International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 9(96)

ISSN (Print): 2394-5443 ISSN (Online): 2394-7454

Research Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2021.875539

FEM based design and performance analysis of 2-poles universal motor

Sudhir Kumar Sharma1* and Manpreet Singh Manna2
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India 1
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India 2

Received: 23-February-2022; Revised: 12-November-2022; Accepted: 16-November-2022

©2022 Sudhir Kumar Sharma and Manpreet Singh Manna. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
Among various special-purpose motors, the universal motor operates on both supplies, alternating current (AC) and
direct current (DC). In this paper, the design of special purpose 2 poles and 100-watt universal motor has been carried
out by ANSYS Maxwell software. The focus is on using the rotor pole embrace factor as a design variable; the analysis is
done with the help of the parametric approach based on several iterations. The different performance parameters have
been taken into account for design analyses like efficiency, torque, speed, and flux density of air gap of the respective
motor. Here, the flux pattern and characteristics of the motor with their respective curves was extracted. The
electromagnetic analysis of the proposed motor has been analyzed with the help of the finite element method (FEM).
Consequently, it is observed that the optimal model offers a significant enhancement in efficiency without bringing
additional losses to the motor.

Keywords
Universal motor, ANSYS maxwell, FEM, Parameters, Rotor pole embrace factor.

1.Introduction This motor is robust, reliable and capable of

In the last few decades, several special purpose operating the tools concerned with power/weight
electric motors have been designed and explored in a ratio [4−5].
variety of appliances, including mixers, vacuum
cleaners, refrigerators, food processors, and hair The universal motor is a commutator-type single-
dryers [1]. Special-purpose motors, such as brushless phase motor that works on alternating current (AC)
permanent magnet motors, have recently been a and direct current (DC) supplies. The features of this
popular research area. Due to their high torque motor are very much like the DC series motor. The
density and efficiency, these are widely employed in main advantage is that it is inexpensive and suitable
industries, particularly in the low to the medium- for a short time with prominent torque characteristics.
speed range [2]. However, for high-energy permanent This motor is beneficial because of its unique
magnets, the significant concerns are price volatility, characteristics, i.e., high speed and high starting
supply chain difficulties, and environmental torque. The usual power rating does not exceed 750
repercussions of employing rare earth minerals [3]. W, which is significantly lower than that of other
Universal motors that do not use permanent magnets motors. The motor’s normal speed rating ranges
are the best alternative to brushless permanent between 3000 to 20000 revolutions per minute [6−7].
magnet motors and single-phase linear induction
motor (LIM). The universal motor is a single-phase However, the main limitation of the motor is the
motor which is used in small appliances with less presence of brushes that lead to hysteresis and eddy
power, such as air conditioning blowers and fans, current losses. The efficiency of the motor is
small farming equipment, office machinery, dairy relatively low compared to other special-purpose
machinery, small power tools, etc. motors. The reactance of the field and armature
winding is very high, which makes the power factor
low, specifically when operating on AC supply [8−9].
*Author for correspondence So, the main objective of selecting this motor is to
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enhance efficiency with the selection of variable Nanhekhan et al. [12] developed the current sensing
parameters in the designing process. controller unit for vacuum cleaner application to
operate the motor. The advantage of the circuit is its
In this paper, a 2-poles universal motor with a 100- low cost and robust design. Moreover, the same
watt power rating is designed. While performing the circuit can be operated with AC grid. However, in
