Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Book Name: Selina Concise

EXERCISE- 8 (A)

Solution 1:
By remainder theorem we know that when a polynomial f (x) is divided by x − a, then the
remainder is f(a).
(i)f(x)  x 4  3x 2  2x  1
Remainder  f(1)  (1)4  3(1)2  2(1)  1  1 3  2  1  1
(ii)f(x)  x 3  3x 2  12x  4
Remainder  f(2)  (2)3  3(2)2  12(2)  4
 8  12  24  4
0
(iii)f(x)  x 4  1
Remainder  f( 1)  ( 1)4  1  1  1  2
(iv)f(x)  4x 3  3x 2  2x  4
 1 
Remainder  f  
 2
3 2
 1   1   1 
 4   3   2   4
 2  2  2
1 3
   1 4
2 4
2  3  20

4
25 1
  6
4 4
(v)f(x)  4x  4x 2  27x  16
3

3
Remainder  f  
2
3 2
3 3 3
 4    4    27    16
2 2  2
27 81
 9  16
2 2
 27  25
 2

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

(vi)f(x)  2x 3  9x 2  x  15
 3 
Remainder  f  
 2 
3 2
 3   3   3 
 2   9     15
 2   2   2 
27 81 3
    15
4 4 2
27 3
   15
2 2
30
  15  15  15  0
2

Solution 2:
(x − a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) if the remainder, when f(x) is divided by (x − a), is 0, i.e.,
if f (a) = 0.
(i)f(x)  5x 2  15x  50
f(2)  5(2)2  15(2)  50  20  30  50  0
Hence, x  2 is a factor of 5x 2  15x  50
(ii)f(x)  3x 2  x  2
2
 2   2   2  4 2
f    3      2    2  2  2  0
 3   3   3  3 3
Hence, 3x  2 is a factor of 3x 2  x  2
(iii)f(x)  x 3  3x 2  3x  1
f( 1)  ( 1)3  3( 1)2  3( 1)  1  1  3  3  1  0
Hence, x  1 is a factor of x 3  3x 2  3x  1

Solution 3:
By remainder theorem we know that when a polynomial f (x) is divided by x - a, then the
remainder is f(a).
Let f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 5x − 6
(i) f (−1) = 2(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 5(−1) − 6 = −2 + 3 + 5 − 6 = 0
Thus, (x + 1) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
(ii)

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

3 2
 1  1  1  1
f    2   3   5   6
2 2 2 2
1 3 5
   6
4 4 2
5 15
  5  0
2 2
Thus, (2x − 1) is not a factor of the polynomial f(x).
(iii) f (−2) = 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − 5(−2) − 6 = −16 + 12 + 10 − 6 = 0
Thus, (x + 2) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
(iv)
3 2
2 3 3 2
f    2   3   5   6
3 2 2 3
16 4 10
   6
27 3 3
16
 26
27
16
 8  0
27
Thus, (3x − 2) is not a factor of the polynomial f (x).
(v)
3 2
3 3 3 3
f    2   3   5   6
2 2 2 2
27 27 15
   6
4 4 2
27 15
  6
2 2
 66 0
Thus, (2x − 3) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

Solution 4:
(i) 2x + 1 is a factor of f(x) = 2x2 + ax − 3.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

 1 
f    0
 2
2
 1   1 
 2   a   3  0
 2  2
1 a
  3
2 2
 1 a  6
 a  5
(ii) 3x − 4 is a factor of g(x) = 3x2 + 2x − k.
4
f  0
3
2
4 4
 3   2   k  0
3 3
16 8
  k  0
3 3
24
 k
3
k 8

Solution 5:
Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx – 12
x−2=0⟹x=2
x − 2 is a factor of f(x). So, remainder = 0
  2   a  2   b  2   12  0
3 2

 8  4a  2b  12  0
 4a  2b  4  0
 2a  b  2  0 ..........(1)
x + 3 = 0 ⟹ x = −3
x + 3 is a factor of f(x). So, remainder = 0
  3   a  3   b  3   12  0
3 2

 27  9a  3b  12  0
 9a  3b  39  0
 3a  b  13  0 ..........(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get,

