Dr.K.V.

SUBBA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUA)
NH -44, Opposite Dupadu Railway Station, Kurnool-518 218

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Name of the Subject: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Branch: ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING
Year/Semester: IV/I
UNIT-I

I. Two Mark Questions

1. Define microwave.
2. Write the applications of microwaves?
3. What is waveguide?
4. What is meant by microwave resonators?
5. What is TH wave or E wave?
6. What is a TEM wave or principal wave?
7. What is a dominant mode?
8. What is cut-off wavelength?
9. Mention the characteristics of TEM waves?
10. Why are rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave-guides?
11. Why TEM mode is not possible in a rectangular waveguide?
12. What are degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguide?
13. Define quality factor of a resonator.
14. Why rectangular or circular cavities can be used as microwave resonators?
II. Ten Mark Questions
1 Discuss how the microwave spectrum is categorized into different bands.
.
2 (a) Explain the wave impedance of a rectangular waveguide and derive the expression
for the wave impedance of TE and TM modes.
 (b) Calculate the cut-off frequency of the following modes in a square waveguide 4
cm × 4 cm TE10, TM11 and TE22.

3 (a) Show that a waveguide works like a high pass filter.

(b) A waveguide having dimensions a = 5 cm, b = 2 cm. The signal applied to waveguide
is10GHz. Determine the modes that are propagating in the waveguide.
4 Explain following terms (a) Guide wavelength (b) Phase Velocity (c) Group Velocity
5 (a) Show that TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist
(b) For a wave guide having cross section 3cm × 2cm, compute the cut-off frequency
in the TE01 mode. Also, calculate the phase velocity and guide wavelength at a
frequency equal to 50% above the cut-off frequency.

6 (a) Why TEM modes are not possible in hollow rectangular waveguide? Prove it
(b) When dominant mode propagated in air filled circular waveguide diameter is
4cm. Find cut-off wavelength, cut-off frequency and guide wavelength.

7 (a) Derive the equation for Resonant frequency in rectangular cavity resonator.

(b) Calculate resonant frequency of rectangular cavity filled with dielectric with € r=4
and having dimensions a=5cm b=4cm and d=15cm.

8 (a) Discuss in detail about Q factor of cavity Resonator.

(b) A wave guide operating in TE10 mode has dimensions a = 2.26 cm and b = 1
cm. The measured guide wave length is 4 cm. Find
i. Cut off frequency of the propagating mode
ii. The frequency of operation
iii. Maximum frequency of propagation in this mode.
9. (a) Explain the propagation of TM waves in rectangular wave guides with
 field components. [May/June 2016]
(b) A rectangular waveguide with dimension of 3 × 2 cm operates in TM11 mode at
10 GHz. Determine the characteristic wave impedance.
10. (a) Explain the quality factor of cavity resonator [May/June 2016]
(b) For the dominant mode of operation in an air-filled circular waveguide of
inner diameter 4 cm. Find: (i) Cut off wavelength. (ii) Guided wave length.
(iii) Cut off frequency.
11. (a) Derive the wave equation for a TM wave and obtain all the field components in a
rectangular wave guide. [December 2016]
(b) A rectangular wave guide with dimension of 3 × 2 cm operates in the
TM11 mode at 10 GHz. Determine the characteristic wave impedance.
12. (a) Prove that a cavity resonator is nothing but an LC circuit. [December 2016]
(b) Derive an expression for Q of a cavity supporting TE101 mode.
(c) What is the resonant frequency of the cavity if each side of the guide is 3 cm?
13. (a) Enumerate the basic advantages of microwaves. [May/June 2017]
(b) Draw the EM spectrum and list all the frequency ranges involved in microwave bands.
(c) Briefly explain the applications of microwaves. [May/June 2017]
14. Deduce the electromagnetic field relations for the dominant mode in a rectangular
waveguide from the Maxwell’s equations.

UNIT-II
I. Two Mark Questions
1. Define scattering matrix?
2. Why the S-parameters are used in microwaves?
3. Write the properties of [S] matrix.
4. What are the types of waveguide tees?
5. Write the applications of magic tee?
6. What is hybrid ring?
7. What do you mean by hybrid junction?
8. Give a note on directional couplers.
9. Define coupling factor(C)?
 10. Define directivity of directional coupler.
11. What do you mean by isolation?
12. Define Isolator?
13. What is circulator?
14. Mention the different types of directional couplers?
15. Write the properties of ferrites?
II Ten Mark Questions
1 (a) Explain the coupling mechanism of waveguide.

