(19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE,

RASIPURAM-637408
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
II YEAR/III SEM
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS - (19UEL03)
UNIT-I (POWER SUPPLY)
Introduction:
All electronic circuits need DC power supply either in the from battery or power pack units.
It may not be economical and convenient to depend upon battery and hence much electronic
equipment contains circuits which convert the AC supply voltage into DC voltage v at the
required level.
There are two kind of power supplies used in electronics circuits as follows
1. Linear power supply (LPS)
2. Switched
itched mode power supply (SMPS)
Block Diagram of a Power Supply (RPS):

Figure 1(Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply)

The basic building blocks of the linear power supply are shown in above Figure.
A transformer supplies AC voltage at the required level.
This bidirectional AC voltage is converted into a unidirectional pulsating DC using a rectifier.
r
The unwanted ripple contents of this pulsating DC are removed by a filter to get pure DC
voltage.
The output of the filter is fed to a regulator which gives a steady DC output independent
indepen of load
variations and input supply fluctuations.
Rectifiers:
Rectifier is defined as an electronic device used for converting AC voltage into DC
(unidirectional) voltage.
A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction device like a vacuum diode or PN junction diode.
Rectifiers are classified as
Half-wave rectifier
Full-wave rectifier
Full-wave
wave Bridge rectifier
Factors related to a rectifier circuits:
Ripple: The AC components present in the rectified DC output is called ripple.
Ripple factor: It is defined as the ratio of the rms value of the AC component (voltage/current)
(
to the DC component (voltage/current)

I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics

tronics and Commun
Communication 1
 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

( ) = ( )

Here the = −
' (# '
"#$%& )*
Therefore != #)*

−
!=

−
!=+

!=+ −

,
=+ ,
−-

Rectification efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of DC power output at the load to the AC
power input to the rectifier and it is represented by the letter η.
/0 0 1 2 1
.= %= %
3 4 0 1 2 1

Peak inverse voltage (PIV): It is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied across the
diode without breaking the junction.
Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF): In the design of any power supply, the rating of the
transformer should be determined. This can be done with knowledge of the d.c. power
delivered to the load and the type of rectifying circuit used.
It is the ratio between DC power delivered to load and the AC rating of the transformer
secondary.
1 2 8 9 1
67 = =
3 4: ; 9 6 4 ; < 4 = 1 (>?@AB)

Form Factor: It is ratio between rms value to the average value.

0
C ; =
38 : 0

Peak Factor: It is the ratio between peak value to the rms value.

1 D 0
1 D ; =
0

I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics and Communication 2

 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Half-wave rectifier:

Figure 2(Half Wave Rectifier and its Waveforms)

It converts an AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage using only one half of the applied AC
voltage.
The rectifying diode conducts during one half of the AC cycle only.
During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the anode of the diode becomes more positive
with respect to the cathode and hence, diode D conducts.
For an ideal diode, the forward voltage drop is zero. So the whole input voltage will appear
across the load resistance, RL.
During negative half cycle of the input signal, the anode of the diode becomes negative with
respect to the cathode and hence, diode D does not conduct.
For an ideal diode, the impedance offered by the diode is infinity.
So the whole input voltage appears across diode D. Hence, the voltage drop across RL is zero.
Average DC Output
Let Vav is the average DC output voltage of a half wave rectifier, and it is calculated
1 K
EF = = J MNOP@ B(P@)
2I L
#% #%
= [−RST P@]KL = ((−RST I) − (−RST 0))
K K
#% #%
= W−(−1) − (−1)X = (2)
K K

8 = =
Y
Root Means square (rms) value:
1 K
=+ J MNO P@ ∙ B(P@)
2I L
K
=+ J (1 − RST2 P@) ∙ B(P@)
4I L

=
,
Ripple Factor (γ):

!=+ −1

I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics and Communication 3

 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Hence the ripple factor for the half wave rectifier is calculated as

! = \] 2 ^ − 1
I
Y
! = +_ ` − 1
,
= -. ,-
Rectification efficiency (η):
cR de@fe@ gShA> g
b= %= %
iR jOfe@ gShA> gE

g k _ `
b= = l = I
gE
kl _2`
4
b= = 0.406
I
b = 40.6%
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) :
It is defined as the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without destroying the
junction.
The peak inverse voltage across a diode is the peak of the negative half cycle.
For half-wave rectifier, PIV is Vm.
Form factor:
>nT ?qeA
CS>n o?p@S> =
irA>?sA ?qeA
t,
Y
= = = -. uv
tY ,

Peak Factor:
gA?w ?qeA
gA?w o?p@S> =
>nT ?qeA
= =,
t,

Full Wave Rectifier:

It converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac
voltage.
It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half-cycle while the other diode conducts
during the other half-cycle of the applied ac voltage.
There are two types of full-wave rectifiers,
Full-wave rectifier with centre tapped transformer,
Full-wave Bridge rectifier.