parametric analysis, the embrace factor of rotor pole this study Metal oxide semiconductor field effect
is considered a design variable to maximize motor transistor (MOSFET) design was used. Further, it
efficiency. Finite element-based electromagnetic can be replaced with insulated gate bipolar transistor
analysis has been performed using the ANSYS (IGBT) device for the energy-efficient circuit. Garg
Maxwell to increase the rated torque with the [13] presented a mathematical model of a universal
optimum efficiency of the proposed model. The motor based on AC and DC supplies which resulted
motor designed for optimal value of rotor pole in better motor performance on DC supply. The study
embrace factor, results in fewer losses and highest only focused on the electrical characteristics of
efficiency compared to other models. The transient mathematical modelling and did not opt for other
analysis along with the electrical analysis was also Multiphysics analyses.
done with the same tool on the optimal value of the
model. Umesh et al. [14] proposed design of universal motor
with rotor surface modification (RSM) to reduce
This paper has been divided into several sections. acoustic noises and improve the torque parameter
Section 1 illustrates introduction of the motor with with the FEM. The limitation of this work was not
various applications. Section 2 focuses on the employing the finite element adaptivity concept in
literature survey of the selected motor. Section 3 the design. Sharma and Manna [15] have presented
emphasis on methods and the mathematical the design of a universal motor for agro applications,
modelling of universal motor. Section 4 deals with resulting in efficiency improvement. The improved
the simulated results. Section 5 highlights the design was focused mainly on torque, efficiency, and
discussion of results with the limitations of the losses. The authors did not consider parameters like
present work and Section 6 manifest the conclusions brush angle, number of poles, number of rotor slots
of a proposed model of motor. etc. Qi et al. [16] proposed a deep slot universal
motor for powerful electric tools with an improved
2.Literature review commutation spark. However, the speed and
A comprehensive literature review has been efficiency of the motor get reduced with increasing
conducted to highlight similar applications proposed current.
and implemented during the time frames of ongoing
exploration. The researchers demonstrated their Nayak and Shivarudraswamy [17] presented a model
interest in the design and mathematical modelling of of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor and
motors with various computational techniques. universal motor for grinder mixer application. The
authors only concentrated on the electrical analysis
Hsiao et al. [10] designed DC brush motor with an part of the motors and did not consider the crucial
optimized stator structure using finite element parameter of magnetic analysis. Nayak and
method (FEM) based Taguchi algorithm. This Shivarudraswamy [18] compared triode for AC
technique was beneficial to reduce the magnetic (TRIAC) based universal motor with a voltage
saturation and enhance the output power of the motor source inverter (VSI) to control the speed of the
for the respective application. However, it remains to BLDC motor. The design offered better performance
be discovered whether the hole's position, shape, and and was cost-effective compared to the conventional
size have a negative effect on the structural safety of design. However, the electrical circuitry of the design
the motor body. Kurihara and Koseki [11] designed a could not be fitted and compatible with all kinds of
new equivalent 4-pole universal motor with finite motor topologies.
element analysis (FEA) tool. This design provided
better output power and commutation than the Mercy et al. [19] presented the design of universal
existing design based on suitable pole arc coefficient. motor, which reflected a significant improvement in
However, the performance of the motor was analyzed efficiency and a reduction in heat losses. The thermal
on two parameters, i.e., rated speed and voltage. analysis was carried out and delivered better results
on DC supply than AC supply. Since the authors
performed the thermal analysis on the Multiphysics