(b) Explain the following (i) Waveguide windows (ii) Screws

2 Explain the following (a) precision Variable attenuator (b) rotary vane attenuator.
3 Explain following terms (a)E-plane Tee (b) H-plane Tee (c) Magic Tee
4 (a) Draw a typical directional coupler and define directivity and coupling coefficient
(b) An 20db directional coupler gives 3 dbm in output power through coupled port. If
the Isolation specified as 55 dB, find the power available at the Isolated Port.

5 What is the principle of phase shifter? Draw the diagram of dielectric phase shifter
and discuss the working mechanism.

6 Explain following terms (a) Gyrator (b) Isolator

7(a) What is meant by normalized voltage and normalized current with respect to the
microwave circuit concept. Draw a neat sketch of a Magic Tee and obtain its S
matrix.
(b) List and Explain two applications of Magic Tee.

8 (a) Derive the S-matrix for E-plane junction.

(b) Explain the principle of Ferrite phase shifter.

9 (a) Derive the S-matrix for Magic Tee junction.

(b) A 20-dB coupler has a directivity of 30 dB. Calculate the value of isolation.
 10 (a) Derive the S-matrix for directional coupler.
(b) Using the properties of scattering matrix of a lossless, reciprocal
microwave junction, prove that for a four-port network if all the
four ports are matched, the device shall be a directional coupler.
11. (a) Derive the scattering matrix of E-H plane tee junction. [May/June 2016]
(b) Explain about: (i) Coupling probe. (ii) Coupling loop.
12. (a) Explain construction details and operation of isolator. [May/June 2016]
(b) Derive the scattering matrix of directional coupler.

13. Write short notes on: [December 2016]

(a)Waveguide Irises.
(b)Rat Race hybrid.
(c)Dielectric phase shifters.
14. Why are S - parameters used at microwave frequencies explain. Give the properties of S
parameters and Derive S - matrix for series Tee using the properties of S parameters. A Three
port circulator has an insertion loss of 1dB, isolation 30 dB and VSWR = 1.5. Find the S –
matrix. [December 2016]
15. What is a magic Tee junction. Derive the S matrix of a magic Tee. [May/June 2017]
16. (a)Explain the operation of circulator with a neat diagram. [May/June 2017]
(b)A signal power 32mW is fed into one of the collinear ports of loss less
H-Plane Tee. Determine the powers in the remaining ports when other
ports are terminated by means of matched load.
UNIT-III
I. Two Mark Questions

1. What is transit time?

2. Write the classification of microwave tubes.
3. Define velocity modulation?
4. Define bunching?
5. State the power gain, power output and efficiency of two – cavity klystron
amplifier?
6. Mention the application of two – cavity.
 7. Define reflex klystron?
8. What do you meant by applegate diagram?
9. Mention the same characteristics of reflex klystrons?
10. State the applications of reflex klystrons.
11. What is TWTA?
12. What is the need of slow – wave structures?
13. State the characteristics of TWTA.
14. Write the applications of TWT.
15. What are the advantages of TWT?
II . Ten Mark Questions
1. (a) Give the performance specification of Reflex klystron.

(b) Define and explain current modulation with neat diagrams and required
expressions.
2.(a) Describe with the neat sketch the constructional details and principle of operation
of a reflex Klystron tube. With the help of Applegate diagram illustrate the phenomenon of
bunching.
(b) Derive the expressions for bunched beam current and efficiency.
3 (a) Write any two limitations of conventional tubes at Microwave frequencies.
(b) With the help of velocity diagram explain principle of two-cavity klystron
amplifier.
4 Discuss in detail about Reflex Klystron and Calculate efficiency.
5 (a) List two discriminations between conventional tube and microwave tube. What
can be the possible
Solutions to the limitations of conventional tubes at high frequencies?
(b) Write short notes on bunching process in a two-cavity klystron amplifier.
6 Explain the operation of a two-cavity klystron amplifier. Derive expressions for
bunched beam current and efficiency?