I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics and Communication 4

 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Full-wave rectifier with centre tapped transformer:

Figure 3(Full Wave Rectifier with Center tapped Transformer)

The Figure shows the basic circuit and waveforms of full-wave rectifier with a center tap
transformer.
During positive half of the input signal, the anode of the diode D1 becomes positive and at the
same time, the anode of diode D2 becomes negative and hence, D1 conducts and D2 does not
conduct.
The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input
voltage.
During the negative half-cycle of the input, the anode of D1 becomes negative and the anode of
D2 becomes positive and hence, D1 does not conduct and D2 conducts.
The load current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input
voltage.

Average DC Output
Let Vav is the average DC output voltage of a full wave rectifier, and it is calculated
1 K
EF = = J MNOP@ B(P@)
I L
#% #%
= [−RST P@]KL = ((−RST I) − (−RST 0))
K K
#% #%
= W−(−1) − (−1)X = (2)
K K
,
8 = =
Y
Root Means square (rms) value:

1 K
=+ J MNO P@ ∙ B(P@)
I L

K
=+ J (1 − RST2 P@) ∙ B(P@)
2I L

=
√,
I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics and Communication 5
 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Ripple Factor (γ):

The ripple factor for the full wave rectifier is calculated as

!=+ −1

! = yz √2 { − 1
2
I

I
! = + −1
8

= }. ~•,
Rectification efficiency (η):
cR de@fe@ gShA> g
b= %= %
iR jOfe@ gShA> gE
2
g kl _ I `
b= = =
gE
kl € •
√2
8
b= = 0.812
I
b = 81.2%
Form factor:
>nT ?qeA
CS>n o?p@S> =
irA>?sA ?qeA
t
√, Y
= = = -. --
, tY ,√,

Peak Factor:

gA?w ?qeA
gA?w o?p@S> =
>nT ?qeA
= = √,
t
√,

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) :

It is defined as the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without destroying the
junction.
The peak inverse voltage across a diode is the peak of the negative half cycle.
For half-wave rectifier, PIV is 2Vm because the entire secondary voltage appears across the non
conducting diode.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Bridge Rectifier:

The need for a centre-tapped transformer in a full-wave rectifier is eliminated in the bridge
rectifier.
As shown in Figure, the bridge rectifier has four diodes connected to form a bridge.
The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge.
The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Figure 4(Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Circuit and Waveforms)

For the positive half-cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2
and D4 do not conduct.
The conducting diodes will be in series through the load resistance RL. So the load current
flows through RL.
During the negative half-cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct, whereas
diodes D1 and D3 do not conduct.
The conducting diode D2 and D4 will be in series through the load RL and the current flows
through RL in the same direction as in the previous half-cycle.
Thus, a bidirectional wave is converted into an unidirectional one.
The average values of output voltage and load current for bridge rectifier are the same as for a
centre-tapped full-wave rectifier.

Average DC Output:
Let Vav is the average DC output voltage of a bridge rectifier, and it is calculated
1 K
EF = = J MNOP@ B(P@)
I L
#% #%
= K
[−RST P@]KL = K
((−RST I) − (−RST 0))
#% #%
= W−(−1) − (−1)X = (2)
K K
,
8 = =
Y
Root Means square (rms) value:
1 K
=+ J MNO P@ ∙ B(P@)
I L

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

K
=+ J (1 − RST2 P@) ∙ B(P@)
2I L

=
√,
Ripple Factor (γ):
The ripple factor for the full bridge wave rectifier is calculated as

!=+ −1

! = yz √2 { − 1
2
I

I
! = + −1
8

= }. ~•,

Rectification efficiency (η):

cR de@fe@ gShA> g
b= %= %
iR jOfe@ gShA> gE
2
g kl _ `
b= = = I
gE
kl € •
√2
8
b= = 0.812
I
b = 81.2%

Form factor:
>nT ?qeA
CS>n o?p@S> =
irA>?sA ?qeA
t
√, Y
= = = -. --
, tY ,√,

Peak Factor:

gA?w ?qeA
gA?w o?p@S> =
>nT ?qeA
= = √,
t
√,

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) :

For the Bridge rectifier, PIV is Vm because there is no center tapped transformer is used and
only one half cycle of the reverse voltage is appears at the non conducting diodes.