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

5a − 15 = 0
⟹a=3
Putting the value of a in (1), we get,
6+b−2=0
⟹ b = −4

Solution 6:
Let f(x) = (3k + 2)x3 + (k − 1)
−1
2x + 1 = 0 ⟹ x =
2
Since, 2x + 1 is a factor of f(x), remainder is 0.
3
 1 
  3k  2     k  1  0
 2
  3k  2 
   k  1  0
8
3k  2  8k  8
 0
8
 5k  10  0
k 2

Solution 7:
f(x) = 2x5 − 6x4 − 2ax3 + 6ax2 + 4ax + 8
x−2=0⇒x=2
Since, x − 2 is a factor of f(x), remainder = 0.
2(2)5 − 6(2)4 − 2a(2)3 + 6a(2)2 + 4a(2) + 8 = 0
64 − 96 − 16a + 24a + 8a + 8 = 0
−24 + 16a = 0
16a = 24
a = 1.5

Solution 8:
Let f(x) = x3 + (3m + 1) x2 + nx − 18
x−1=0⇒x=1
x − 1 is a factor of f(x). So, remainder = 0

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

 1   3m  11  n 1  18  0

3 2

 1  3m  1  n  18  0
 3m  n  16  0 ........... 1
x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2
x + 2 is a factor of f(x). So, remainder = 0
  2    3m  1 2   n  2   18  0
3 2

 8  12m  4  2n  18  0
 12m  2n  22  0
 6m  n  11  0 ...........  2 
Adding (1) and (2), we get,
9m − 27 = 0
m=3
Putting the value of m in (1), we get,
3(3) + n − 16 =0
9 + n − 16 = 0
n=7

Solution 9:
Let f(x) = x3 + 2x2 − kx + 4
x−2=0⇒x=2
On dividing f(x) by x − 2, it leaves a remainder k.
 f  2  k

 2  2  2  k  2  4  k
3 2

8  8  2k  4  k
20  3k
20 2
k 6
3 3

Solution 10:
Let f(x) = ax3 + 9x2 + 4x − 10
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3
On dividing f(x) by x + 3, it leaves a remainder 5.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

 f  3   5
a  3   9  3   4  3   10  5
3 2

27a  81  12  10  5
54  27a
a2

Solution 11:
Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 6
x−2=0⟹x=2
Since, x - 2 is a factor, remainder = 0
 f  2  0

 2  a  2  b  2  6  0
3 2

8  4a  2b  6  0
2a  b  7  0 .......... i 
x−3=0⟹x=3
On dividing f(x) by x − 3, it leaves a remainder 3.
 f 3  3

3  a 3  b 3  6  3

3 2

27  9a  3b  6  3
3a  b  10  0 .......... ii 
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get,
a+3=0
a = −3
Substituting the value of a in (i), we get,
−6+b+7=0
b = −1

Solution 12:
Let f(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx − 2
3
2x − 3 = 0 x =
2
On dividing f(x) by 2x − 3, it leaves a remainder 7.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

3 2
3 3 3
 2   a   b   2  7
2 2 2
27 9a 3b
  9
4 4 2
27  9a  6b
9
4
27  9a  6b  36
9a  6b  9  0
3a  2b  3  0 ..........  i 
x + 2 = 0 ⟹ x = −2
On dividing f(x) by x + 2, it leaves a remainder 0.
 2  2   a  2   b  2   2  0
3 2

16  4a  2b  2  0
4a  2b  18  0 ........... ii 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
7a − 21 = 0
a=3
Substituting the value of a in (i), we get,
3 3  2b  3  0
9 + 2b − 3 = 0
2b = −6
b = −3

Solution 13:
Let the number k be added and the resulting polynomial be f(x).
So, f(x) = 3x3 − 5x2 + 6x + k
It is given that when f(x) is divided by (x − 3), the remainder is 8.
 f 3  8
3 3   5 3   6 3   k  8
3 2

81  45  18  k  8
54  k  8
k   46
Thus, the required number is −46

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Solution 14:
Let the number to be subtracted be k and the resulting polynomial be f(x).
So, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 − 8x + 14 − k
It is given that when f(x) is divided by (x − 2), the remainder is 10.
 f  2   10

 2  3  2   8  2   14  k  10
3 2

8  12  16  14  k  10
18  k  10
k8
Thus, the required number is 8.