7 (a) What is a slow wave structure? Draw any four slow wave structures usable in a
traveling wave
 Tube.
(b) Discuss about the differences between a TWT and a Klystron.

8 (a) Write short notes on wave modes.

(a) Mention how a TWT can be converted to an oscillator. Explain the operation of
such a device.
Why large tuning range, are possible with such a device?
9 (a) Derive the expressions for propagation constant and output power gain of TWT.

(b)In an O-type traveling wave tube, the acceleration voltage is 4000 V and the
magnitude of the axial electric field is 4 V/m. The phase velocity on the slow wave structure
is 1.10 times the average electron velocity. The operating frequency is 2 GHz. Determine the
magnitude of velocity function.
10. Draw the structure and explain the velocity modulation process in two cavities klystron
amplifier. [May/June 2016]
11. Explain output power and efficiency in reflex klystron. [May/June 2016]
12. With neat diagram explain the operation of helix TWT. [May/June 2016]
13. (a) Explain how the amplification takes place in TWT. Compare its bandwidth with
Klystron amplifier. [December 2016]
(b) A reflex klystron having an accelerated field of 300 V oscillates at a frequency of 10
GHz with a retarding field of 500 V. If its cavity is returned to 9 GHZ. What must be the
new value of retarding field for oscillations in the same mode to take place?
14.(a) What is velocity modulation? Explain how amplification takes place in a two cavity
Klystron amplifier. [December 2016]
(b) A TWT operates with following parameters: Vb = 2.5 KV, Ib = 25 mA, Zo = 10, circuit
length, L = 50, f = 9 GHz. Find the gain parameter & power gain
15. Explain the construction, operation, operating characteristics of reflex klystron
oscillator with a neat diagram. [May/June 2017]
16. With a neat sketch, explain the structure and principle of operation of
TWT Amplifier. [May/June 2017]
UNIT-IV
I. Two Mark Questions

1. What is transferred electron effect?

 2. What is –ive resistance in Gunn diode?
3. What are the various modes of operation of Gunn diode?
4. Mention the applications of Gunn diode amplifier.
5. Define Gunn oscillation mode?
6. Define avalanche transit time devices?
7. What are modes available in avalanche device?
8. Mention the disadvantage of IMPATT diodes?
9. Write down the applications of TRAPATT diodes?
10. What are the types of magnetron?
11. State the power output and efficiency of magnetron?
12. Write the applications of magnetron?
13. What is π - mode of operation?
14. Write short notes on a) Coaxial magnetron b) Voltage – tunable magnetron?

II . Ten Mark Questions

1. Explain the growth of oscillations in a travelling wave magnetron.

2. Discuss in detail about cylindrical magnetron.

3. Explain the properties of high field domain for microwave generation and
amplification.

4. (a) What is transferred electron effect?

(b) Explain clearly how a GUNN diode is different from a tunnel Diode Both A & B
being a negative resistance device.
5. Discuss how a decrease in drift velocity with increasing electric field can lead to the
formation of a high field domain for microwave generation and amplification.
6. (a) Discuss in detail about Gunn diode modes of operation.
(b) What are bulk properties of a GUNN diode that give rise to negative resistance
like characteristics?
7. (a) Explain Two Valley Model Theory.
(b)Write short notes on “TRAPATT diode”?
 8. (a) What is parametric amplifier?

(b) Explain it as an amplifier and frequency converter.

9. (a) Explain the V-I characteristics of a Gunn diode
(b) List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices.
10. (a) An X-band pulsed conventional magnetron has the following parameters. Anode
voltage Vo = 5.5 KV, Beam current I0 = 4.5 A, Operating frequency f = 9 × 109
Hz, Resonant conductance Gr = 2 × 10-4 mho, Loaded conductance Gl = 2.5 × 10-5
mho, Vane capacitance C = 2.5 PF. Compute: (i) Angular resonant frequency. (ii) Unloaded
quality factor. (iii) Loaded quality factor. [May/June 2016]
(b) Explain the following Gunn diode oscillation modes: (i) LSA mode. (ii) Quenched mode.