Advantages of the Bridge Rectifier:

The ripple factor and efficiency of the rectification are the same as for the full-wave rectifier.
The PIV across either of the non-conducting diodes is equal to the peak value of the
transformer secondary voltage, Vm.
The bulky centre-tapped transformer is not required.
Transformer utilization factor is considerably high.
The bridge rectifiers are used in applications allowing floating output terminals.

Disadvantage of the Bridge Rectifier:

The only disadvantage is, it requires four diodes as compared to two diodes for centre-tapped
full-wave rectifier. But the diodes are readily available at cheaper rate in the market. Apart
Compression of Rectifiers:

Types of rectifier
S.No Properties Half wave
Full wave rectifier Bridge rectifier
rectifier
1 Maximum efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
2 Vdc (no load) Vm/π 2Vm/π 2Vm/π
3 Average current/diode Idc Idc /2 Idc /2
4 Ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48
5 Peak inverse voltage Vm 2Vm Vm
6 Output frequency f 2f 2f
7 TUF 0.287 0.693 0.812
8 Form factor 1.57 1.11 1.11
9 Peak factor 2 2 2

Filters:
The output of a rectifier contains DC component as well as AC component.
Filters are used to minimise the undesirable AC, i.e., ripple leaving only the DC component to
appear at the output.

Figure 5(Function of a filter)

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

In the figure, where the full-wave rectified output voltage is applied at its input. The output of
a filter is not exactly a constant DC level. But it also contains a small amount of AC component.
Some important filters are
Inductor filter
Capacitor filter
LC or L-section filter
CLC or π-section filter
Inductor Filter:

When the output of the rectifier passes through an inductor,

it blocks the ac component and allows only the dc
component to reach the load.
The ripple factor of the inductor filter is given by
‚
= ƒ√,„‚
Figure 6 (Inductor Filter)
It shows that the ripple factor will decrease when L is
increased and RL is decreased.
Clearly, the inductor filter is more effective only when the load current is high (small RL).
The larger value of the inductor can reduce the ripple and at the same time the output dc
voltage will be lowered as the inductor has a higher DC resistance.
The operation of the inductor filter depends on its well known fundamental property to
oppose any change of current passing through it.

Capacitor filter:
An inexpensive filter for light loads is found in the capacitor filter which is connected directly
across the load.
The property of a capacitor is that it allows ac component and blocks the dc component.
The operation of a capacitor filter is to short the ripple to ground but leave the dc to appear at
the output when it is connected across a pulsating dc voltage.

Figure 7(Capacitor Filter and its Output Waveform)

During the positive half-cycle, the capacitor charges up to the peak value of the transformer
secondary voltage, Vm and will try to maintain this value as the full-wave input drops to zero.
The capacitor will discharge through RL slowly until the transformer secondary voltage again
increases to a value greater than the capacitor voltage (equal to the load voltage).
The diode conducts for a period which depends on the capacitor voltage.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

The diode will conduct when the transformer secondary voltage becomes more than the `cut-
in' voltage of the diode.
The diode stops conducting when the transformer voltage becomes less than the diode voltage
and this is called cut-out voltage.
Referring to the figure with slight approximation, the ripple voltage waveform can be assumed
as triangular.
From the cut-in point to the cut-out point, whatever charge the capacitor acquires is equal to
the charge the capacitor has lost during the period of non-conduction, i.e., from cut-out point to
the next cut-in point.
If the value of the capacitor is fairly large, or the value of the load resistance is very large, then
the output ripple can be eliminated at most.
L Section Filter (LC Filter):
We know that the ripple factor is directly
proportional to the load resistance RL in
the inductor filter and inversely
proportional to RL in the capacitor filter.
Therefore, if these two filters are combined
as LC filter or L-section filter as shown in
Figure the ripple factor will be independent Figure 8(L Section Filter)
of RL.
If the value of the inductance is increased, it will increase the time of conduction.
At some critical value of inductance, one diode, either D1 or D2 in full-wave rectifier, will always
be conducting.