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Sudhir Kumar Sharma and Manpreet Singh Manna

problem, less emphasis was paid on performance of parameters only but did not consider the variable or
electrical parameters. Gecer et al. [20] presented the external load.
design of switched reluctance motor (SRM), BLDC
motor, and induction motor (IM) with ANSYS The literature concludes that the universal motor is
Maxwell software for electric vehicle applications. designed only for small-scale industrial and domestic
The authors demonstrated that the SRM has high applications. Out of all the motors, the universal
torque performance at a high-power value and the motor, a special-purpose motor, is selected and
BLDC motor has better magnetic field density than designed with FEM to enhance the performance for
other motors. Natarajan et al. [21] proposed a various applications. FEM is an accurate and easy
universal motor controller with a pulse width technique for solving Multiphysics problems in large-
modulation (PWM) chopper for washing machine scale operations. It is observed that the universal
applications. However, an existing circuit can be motor is less efficient than other motors, and there is
employed with a solar photo voltaic system to reduce a scope for improvement of motor performance.
the power demand.
3.Methods
Benedik et al. [22] developed an approachable Initially, the field of electrical machine design used to
method to predict the life and failure reasons of the develop the magnetic circuit model of the machine
high-speed bearings used in the universal motor. for the analysis of the different parameters. However,
However, a single platform was used to analyze the the circuit technique was unable to analyze all the
issue, which could cause uncertainty in the designed parameters related to the electromagnetic domain of
motor. Araga et al. [23] discussed operating the machine, and it became necessary to use
characteristics of universal motor with experimental advanced techniques. Designing a motor before
equipment for AC and DC supplies. However, it was building saves the consumption of time and money.
observed that the obtained results were inconsistent, The use of computer technology, significantly reduce
which led to overheating during operation and the designer’s workload [29, 30]. Computational
mechanical vibrations. Girovsky and Kanuch [24] electromagnetic is being used more frequently due to
presented the effect of AC and DC supplies on the growing use of digital computers to solve
universal motor characteristics like speed, efficiency, electromagnetic difficulties. Therefore, problems can
torque, and electromagnetic radiation. The universal be solved using digitally enabled computers before
motor offered an increase in efficiency and torque for being carried out in the real world, saving time and
DC supply, and at AC supply, the universal motor money [31, 32]. In the midst of various numerical
has high electromagnetic field radiation. The authors methods, FEM is best suited for examining rotating
discussed the generalized modelling of the motor electrical machines because of its many advantages.
only and did not design the controller and other Simultaneously, the FEA tool could help designers
perspectives. and researchers in the realization of electromagnetic
calculations and simulating motor performance more
Li and Zhu [25] proposed a design strategy to precisely [33]. Numerical approaches can be used to
elucidate the effect of different design variables on solve real world electromagnetic problems. It may
the target using parametric analysis. A generalized take several attempts to incorporate parameter
system design solution has been discussed, but no in- changes into the machine's optimal design before the
depth study has been carried out. Liu et al. [26] and machine's performance is sufficient [34]. To perform
Tian et al. [27] presented the parametric analysis statics-magneto and electrostatic analysis with non-
technique that examined various issues, including linear materials, such as permanent magnets, steady-
thermodynamics, structural noise and vibration, state eddy currents, transient eddy currents, motional
thermal environment studies in buildings, and others. eddy currents, stress and thermal analysis, FEM-
Electromagnetic field analysis was carried out based tools have pre-processing and post-processing
laterally, which was responsible in determining other components. Analytical equations have been used to
stability factors on account of magnetic forces suggest numerous analytical models [35].
applied on the motor. Sharma and Manna [28] Researchers report that FEM has been used for
simulated the universal motor with AC and DC various machines; the universal motor can also be
supplies to analyze the torque-speed features along employed with this method. There are three main
with motor proficiency. The authors analyzed the steps to perform FEA.
performance of the motor based on torque and speed The first step in FEM is pre-processing where entire
geometrical domain and variable-based elucidation
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have been completed. The model domain is The equivalent circuit diagram of the universal motor
discretized into several finite elements and nodal is shown in Figure 2. The operating conditions, i.e.,
equations that correspond to them are developed. voltage and current equations of universal motor, are
Processing is the second stage, during which the similar to DC series motor. The generalized
actual analysis or solution is completed. The mathematical equations related to the universal motor
necessary analysis mode is configured based on the have been discussed in this section. The field current,
dynamic or static loading conditions and the material and armature current are equal to supply current as
specifications like linear or non-linear analysis, mentioned in Equation 1.
model analysis, and static analysis. Following the I = I f = Ia (1)
definition of the software type or the solution state,
this step concludes with the implementation of the
actual solution [36−39]. The final stage is post-
processing, wherein software comprises elegant
procedures for selecting, printing, charting, and
comparing the outcomes acquired at the processing
level with analytical data. Following that, a junction
error analysis is performed. The outcomes are
presented in graphical, visual, or spreadsheet form
[33, 39].

The working of the universal motor is similar to a DC

series motor, the armature winding (rotor) circuit and
the field winding (stator) circuit are connected in
series and receive the supply current through brushes,
as shown in Figure 1. The magnetic fields in the rotor
and stator will change directions instantaneously Figure 2 Universal motor equivalent circuit
when the supply current direction is reversed. As a
result, the torque is not changed, so the universal The equation related to armature winding voltage
motor run on AC supply. The motor typically drop, back emf across armature, voltage drop due to
includes a high inertia flywheel coupled to the shaft mutual inductance, field winding voltage drop, and
to smooth rotation against this torque ripple because voltage drop due to brushes are mentioned in the
of the pulsating nature of the torque. Additionally, Equation 2, Equation 3, Equation 4, Equation 5, and
there are many separate windings on the armature Equation 6 respectively.
and many segments of the commutator. Because of Va = Ra Ia + La (dIa/dt) (2)
this, the armature winding inductance is minimized, Eb = ΦZNP/60A (3)
which helps the motor produce less current and Em = Laf (dI/dt) (4)
power when it is connected to an AC supply [40, 41]. Vf = Rf If + Lf (dIf/dt) (5)
V = Va + Vf + Em + Eb + Vbd (6)