Solution 15:
Let f(x) = 2x3 − 7x2 + ax − 6
x−2=0⇒x=2
When f(x) is divided by (x − 2), remainder = f (2)
 f  2  2  2  7  2  a  2  6
3 2

 16  28  2a  6
 2a  18
Let g(x) = x3 − 8x2 + (2a + 1) x − 16
When g(x) is divided by (x − 2), remainder = g(2)
 g  2    2   8  2    2a  1 2   16
3 2

 8  32  4a  2  16
 4a  38
By the given condition, we have:
f (2) = g (2)
2a − 18 = 4a − 38
4a − 2a = 38 − 18
2a = 20
a = 10
Thus, the value of a is 10.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

EXERCISE. 8(B)

Solution 1:
(i) Let f(x) = x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18
x−2=0⟹x=2
∴ Remainder = f (2)
= (2)3 − 2(2)2 − 9(2) + 18
= 8 − 8 − 18 + 18
=0
Hence, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
Now, we have:
x2  9
x  2 x 3  2x 2  9x  18
x 3  2x 2
 9x  18
9x  18
0
∴ x − 2x − 9x + 18 = (x − 2) (x2 − 9) = (x − 2) (x + 3) (x − 3)
3 2

(ii) Let f (x) = 2x3 + 5x2 − 28x − 15

x + 5 = 0 ⟹ x = −5
∴ Remainder = f (−5)
= 2(−5)3 + 5(−5)2 − 28(−5) − 15
= −250 + 125 + 140 − 15
= −265 + 265
=0
Hence, (x + 5) is a factor of f(x).
Now, we have:
2x 2  5x  3
x  5 2x 3  5x 2  28x  15
2x 3  10x 2
 5x 2  28x
5x 2  25x
 3x  15
3x  15
0
∴ 2x + 5x − 28x − 15 = (x + 5) (2x2 − 5x − 3)
3 2

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

= (x + 5) [2x2 − 6x + x − 3]
= (x + 5) [2x(x − 3) + 1(x − 3)]
= (x + 5) (2x + 1) (x - 3)

(iii) Let f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 − 3x − 2

2
3x + 2 = 0  x 
3
 2 
∴ Remainder = f  
 3 
3 2
 2   2   2 
 3   2   3   2
 3   3   3 
8 8
  22
9 9
0
Hence, (3x + 2) is a factor of f(x).
Now, we have:
x2  1
3x  2 3x 3  2x 2  3x  2
3x 3  2x 2
 3x  2
3x  2
0
 
 3x3  2x 2  3x  2   3x  2 x 2  1  3x  2  x  1 x  1
3 2
(iv) f(x) = 2x + 5x - 11x - 14
7
2x + 7 = 0  x 
2
 7 
Remainder = f  
 2 
3 2
 7   7   7 
 2   5   11   14
 2   2   2 
343 245 77
    14
4 4 2
49 77
   14
2 2
28
  14
2
 14  14  0

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Hence, (2x + 7) is a factor of f(x).

Now, we have:
x2  x  2
2x  7 2x 3  5x 2  11x  14
2x 3  7x 2
 2x 2  11x
2x 2  7x
 4x  14
4x  14
0
 2x 3  5x 2  11x  14  (2x  7) x 2  x  2 

  2x  7  x 2  2x  x  2 
  2x  7   x  x  2    x  2  
  2x  7  x  2  x  1

Solution 2:
(i)
For x  2,the value of the given
expression 3x 3  2x 2  19x  6
 3  2   2  2   19  2   6
3 2

 24  8  38  6
0
 x  2 is a factor of 3x 3  2x 2  19x  6
Now let us do long division.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

3x 2  8x  3
x  2 3x 3  2x 2  19x  6
3x 3  6x 2
8x 2  19x
8x 2  16x
 3x  6
3x  6
0
Thus we have,