Bleeder Resistor: It was assumed in the

analysis given above that for a critical value of
inductor, either of the diodes is always Figure 9(L Section Filter with Bleeder Resistor)
conducting, i.e., current does not fall to zero.
When the load resistance is infinity, the value of the inductance will also tend to be infinity.
To overcome this problem, a bleeder resistor RB is connected in parallel with the load
resistance as shown in Figure.
Therefore, a minimum current will always be present for optimum operation of the inductor.
It improves voltage regulation of the supply by acting as the pre-load on the supply.
Also, it provides safety by acting as a discharging path for capacitor.

π - SECTION / CLC FILTER:

The figure shows the CLC or π type filter
which basically consists of a capacitor filter
followed by an LC section.
This filter provided a fairly smooth output,
and is characterized by a highly peaked diode
Figure 10(π Section Filter)
currents and poor regulation.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

The action of a π -section filter can best be understood by considering the inductor and the
second capacitor as an L-section filter that acts upon the triangular output-voltage wave from the
first capacitor.
The output voltage is then approximately that from the input capacitor, decreased by the dc
voltage drop in the inductor.
The ripple contained in this output is reduced by the L-section filter.
The ripple factor of the CLC filter is given by.

Voltage Regulators:

Voltage regulation: The DC voltage available across

the output terminals of a given power supply depends
upon load current.
If the load current Idc is increased by decreasing RL there
is greater voltage drop in the power supply and hence
smaller DC output voltage will be available.
Reverse will happen if the load current decreases.
The variation of output voltage with respect to the
amount of load current drawn from the power supply is
known as voltage regulation and is expressed by the
following relation
4 − ;
% ; :0 4 = …-}}
;
Where Vnl – No load Voltage

Vfl – Full load Voltage Figure 11(Regulation Curve)

In a well designed power supply, the full-load voltage is only slightly less than no-load voltage.
Therefore, lower the voltage regulation, the lesser the difference between full-load and no-
load voltages and better is the power supply.
The above voltage regulation is called load regulation because it indicates the change in
output voltage due to the change in load current.
There is another type of voltage regulation, called line regulation and indicates the change in
output voltage due to the change in input voltage.
Minimum load resistance:
The change of load connected to a power supply varies the load current and hence the DC
output voltage.
In order that a power supply gives the rated output voltage and current, there is minimum
load resistance allowed.
‚
‚( 4) =
‚
For instance, if a power supply is required to deliver a full-load current IFL at full-load voltage
VFL, then, Thus, if a data sheet specifies that a power supply will give an output voltage of 100V

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

at a maximum rated current of 0.4A, then minimum load resistance you can connect across
supply is Rmin = 100/0.4 = 250 Ω.
If any attempt is made to decrease the value of RL below this value, the rated DC output
voltage will not be available.
Types of Voltage Regulators:
A device which maintains the output voltage of an ordinary power supply constant
irrespective of load variations or changes in input AC voltage is known as a voltage regulator.
A voltage regulator generally employs electronic devices to achieve this objective. There are
basic two types of voltage regulators such as ,
Series voltage regulator
Shunt voltage regulator.
The series regulator is placed in series with the load on the other hand; the shunt regulator is
placed in parallel with the load as shown in figure.
Each type of regulator provides an output voltage that remains constant even if the input
voltage varies or the load current changes.

Figure 12 (i . Series regulator, ii. Shunt regulator)

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

When the Zener diode is operated in the
breakdown or zener region, the voltage across
it is substantially constant for a large change
of current through it.
This characteristic permits it to be used as a
voltage regulator the figure shows the circuit
of a zener diode regulator.
As long as input voltage Vin is greater than
zener voltage VZ , the zener operates in the Figure 13 (Zener Diode as voltage Regulator)

breakdown region and maintains constant voltage across the load.