11. (a) Explain the construction and equivalent circuit details of VARACTOR diode
(b) In a Gunn diode with active length of 20µm, the drift velocity of
electrons are cm/s. Calculate the rational frequency and critical voltage
of the diode. [May/June 2016]
12. (a) Write short notes on “Hartree resonance conditions”. [December 2016]
(b) An n-type GaAs Gunn diode has following parameters:
Electron drift velocity: Vd = 2.5 × 105 m/s
Negative Electron mobility: µn= 0.015 m2/ v s
Relative dielectric constant: εr = 13.1
Determine the criterion for classifying the modes of operation. [December 2016]
13. (a) How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron? Explain the phase focusing effect.
(b) Explain the physical structure and construction of IMPATT diodes.
14. What are the bulk properties of GUNN diode that give rise to
negative resistance? [May/June 2017]
15. Why pi-mode operation is preferred in cylindrical type magnetron? [May/June 2017]
Give its working principle with neat sketches.
UNIT-V

I. Two Mark Questions

1. What do you mean by slotted line?
2. Name two methods to measure impedance?
 3. Define power?
4. What are the methods to detect microwave power?
5. Define bolometer?
6. Mention the drawbacks in calorimeter measurements?
7. What are the classifications of power measurements?
8. What is a VSWR meter?
9. Define insertion loss?
10. How will you determine the VSWR and return loss in reflectometer method?
11. List the different types of Impedance measurement methods?
12. How do you measure microwave frequency?
13. What is a wave meter?
14. What is tunable detector?
II. Ten Mark Questions
1. (a) Distinguish between low frequency measurement and microwave measurements.
(b) With the help of a neat sketch, briefly explain the functions of different blocks of a
microwave bench?
(b) Explain about measurement of attenuation using a microwave bench setup.
2. (a) Discuss in detail about measurement of VSWR.

(b) Determine s-parameters of a 10dB directional coupler of directional coupler of

Directivity 30 db. Assuming directivity of coupler loss-less VSWR at each port
under Matched condition is unity.
3. (a) What is spectrum analyzer? List the types of spectrum analyzer. List some
application of Spectrum analyzer?
(b) Describe a microwave bench.
5. (a) How to measure an attenuation of a given microwave signal?

(b) What is VSWR? Explain the method measurement for low and high VSWR?
6. (a) Distinguish between the terms: Insertion Loss and Attenuation. With a neat set up,
describe the method of measurement of attenuation using a waveguide bench.
(b) Write short notes on usage of Isolator and its significance in a microwave bench.
 7. (a) Write a short note on power ratio method.
(b) Write short notes on RF substitution method.

8. (a) Two identical directional couplers are placed in a waveguide to sample the
incident and the reflected
power. The meter readings show that the power level of the reverse coupler is
10dB down from the level of the forward coupler. What is the value of the SWR
on the waveguide?
(b) How are microwave measurements different from low frequency measurements?
9. (a) Draw the experimental setup necessary for the measurement of impedance
using slotted line. Explain in detail.?
(b) What are the characteristics of detectors used in microwave measurements?

10. (a) Discuss in detail about measurement of attenuation.

(b) Write short notes on “Reflection co-efficient and Insertion loss measurement at
microwave frequencies”?
11. (a) Explain the description of microwave bench. [May/June 2016]
(b) Explain the medium microwave power measurement with neat diagram.
12. (a) Explain the double minimum method of measuring VSWR. [May/June 2016]
(b) Explain the impedance measurement using Reflectometer.
13. (a) Using slotted line, draw a typical microwave bench setup for measurement of
unknown load and explain. [December 2016]
(b) Two identical 30dB directional couplers are used to simple incident and reflected
power in a wave guide. VSWR = 2 and the output of the coupler sampling incident power =
4.5 mW. What is the value of reflected power?
14.(a) Explain the method of microwave power measurement using Bolometer.
(b) Compare the power ratio and RF substitution methods of measuring attenuation
provided by the microwave component. [December 2016]
15. Give the measurement procedure for Q factor of a resonant cavity and attenuation
constant at microwave frequencies. [May/June 2017]
16. (a)Draw a neat sketch of a MW test bench for impedance measurements using
reflectometer. [May/June 2017]
(b)Two identical directional are used in a waveguide to sample the incident and reflected
powers. The output of the two coupler is found to be 2.5mW
and 0.15mW. Find the values of VSWR in the wave guide.
Signature of the Faculty HOD