3x 3  2x 2  19x  6   x  2  3x 2  8x  3 

  x  2  3x 2  9x  x  3 
  x  2   3x  x  3    x  3  
  x  2  3x  1 x  3 
(ii) Let f (x) = 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6
For x = 2,
f(x) = f(2) = 2(2)3 + (2)2 − 13(2) + 6 = 16 + 4 − 26 + 6 = 0
Hence, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
2x 2  5x  3
x  2 2x 3  x 2  13x  6
2x 3  4x 2
5x 2  13x
5x 2  10x
 3x  6
3x  6
0

 2x 3  x 2  13x  6   x  2  2x 2  5x  3 

  x  2  2x 2  6x  x  3 
  x  2  2x  x  3    x  3  
  x  2  2x  x  3    x  3  
(iii) f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 − 23x − 30
For x = −2,
f(x) = f(−2) = 3(−2)3 + 2(−2)2 − 23(−2) − 30
= −24 + 8 + 46 − 30 = −54 + 54 = 0
Hence, (x + 2) is a factor of f(x).

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

3x 2  4x  15
x  2 3x 3  2x 2  23x  30
3x 3  6x 2
 4x 2  23x
4x 2  8x
 15x  30
15x  30
0

 3x 3  2x 2  23x  30   x  2  3x 2  4x  15 

  x  2  3x 2  5x  9x  15 
  x  2   x  3x  5   3  3x  5  
  x  2  3x  5  x  3 
(iv) f(x) = 4x3 + 7x2 − 36x − 63
For x = 3,
f(x) = f(3) = 4(3)3 + 7(3)2 − 36(3) − 63
= 108 + 63 − 108 − 63 = 0
Hence, (x + 3) is a factor of f (x).
4x 2  5x  21
x  3 4x 3  7x 2  36x  63
4x 3  12x 2
 5x 2  36x
5x 2  15x
 21x  63
21x  63
0

 4x 3  7x 2  36x  63   x  3  4x 2  5x  21 

  x  3  4x 2  12x  7x  21 
  x  3   4x  x  3   7  x  3  
  x  3  4x  7  x  3 
(v) f (x) = x3 + x2 − 4x − 4
For x = −1,
f(x) = f(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 − 4(−1) − 4
= −1 + 1 + 4 − 4 = 0
Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

x2  4
x  1 x 3  x 2  4x  4
x3  x2
 4x  4
4x  4
0

 x3  x 2  4x  4   x  1 x 2  4 
  x  1 x  2  x  2 

Solution 3:
Let f(x) = 3x3 + 10x2 + x − 6
For x = − 1,
f(x) = f(−1) = 3(−1)3 + 10(−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = −3 + 10 − 1 − 6 = 0
Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
3x 2  7x  6
x  1 3x 3  10x 2  x  6
3x 3  3x 2
7x 2  x
7x 2  7x
 6x  6
6x  6
0

 3x 3  10x 2  x  6   x  1 3x 2  7x  6 

  x  1 3x 2  9x  2x  6 
  x  1 3x  x  3   2  x  3  
  x  1 x  3  3x  2 
Now, 3x3 + 10x2 + x − 6 = 0
  x  1 x  3  3x  2   0
2
 x  1, 3,
3

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Solution 4:
f (x) = 2x3 − 7x2 − 3x + 18
For x = 2,
f(x) = f(2) = 2(2)3 − 7(2)2 − 3(2) + 18
= 16 − 28 − 6 + 18 = 0
Hence, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
2x 2  3x  9
x  2 2x 3  7x 2  3x  18
2x 3  4x 2
 3x 2  3x
3x 2  6x
 9x  18
9x  18
0

 2x 3  7x 2  3x  18   x  2  2x 2  3x  9 

  x  2  2x 2  6x  3x  9 
  x  2  2x  x  3   3  x  3  
  x  2  x  3  2x  3 
Now,f(x)  0
 2x3  7x2  3x  18  0
  x  2  x  3  2x  3   0
3
 x  2,3,
2

Solution 5:
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + ax + b
Since, (x − 2) is a factor of f (x), f (2) = 0
⟹ (2)3 + 3(2)2 + a(2) + b = 0
⟹ 8 + 12 + 2a + b = 0
⟹ 2a + b + 20 = 0 ...(i)
Since, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x), f (−1) = 0
⟹ (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 + a (−1) + b = 0
⟹ −1 + 3 − a + b = 0
⟹ −a + b + 2 = 0 ........... (ii)