The series limiting resistance RS limits the input current.
Operation:
The zener will maintain constant voltage across the load inspite of changes in load current or
input voltage.
As the load current increases, the zener current decreases so that current through resistance
RS is constant.
As output voltage = Vin – IRS, and I is constant, therefore, output voltage remains unchanged.
The reverse would be true should the load current decrease.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

The circuit will also correct for the changes in input voltages. Should the input voltage Vin
increase, more current will flow through the zener, the voltage drop across RS will increase
but load voltage would remain constant.
The reverse would be true should the input voltage decrease.
Limitations:
It has low efficiency for heavy load currents. It is because if the load current is large, there will
be considerable power loss in the series limiting resistance.
The output voltage slightly changes due to zener impedance as Vout = VZ + IZ RZ.
Changes in load current produce changes in zener current. Consequently, the output voltage
also changes.
Therefore, the use of this circuit is limited to only such applications where variations in load
current and input voltage are small.
Conditions for Proper Operation of Zener Regulator:
When a zener diode is connected in a circuit for voltage regulation, the following conditions
must be satisfied :
1. The zener must operate in the breakdown region or regulating region
2. The zener should not be allowed to exceed maximum dissipation power otherwise it will
be destroyed due to excessive heat.
3. There is a minimum value of RL to ensure that zener diode will remain in the regulating
region i.e. breakdown region. If the value of RL falls below this minimum value, the proper
voltage will not be available across the zener to drive it into the breakdown region.

Transistor Series Voltage Regulator:

A simple series voltage regulator using a
transistor and zener diode is shown in the figure.
The circuit is called a series voltage regulator
because the load current passes through the
series transistor Q1.
The unregulated DC supply is fed to the input
terminals and the regulated output is obtained
across the load. The zener diode provides the
reference voltage.
Operation: Figure 14(Transistor Series Regulator)

The base voltage of transistor Q1 is held to a relatively constant voltage across the Zener
diode.
For example, if 8V zener diode is used, the base voltage of Q1 will remain approximately 8V.
Vout = VZ − VBE
If the output voltage decreases, the increased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 to
conduct more, thereby raising the output voltage.
As a result, the output voltage is maintained at a constant level.
If the output voltage increases, the decreased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 to
conduct less, thereby reducing the output voltage. Consequently, the output voltage is
maintained at a constant level.
The advantage of this circuit is that the changes in zener current are reduced by a factor β.
Therefore, the effect of zener impedance is greatly reduced and much more stabilized output
is obtained.
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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Limitations
Although the changes in zener current are much reduced, yet the output is not absolutely
constant. It is because both VBE and VZ decrease with the increase in room temperature.
The output voltage cannot be changed easily as no such means is provided.

Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator:

A shunt voltage regulator provides regulation by
shunting current away from the load to regulate
the output voltage.
The voltage drop across series resistance depends
upon the current supplied to the load RL. The
output voltage is equal to the sum of zener voltage
(VZ) and transistor base-emitter voltage (VBE)
Vout = VZ + VBE
If the load resistance decreases, the current
through base of transistor decreases.
As a result, less collector current is shunted.
Therefore, the load current becomes larger, Figure 15( Transistor Shunt Regulator)
thereby maintaining the regulated voltage across
the load.
Reverse happens should the load resistance increase.
Drawbacks:
A large portion of the total current through RS flows through transistor rather than to the
load.
There is considerable power loss in RS.
There are problems of over voltage protection in this circuit. For these reasons, a series
voltage regulator is preferred over the shunt voltage regulator.
IC Voltage Regulators:
We can also use integrated circuits (IC) to produce voltage regulators.
One advantage of IC voltage regulators is that properties like thermal compensation, short
circuit protection and surge protection can be built into the device.
Most of the commonly used IC voltage regulators are three-terminal devices.
There are basically four types of IC voltage regulators such as
Fixed positive voltage regulators
Fixed negative voltage regulators
Adjustable voltage regulators
Dual-tracking voltage regulators
The fixed positive and fixed negative IC voltage regulators are designed to provide specific
output voltages.
The adjustable voltage regulator can be adjusted to provide any DC output voltage that is
within its two specified limits.
Both positive and negative adjustable regulators are also available.
The dual-tracking regulator provides equal positive and negative output voltages.
Adjustable dual-tracking regulators are also available.
The popular IC series of three terminal regulators is IC 78XX and IC 79XX.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

The series 78XX is the series of three terminal positive voltage regulators while 79XX is the
series of three terminal negative voltage regulators.
The last two digits denoted as XX, indicate the output voltage rating of the IC.
The 79XX series voltage regulators are available with same seven options as 78XX series, as
indicated in Table.

