses. The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it
is executed. ...
 Overwrite Viruses. ...
 Boot Virus. ...
 Macro Virus. ...
 Directory Virus. ...
 Polymorphic Virus. ...
 File Infectors.
8.working

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A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed,
replicates by reproducing itself (copying its own source code) or infecting
other computer programs by modifying them. Infecting computer programs can include as
well, data files, or the "boot" sector of the hard drive.
For example, experts estimate that the Mydoom worm infected approximately a quarter-million
computers in a single day in January 2004. Back in March 1999, the Melissa virus was so
powerful that it forced Microsoft and a number of other very large companies to completely turn
off their e-mail systems until the virus could be contained. The ILOVEYOU virus in 2000 had a
similarly devastating effect. In January 2007, a worm called Storm appeared -- by October,
experts believed up to 50 million computers were infected. That's pretty impressive when you
consider that many viruses are incredibly simple.
9. Symptoms
10. Slower Internet and Processing. ...
11. Unexpected Computer Behavior. ...
12. Sudden Freezes & Crashes. ...
13. Error Messages. ...
14. Advertisements. ...
15. Outgoing Emails. ...
16. Missing or Extra Files. ...
17. Hardware and Accessory Problems.
10.Antivirus

Antivirus or anti-virus software (often abbreviated as AV), sometimes known as anti-malware

software, is computer software used to prevent, detect and remove malicious
software. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computerviruses,
hence the name.
Antivirus or anti-virus software (often abbreviated as AV), sometimes known as anti-
malware software, is computer software used to prevent, detect and remove malicious
software.[1]
Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the
name. However, with the proliferation of other kinds of malware, antivirus software started to
provide protection from other computer threats. In particular, modern antivirus software can
protect from: malicious browser helper objects (BHOs), browser
hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, trojan horses, worms,
malicious LSPs, dialers, fraudtools, adware and spyware.[2] Some products also include
protection from other computer threats, such as infected and
malicious URLs, spam, scam and phishing attacks, online identity (privacy), online
banking attacks, social engineering techniques, advanced persistent threat (APT)
and botnet DDoS attacks.[3]

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