In above mentioned equations, I = load current, I f =

current of field winding, Ia = armature winding
current, Va = armature's voltage drops, Ra = armature
winding’s resistance, La = armature winding’s
inductance, Eb = back emf, Φ = flux produced per
pole, Z = total number of armature conductors, N =
rotational speed of armature in revolutions per
minute, P = number of poles, A = number of parallel
paths in armature, Em = voltage drop due to mutual
inductance, Laf = mutual inductance between
armature and field windings, Vf = field's voltage
drops, Rf = field winding’s resistance, Lf = field
winding’s inductance, V = supply voltage, Va =
Figure 1 Generalized diagram of universal motor armature's voltage drops, and Vbd = voltage drop due
to brushes.
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3.1Power loss
Efficiency is the ratio of output to input powers, it is
depend on different types of losses, such as copper
loss, iron loss, mechanical loss, and brush loss. The
mechanical loss and brush loss are depended on speed
of the motor.
3.1.1Copper loss
The copper loss occurred when current passes
through copper conductors. The armature and field
winding losses are two types of copper losses.
Copper loss of armature and field winding can be
determined in Equation 7 and Equation 8
respectively.
Parm._cu = Ia2 Ra (7)
Pfield_Cu = If2 Rf (8)

3.1.2Iron loss
The alternating magnetization of the magnet core
causes iron losses, which is the summation of
hysteresis and eddy current loss. The eddy current
loss (Pe) and hysteresis loss (Ph) can be calculated by
using Equation 9 and Equation 10 respectively.
Pe = ke B2 f2 v (9)
Ph = kh Bn f v (10)

kh = material-dependent coefficient of hysteresis, B =

flux density maximum, n = Steinmetz exponent of
material-dependent, f = frequency, v = magnetic
material volume, and ke = material-dependent
coefficient of eddy current

The design of the universal motor has done with the

ANSYS Maxwell software. The flow chart of design
procedure of the universal motor model is shown in Figure 3 Flow chart of the design procedure
Figure 3.
Table 1 Prerequisite parameters of universal motor
The first step is to design the geometry of the motor S. No. Parameter Value
with the pre-requisite values of the parameters. The 1 Pole number 2
parametric analysis was performed on the design 2 Stator outer diameter (mm) 61.5
variable of the rotor pole embrace factor. The 3 Stator inner diameter (mm) 38.5
iterations on the variable impact the output 4 Stator stack length (mm) 33.35
performance of the motor. If the performance does 5 Rotor outer diameter (mm) 35.5
6 Rotor inner diameter (mm) 12.1
not match, then the variable function needs to be
7 Rotor stack length (mm) 33.5
updated.
8 Type of material Steel_1010

4.Results The technical specifications required for the motor

4.1Design specifications of motor are mentioned in Table 2.
The general pre-requisite parameters for the design of
a universal motor in RMxprt are mentioned in Table Table 2 Technical requirements of universal motor
1, these parameters are used as the input to the S. No. Parameter Value
software to design the motor, and the basic structure 1 Rated voltage 120 volts
model of the universal model is shown in Figure 4. 2 Rated speed 12400 rpm
The number of poles is 2, type of steel used is 3 Rated power 100 watt
steel_1010, which has good thermal stability. 4 Frequency 60 Hz

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The motor performance is analyzed with variation of

the pole embrace factor of rotor represented. The
initial value of variable is selected as 0.5. Through
the aid of the parametric analysis, step iteration of
value 0.05 taken, and the value is varied from 0.5 to
0.85. The sensitivity analysis of the parameter varies
from 0.5 to 0.85 as the particular model has less
sensitive at other values. Based upon this variation,
the performance parameters like efficiency, total
losses, rated torque, rated speed, and air gap flux
density are analyzed. Thus, the pole embrace factor
values meeting the minimum total losses and
maximum efficiency have been found for each
Figure 4 Basic structure of 2-poles universal motor discrete solution method. The plots of these
performance parameters are shown in Figure 6 to
4.2Results of the motor Figure 10 with respect to the pole embrace factor.
The variable design factor chosen for this model is a
factor of the pole embrace of the rotor, defined as the The region where the efficiency is maximum should
fractional ratio of the pole pitch to the pole arc be addressed during the parametric approach-based
coefficient. The value of the pole embrace factor process of optimizing the embrace values. However,
must be less than unity [42−45], and for this finding the value that offers maximum efficiency
particular design, the initial value taken for the model while minimizing losses is not always simple. In such
is 0.5. The representation of this is shown in Figure instances, one should decide based on the design
5. priorities. If the reduced losses value results in
reduced efficiency, new values should be defined that
do not cause the efficiency to decline and preserve
the value of rated torque within the pre-determined
range. From Figure 6 and Figure 7, it is observed
that at the pole embrace factor value 0.8 the motor
has the highest efficiency and lowest losses, in
comparison to the initial value 0.5. The rated torque
is maximum 0.85 and minimum at 0.5 as shown in
Figure 8.