Device Type Output Voltage Device Type Output Voltage

7805 5.0 V 7905 — 5.0 V
7806 6.0V 7906 — 6.0 V
7808 8.0V 7908 — 8.0 V
7812 12.0V 7912 — 12.0V
7815 15.0V 7915 — 15.0V
7818 18.0V 7918 — 18.0V
7824 24.0V 7924 — 24.0V

In addition, two extra voltages -2 V and -5.2 V are also available with ICs 7902 and 7905.2
respectively.
These ICs are provided with adequate heat sinking and can deliver output currents more than
1A.
These ICs do not require external components. These are provided with internal thermal
protection, overload and short circuit protection.
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:
This IC regulator provides a fixed positive output voltage. Although many types of IC
regulators are available, the 78XX series of IC regulators is the most popular.
The last two digits in the part number indicate the DC output voltage. For example the 7812 is
a + 12V regulator whereas the 7805 is a + 5V regulator.
Note that this series (78XX series) provides fixed regulated voltages from + 5 V to + 24V.

Typical Connection of IC 7805 Regulator:

The typical connection of IC 7805
regulator is shown in figure.
The maximum input voltage which can
be applied to IC 7805 is 35 V.
The maximum dropout voltage is 2.5 V.
The output of 7805 regulator is 5 V fixed.
Hence minimum input voltage required
Figure 16(Connection of 7805 IC)
is 5V + 2.5V = 7.5V.
The figure shows how the 7805 IC is connected to provide a fixed DC output of +5V.
The unregulated input voltage Vi is connected to the IC’s IN terminal and the IC’s OUT
terminal provides +5V.
Capacitors, although not always necessary, are sometimes used on the input and output as
shown.
The output capacitor (C2) acts basically as a line filter to improve transient response.
The input capacitor (C1) is used to prevent unwanted oscillations.

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 (19UEL03)- Electronic Circuits II Year/III Sem

Fixed Negative Voltage Regulators:

This IC regulator provides a fixed negative
output voltage. The 79XX series of IC regulators
is commonly used for this purpose.
This series (79XX) is the negative-voltage
counterpart of the78XX series.
Note that 79XX series provides fixed regulated
voltages from – 5V to – 24 .
The Figure shows how 7912 IC is connected to Figure 17(Connection of 7912IC)
provide a fixed DC output of – 12 V.
The unregulated negative input voltage Vi is connected to IC’s IN terminal and the IC’s OUT
terminal provides – 12 V.
Capacitors used in the circuit perform the same function as in a fixed positive regulator.
Adjustable Voltage Regulators:
The adjustable voltage regulator can be adjusted to
provide any DC output voltage that is within its
two specified limits.
The most popular three-terminal IC adjustable
voltage regulator is the LM 317.
It has an input terminal, output terminal and an
adjustment terminal. An external voltage divider is
used to change the d.c. output voltage of the
regulator. By changing R2, a wide range of output
Figure 18(Adjustable Voltage Regulator)
voltages can be obtained.
The LM 317 is a three-terminal positive adjustable voltage regulator and can supply 1.5 A of
load current over an adjustable output range of 1.25V to 37V. Fig. 17.29 shows an unregulated
power supply driving an LM 317 circuit. The data sheet of an LM 317 gives the following
formula for the output voltage
k
†‡ˆ = 1.25 € + 1 •
kŠ
Dual-Tracking Voltage Regulators:
The dual-tracking regulator provides
equal positive and negative output
voltages.
This regulator is used when split supply
voltages are needed.
The RC 4195 IC provides DC outputs of +
15V and – 15V.
The device needs two unregulated input
voltages. The positive input may be from Figure 19(Dual Tracking voltage Regulator)
+ 18V to + 30V and the negative input
from – 18V to –30V as shown, the two outputs are ± 15V.
The data sheet of an RC 4195 lists a maximum output current of 150 mA for each supply and a
load regulation of 3mV.
Adjustable dual-tracking regulators are also available. These regulators have outputs that can
be varied between their two rated limits.

I. Balakrishnan, Asst.Prof/E&C, | MCAS - Department of Electronics and Communication 17