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get,

3a + 18 = 0
⟹a=−6
Substituting the value of a in (ii), we get,
b = a − 2 = −6 − 2 = −8
∴ f (x) = x3 + 3x2 − 6x − 8
Now, for x = −1,
f(x) = f(−1) = (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 6(−1) − 8 = −1 + 3 + 6 − 8 = 0
Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).
x 2  2x  8
x  1 x 3  3x 2  6x  8
x3  x2
2x 2  6x
2x 2  2x
 8x  8
8x  8
0

 x 3  3x 2  6x  8   x  1 x 2  2x  8 

  x  1 x 2  4x  2x  8 
  x  1  x  x  4   2  x  4  
  x  1 x  4  x  2 

Solution 6:
Let f(x) = 4x3 − bx2 + x − c
It is given that when f(x) is divided by (x + 1), the remainder is 0.
f(− 1) = 0
4(− 1)3 − b(− 1)2 + (− 1) − c = 0
−4− b− 1− c=0
b + c + 5 = 0 ...(i)
It is given that when f(x) is divided by (2x − 3), the remainder is 30.

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

3
 f    30
2
3 2
3 3 3
4    b       c  30
2 2 2
27 9b 3
   c  30
2 4 2
54  9b  6  4c  120  0
9b  4c  60  0 ...........  ii 
Multiplying (i) by 4 and subtracting it from (ii), we get,
5b + 40 = 0
b=−8
Substituting the value of b in (i), we get,
c=−5+8=3
Therefore, f(x) = 4x3 + 8x2 + x − 3
Now, for x = − 1, we get,
f(x) = f(−1) = 4(− 1)3 + 8(− 1)2 + (− 1) − 3 = − 4 + 8 − 1 − 3 = 0
Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
4x 2  4x  3
x  1 4x 3  8x 2  x  3
4x 3  4x 2
4x 2  x
4x 2  4x
 3x  3
3x  3
0

 4x 3  8x 2  x  3   x  1 4x 2  4x  3 

  x  1 4x 2  6x  2x  3 
  x  1 2x  2x  3    2x  3  
  x  1 2x  3  2x  1

Solution 7:
f (x) = x2 + px + q
It is given that (x + a) is a factor of f (x).

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

 f  a   0
  a   p  a   q  0
2

 a2  pa  q  0
 a2  pa  q ..........  i 
g(x) = x2 + mx + n
It is given that (x + a) is a factor of g(x).
 g  a   0
  a   m  a   n  0
2

 a2  ma  n  0
 a2  ma  n ........... ii 
From (i) and (ii), we get,
pa − q = ma − n
n − q = a(m − p)
nq
a
mp
Hence, proved.

Solution 8:
Let f (x) = ax3 + 3x2 − 3
When f(x) is divided by (x − 4), remainder = f (4)
f (4) = a (4)3 + 3(4)2 − 3 = 64a + 45
Let g (x) = 2x3 − 5x + a
When g(x) is divided by (x − 4), remainder = g (4)
g (4) = 2(4)3 − 5(4) + a = a + 108
It is given that f (4) = g (4)
64a + 45 = a + 108
63a = 63
a=1

Solution 9:
Let f(x) = x3 − ax2 + x + 2
It is given that (x − a) is a factor of f(x).
∴ Remainder = f (a) = 0

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

a3 − a 3 + a + 2 = 0
a+2=0
a = −2

Solution 10:
Let the number to be subtracted from the given polynomial be k.
Let f(y) = 3y3 + y2 − 22y + 15 − k
It is given that f(y) is divisible by (y + 3).
Remainder = f(−3) = 0
3(−3)3 + (−3)2 − 22(−3) + 15 − k = 0
− 81 + 9 + 66 + 15 − k = 0
9−k=0
k=9

EXERCISE. 8 (C)