Figure 5 Diagram of pole embrace factor

Figure 6 Efficiency vs. rotor pole embrace factor plot

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Sudhir Kumar Sharma and Manpreet Singh Manna

Figure 7 Total losses vs. rotor pole embrace factor plot

Figure 8 Rated torque vs. rotor pole embrace factor plot

Figure 9 Rated speed vs. rotor pole embrace factor plot

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Figure 10 Air gap flux density vs. rotor pole embrace factor plot

Figure 9 shows that the rated speed is maximum at varies inversely proportional to rated torque to
0.5 and minimum at 0.85. The air gap flux density is maintain constant power output. But after because
minimum at value 0.85 and maximum at 0.5 as model achieves a saturation point, so the efficiency of
shown in Figure 10. It should be noted that the the model 8 starts decreasing.
designer carefully needs to decide the limits of the
solution range since the motor efficiency will fall Some important graphs are discussed below when the
below 70% for value 0.5 to 0.65. model simulation was executed in the RMxprt.
Critical performance data such as efficiency versus
5.Discussion speed, output torque versus speed, and output power
The comparative analysis of the results in tabular versus speed, can be quickly calculated at the optimal
form is shown in Table 3. It shows that the efficiency point 0.8 of the model. These various graphs of the
has improved from 65.3% to 72.03%, with minimum model's performance are shown in the Figure 11,
losses in value 0.8. The rated speed at this point is Figure 12 and Figure 13, respectively.
1434.7 rpm with rated torque of 0.063 Nm and air
gap density of 0.21675 T. As pole arc increases, the The variation of the performance data is seen with the
surface area of pole increases, this implies increment variation of the speed. Figure 11 shows the efficiency
in pole embrace value, which affects the air gap flux of the motor decreases after rated speed and increases
density in decreasing manner. The decrement of air before rated speed. Figure 12 shows that output
gap flux density requires low current. This low torque is inversely proportional to varying with
current is responsible for less losses, affecting respect to speed. Figure 13 shows output power with
efficiency in an increasing manner. The rated speed respect to speed graph.

Table 3 Comparative analysis of results

S. No. Variable Total losses Rated torque Rated speed Air gap flux
Variations Efficiency (%)
(R_pem) (W) (Nm) (rpm) density (Tesla)
1 Model 1 0.5 65.3462 53.0344 0.06103 15648.6 0.23513
2 Model 2 0.55 67.6959 47.7164 0.06133 15568.5 0.23206
3 Model 3 0.6 68.5238 45.9347 0.06422 14868.9 0.23319
4 Model 4 0.65 69.2489 44.4055 0.06599 14470.6 0.23206
5 Model 5 0.7 71.2873 40.2817 0.06314 15124.7 0.22432
6 Model 6 0.75 71.6946 39.4815 0.06455 14793.5 0.22134
7 Model 7 0.8 72.0334 38.8007 0.06376 14967.4 0.21675
8 Model 8 0.85 70.8844 41.0832 0.06657 14348.7 0.2141

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ANSOFT
70.00 Curve Info
Efficiency
60.00

50.00

40.00
(%)

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.00 10000.00 20000.00 30000.00 40000.00 50000.00 60000.00
n (rpm)
Figure 11 Efficiency versus speed curve

ANSOFT
0.35 Curve Info
Output Torque
0.30

0.25

0.20
(N.m)

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.00 10000.00 20000.00 30000.00 40000.00 50000.00 60000.00
n (rpm)
Figure 12 Output torque versus speed curve

ANSOFT
120.00 Curve Info
Output Power

100.00

80.00
(W)