Solution 1:
Let f(x) = x3 − 7x2 + 14x − 8
f(1) = (1)3 − 7(1)2 + 14(1) − 8 = 1 − 7 + 14 − 8 = 0
Hence, (x − 1) is a factor of f (x).
x 2  6x  8
x  1 x 3  7x 2  14x  8
x3  x 2
 6x 2  14x
6x 2  6x
8x  8
8x  8
0

 x 3  7x 2  14x  8   x  1 x 2  6x  8 

  x  1 x 2  2x  4x  8 
  x  1  x  x  2   4  x  2  
  x  1 x  2  x  4 

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Solution 2:
Let f (x) = 2x3 + 7x2 − 8x − 28
For x = 2,
f(x) = f(2) = 2(2)3 + 7(2)2 − 8(2) − 28 = 16 + 28 − 16 − 28 = 0
Hence, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
2x 2  11x  14
x  2 2x 3  7x 2  8x  28
2x 3  4x 2
11x 2  8x
11x 2  22x
14x  28
14x  28
0

 2x 3  7x 2  8x  28   x  2  2x 2  11x  14 

  x  2  2x 2  4x  7x  14 
  x  2  2x  x  2   7  x  2  
  x  2  x  2  2x  7 

Solution 3:
Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 − mx + 4
According to the given information,
f(2) = m + 3
(2)3 + 3(2)2 − m(2) + 4 = m + 3
8 + 12 − 2m + 4 = m + 3
24 − 3 = m + 2m
3m = 21
m=7

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

Solution 4:
Let the required number be k.
Let f(x) = 3x3 − 8x2 + 4x − 3 − k
According to the given information,
f (−2) = 0
3(−2)3 − 8(−2)2 + 4(−2) − 3 − k = 0
−24 − 32 − 8 − 3 − k = 0
−67 − k = 0
k = −67
Thus, the required number is − 67.

Solution 5:
Let f(x) = x3 + (a + 1) x2 − (b − 2) x − 6
Since, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
∴ Remainder = f (-1) = 0
(−1)3 + (a + 1)( −1)2 − (b − 2) (−1) − 6 = 0
−1 + (a + 1) + (b − 2) − 6 = 0
a + b − 8 = 0 ...(i)
Since, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
∴ Remainder = f(2) = 0
(2)3 + (a + 1) (2)2 − (b − 2) (2) − 6 = 0
8 + 4a + 4 − 2b + 4 − 6 = 0
4a − 2b + 10 = 0
2a − b + 5 = 0 ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
3a − 3 = 0
a=1
Substituting the value of a in (i), we get,
1+b−8=0
b=7
∴ f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 5x - 6
Now, (x + 1) and (x - 2) are factors of f (x). Hence, (x + 1) (x - 2) = x2 - x - 2 is a factor of f (x).

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

x3
x  x  2 x 3  2x 2  5x  6
2

x 2  x 2  2x
3x 2  3x  6
3x 2  3x  6
0
3 2
∴ f(x) = x + 2x − 5x − 6 = (x + 1) (x − 2) (x + 3)

Solution 6:
Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b
Since, (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
∴ Remainder = f(2) = 0
(2)2 + a(2) + b = 0
4 + 2a + b = 0
2a + b = −4 ...(i)
It is given that:
a + b = 1 ...(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get,
a = −5
Substituting the value of a in (ii), we get,
b = 1 − (−5) = 6

Solution 7:
Let f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
For x = −1
f(−1) = (−1)3 + 6(-1)2 + 11(−1) + 6
= −1 + 6 − 11 + 6 = 12 − 12 = 0
Hence, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

x 2  5x  6
x  1 x 3  6x 2  11x  6
x3  x 2
5x 2  11x
5x 2  5x
6x  6
6x  6
0

 x 3  6x 2  11x  6   x  1 x 2  5x  6 

  x  1 x 2  2x  3x  6 
  x  1  x  x  2   3  x  2  
  x  1 x  2  x  3 

Solution 8:
Let f(x) = mx3 + 2x2 − 3
g(x) = x2 − mx + 4
It is given that f (x) and g (x) leave the same remainder when divided by (x − 2). Therefore, we
have:
f (2) = g (2)
m(2)3 + 2(2)2 − 3 = (2)2 − m(2) + 4
8m + 8 − 3 = 4 − 2m + 4
10m = 3
3
m=
10

Solution 9:
Let f(x) = px3 + 4x2 − 3x + q
It is given that f(x) is completely divisible by (x2 − 1) = (x + 1) (x − 1).
Therefore, f(1) = 0 and f (−1) = 0
f(1) = p(1)3 + 4(1)2 − 3(1) + q = 0
p + q + 1 = 0 ...(i)
f(−1) = p(−1)3 + 4(−1)2 − 3(−1) + q = 0
−p + q + 7 = 0 ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

2q + 8 = 0
q = −4
Substituting the value of q in (i), we get,
p = −q − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
∴ f(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 4
Given that f(x) is completely divisible by (x2 − 1)
3x  4
x 2  1 3x 3  4x 2  3x  4
3x 3  3x
4x 2
4
4x 2 4
0

 3x  4x  3x  4  x 2  1  3x  4 
3 2

  x  1 x  1 3x  4 

Solution 10:
Let the required number be k.
Let f(x) = x2 + x + 3 + k
It is given that f(x) is divisible by (x + 3).
∴ Remainder = 0
f (−3) = 0
(−3)2 + (−3) + 3 + k = 0
9−3+3+k=0
9+k=0
k = −9
Thus, the required number is − 9.

Solution 11:
It is given that when the polynomial x3 + 2x2 − 5ax − 7 is divided by (x − 1), the remainder is
A.
∴ (1)3 + 2(1)2 − 5a(1) − 7 = A
1 + 2 − 5a − 7 = A
− 5a − 4 = A ...(i)
It is also given that when the polynomial x3 + ax2 − 12x + 16 is divided by (x + 2), the remainder
is B.
∴ x3 + ax2 − 12x + 16 = B
(−2)3 + a(−2)2 − 12(−2) + 16 = B

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

−8 + 4a + 24 + 16 = B
4a + 32 = B ...(ii)
It is also given that 2A + B = 0
Using (i) and (ii), we get,
2(−5a − 4) + 4a + 32 = 0
− 10a − 8 + 4a + 32 = 0
− 6a + 24 = 0
6a = 24
a=4

Solution 12:
Let f(x) = (a − 1)x3 + (a + 1)x2 − (2a + 1)x − 15
It is given that (3x + 5) is a factor of f(x).
 Remainder  0
 5 
f 0
 3 
3 2
5 5 5
 a  1     a  1     2a  1    15  0
 3   3   3 
125   5 
 a  1  
 25 
  a  1     2a  1    15  0
 27   9   3 
125  a  1  75  a  1  45  2a  1  405
0
27
125a  125  75a  75  90a  45  405  0
40a  160  0
401  160
a4
∴ f(x) = (a - 1)x3 + (a + 1)x2 - (2a + 1)x - 15
= 3x3 + 5x2 - 9x – 15
x2  3
3x  5 3x 3  5x 2  9x  15
3x 3  5x 2
 9x  15
 9x  15
0

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Class X Chapter 8 – Remainder and Factor Theorems Maths

 3x3  5x 2  9x  15   3x  5  x 2  3  
 
  3x  5  x  3 x  3 

Solution 13:
If (x − 3) divides f(x) = x3 − px2 + x + 6, then,
Remainder = f(3) = 33 − p(3)2 + 3 + 6 = 36 − 9p
If (x − 3) divides g(x) = 2x3 − x2 − (p + 3) x − 6, then
Remainder = g(3) = 2(3)3 − (3)2 − (p + 3) (3) − 6 = 30 − 3p
Now, f(3) = g(3)
⟹ 36 − 9p = 30 − 3p
⟹ − 6p = −6
⟹p=1

Solution 14:
f(x) = 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6
Factors of constant term 6 are ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.
Putting x = 2, we have:
f(2) = 2(2)3 + 22 − 13 (2) + 6 = 16 + 4 − 26 + 6 = 0
Hence (x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
2x 2  5x  3
x  2 2x 3  x 2  13x  6
2x 3  4x 2
5x 2  13x
5x 2  10x
 3x  6
 3x  6
0

2x 3  x 2  13x  6   x  2  2x 2  5x  3 
  x  2   2x 2
 6x  x  3 
  x  2   2x  x  3   1 x  3  
  x  2  2x  1 x  3 

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