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0.00 10000.00 20000.00 30000.00 40000.00 50000.00 60000.00
n (rpm)
Figure 13 Output power versus speed curve
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The motor design created on RMxprt is transformed and stator of the motor at specific time of rotor
into Maxwell two dimensional (2D). At output power position. The magnetic field vector potential of the 2-
and rated speed, the optimal model design generated poles universal motor is shown in Figure 16. The
for the optimal embrace factor value derived from the flux density lines start from the north pole moving
optimization is subjected to 2D transient FEM towards the south pole of the motor having high
evaluations. The electromagnetic analysis is done density in the boundary at the motor pole. As a result,
with the help of Maxwell 2D. The magnetic flux the motor size is limited, and it is also ensured that
density distribution at a specific time of rotor position the motor does not function at a flux density close to
is shown in Figure 14. The magnetic field density of saturation. These criteria are necessary for thoroughly
the motor is approximately achieved and it can be examining ideal motor design characteristics. Figure
interpreted that the distribution is varied at various 17 shows the variation of induced rms current in a
positions of the motor. The magnetic field lines are winding of motor with respect to time. A complete
shown in Figure 15 at specific boundaries of rotor list of abbreviations is shown in Appendix I.

Figure 14 Magnetic flux density at specific time of rotor position

Figure 15 Magnetic field lines at specific time of rotor position

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Sudhir Kumar Sharma and Manpreet Singh Manna

Figure 16 Magnetic field vector potential at specific time of rotor position

The main drawback is that the design rating of losses when the operating supply is AC as it has high
universal motor cannot go beyond 1kW with 2 or 4 reactance losses. As compared to other special
pole only. Its size is compact and used for small purpose motors, this particular motor has low
operations. The motor cannot run without load, and efficiency.
the starting speed is very high. This motor has high

Winding Currents Maxwell2DDesign4 ANSOFT

1.50
Curve Info
Current(Coil0)
Setup1 : Transient

1.00

0.50
Current(Coil0) [A]

0.00

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Time [ms]

Figure 17 Induced current versus time curve

6.Conclusion and future work patterns. In the comparative analysis, it is realized

The performance analysis of the 100-watt universal that the motor has the highest efficiency of 72.0334%
motor running at 12400 rpm speed is analyzed with and minimum losses of approximately 38 watts at 0.8
the help of FEM tool. The parametric analysis is compared to the other values. So, this value is
applied to the motor and performance of parameters selected as the optimal value upon which the FEM
achieved with data curves based on changing model of the motor is designed. The flux density of
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 International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 9(96)

the motor is also realized with their directions and automotive engine start applications. In student
patterns. Further, we can select more than one conference on electric machines and systems 2019
variable to enhance the motor's performance and (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
minimize the losses created at high speed. With [11] Kurihara K, Koseki S. New design of high output
equivalent 4-pole universal motor. In international
current proposed work to improvise the design these conference on electrical machines 2018 (pp. 291-6).
may opt for many applications in industry as well as IEEE.
agriculture solutions to give economical and reliable [12] Nanhekhan B, Woudstra J, Van DP. Brushed universal
operational results of motor. motor controller for DC-grids. In 19th international
conference on research and education in mechatronics
Acknowledgment 2018 (pp. 153-8). IEEE.
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, [13] Garg R. Behavioral analysis of a universal motor
Punjab and All India Council for Technical Education when operated on DC and AC supply. In international
(AICTE), India, are acknowledged for supporting this conference on intelligent computing and control
work. systems 2019 (pp. 705-10). IEEE.
[14] Umesh V, Mishra S, Simon S, Singh AK, Moses P.
Conflicts of interest Universal electrical motor acoustic noise reduction
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. based on rotor surface modification. In international
conference on data science and communication 2019
Author's contribution statement (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Sudhir Kumar Sharma: Conceptualization, investigation [15] Sharma SK, Manna MS. Finite element
on challenges, data analysis, data acquisition and writing electromagnetic based design of universal motor for
the original draft. Manpreet Singh Manna: Interpretation agro application. International Journal of Electrical
of results, review, supervision, reading proof and the and Electronics Research. 2022; 10(3):590-6.
revision of the whole article. [16] Qi H, Ling L, Jichao C, Wei X. Design and research
of deep slot universal motor for electric power tools.
Journal of Power Electronics. 2020; 20(6):1604-15.
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Appendix I
S. No. Abbreviation Description
1 AC Alternating Current
2 BLDC Brushless Direct Current
3 DC Direct Current
4 FEA Finite Element Analysis
5 FEM Finite Element Method
6 IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
7 IM Induction Motor
8 LIM Linear Induction Motor
9 MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor
10 PWM Pulse Width Modulation
11 RSM Rotor Surface Modification
12 SRM Switched Reluctance Motor
13 TRIAC Triode For Alternating Current
14 VSI Voltage Source Inverter
15 2D Two Dimensional

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