5/27/2016

KIOT DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

WITH ELLIPTICAL HEAD

PREPARED BY QUALITY CIRCLE 3

SUBMITTED TO YIGAZU

ETHIOPIA,KOMBOLCHA

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 Design of pressure vessel with elliptical head

PREPARDBY

NAME ID NO

1. DAGNACHEW AGEGN……………………….0298/06

2. EYOB TESSEMA …………………………….0410/06

3. MEKUANNT TSEDALU……………………….0749/06

4. SARA YOSEF ………………………………….0968/06

5. YOSEF GIRMA …………………………………1286/05

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ACKNOWLEGMENT

Frist we would like to thank God for everything he has done for us.

Next we would like to thank our instructor Yigezu, to give this project.

Finally we respect all people who help us by idea how to

get information and willing of materials for the succession of the project

to be done well.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITTLEPAGE

1. CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………. 9

1.1 INTROUDUCTION…………………………………………….. 9

1.2 BACK GROUND………………………………………………..11

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM………………………. …............13

1.4 OBJECTIVE……………………………………………….…… 14

1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE……………………………………….14

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE……………………………….….14

1.5 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………..…..14

1.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE……………………………………..….15

1.7 SIGINIFECANT …………………………………………………16

1.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATION ……………………………………17

2. CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………...18

2.1 LITERATURERIVIEW……………………………………….…18

2.2 CLASSIFICATION…………………………………………….…19

2.3 COMPONANT………………………………………………….....21

3. CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………....23

3.1 ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE VESSEL……………………………23

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3.1.1 GEOMETERIC ANALYSIS………………………….……..23

3.1.2 STRESS ANALYSIS…………………………………..…….25

3.1.2.1 MATERIAL SELECTION……………………………25

3.1.2.2 STRESS ACTING ON PRESSURE VESSEL….…….28

3.1.2.2.1 HOOP STRESS…………………………………….29

3.1.2.2.2 LONGITUDENAL STRESS……………………….30

3.1.3 ANALYSIS OF NOZZLE……………………………………31

3.1.3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION……………………….……32

3.1.4 ANALYSIS OF ELIPTICAL HEAD………………………....33

3.1.4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION……………………………..33

3.1.5 ANALYSIS OF JOINT………………………………………..34

3.1.6 ANALYSIS OF SUPPORTER………………………………..36

3.1.6.1 FORCE AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF SUPPORTER..37

3.1.6.2 MATERIAL SELECTION………………………………37

4. CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………...38

4.1 DESIGN REQUIREMNT……………………………………………..38

APPENDIX 1 conclusion…………………………………………………43

APPENDIX 2 Referance…………………………………………. ……44

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LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE

LIST PAGE

FIGURE -1 …………………………………………………………..15

FIGURE-2……………………………………………………………21

FIGURE-3……………………………………………………………23

FIGURE-4…………………………………………………………….28

FIGURE-5……………………………………………………………..28

FIGURE-6…………………………………………………………….29

FIGURE-7…………………………………………………………….29

FIGURE-8…………………………………………………………….32

FIGURE-9…………………………………………………………….37

TABLE 1…….………………………………………………………27

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ABRRIVATIONS

NAME SYMBOLE

Diameter………………………………………………………. d

Volume flow rate……………………………………………….. Q

Area………………………………………………………………. A

Length…………………………………………………………….. L

Volume…………………………………………………………….. V

Force………………………………………………………………. F

Thickness………………………………………………………….. t

Hoop stress…………………………………………………………. ℎ

Longitudinal stress………………………………………....

Maximum shear stress…………………………………….

Internal pressure ……………………………………………Pin

Pressure……………………………………………………...p

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Velocity……………………………………………………. V

Minimum diameter……………………………………….. dmin (a)

Maximum diameter……………………………………….. dmax(b)

Constant……………………………………………………. K

Yield stress…………………………………………………

Elastic modulus …………………………………………… E

Density ……………………………………………………..ρ

Weight…………………………………………………….. W

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ABSTRACT
The general over view of this project is contain introduction about
pressure vessel and its classification based on different features(thing)
and it is application and its component analysis for each joining method
and its analysis, material selection for produce pressure vessel.
And this project talk about the design requirement of pressure vessel and
the type of failure mode criteria and finally it is approach one type of
failure.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1INTRODUCTION

Pressure vessel is one type of vessel (device) used to store high

pressurized fluid it is used also not only to store high pressurized

fluid but it used to transmit in designing of pressure vessel should

be more carefully b/c it is consequence large damage .the pressure

vessel is rapture by d/t cause the most cause is the pressure in

external and internal for example one of the pressure is excessed

the other the pressure vessel is occur .in this designing to control of

pressure vessel failure by using proper material selection and

dimension of the main components. The main failurity of pressure

vessel occur by internal pressure this pressure arise from the fluid

pressure to prevent the failures of pressure vessel by proper

thickness. Thickness in pressure vessel is the main issue to prevent

the occupancy of pressure vessel.

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In designing procedure of pressure vessel involve the following

parameter like maximum safe operating pressure and temperature,

FOS, corrosion, allowance, mini temperature and nondestructive

testing nordestructive testing. Example ultrasonic testing,

radiography, and pressure test. Pressure vessel are d/t code in d/t

country example ASME boiler and pressure vessel cod(BPVc) in

united states etc.

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1.2 BACKGROUND

Easier pressure vessel is develop by Leonardo davenche in 1495

it is discover a container of pressurized air were theorized to left

heavy weights under water, up to 1800 pressure vessel is not

discover by anouody. In 1800 is discovered the boiler by helping to

spore the industrial revolution. But in this design have many

problem for example poor materialquality and manufacturing

techniques along with proper knowledge of design,operation, and

maintenance by those cause it consequents large number of

damage and total explosive b/c of this around up to 1900 the

discoveries of pressure vessel is almost dead.to reduce the failure

of pressure vessel some rules must to reaserch.in 1911 and released

in 1914.approve ASME boiler and pressure vessel cod

(BPVC).according to by this rule to manufacture 69Mpa pressures

150 diameter of tank developing 1919 and it was specially wound

with to layer of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent side wall

ruptured and the end of caps longitudinal rain forced with length

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wise high tensile rods and for high pressure temperature vessel is

for petrol refineries and chemical plant gave rise to welding joint is

used instead of vet joint (1920,and 1930) including by BPVC.

These have been much advancement in the field of pressure vessel

such as advanced nondestructive examination phased array

ultrasonic testing and radiography. New material grades with

increased corrosion resistance and used strong welding material

and welds by FSW etc.BPVC in now a day common rule for over

the word [1]

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1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nowadays Presser vessel is used in higher industries level to

store and transmit of high pressurized fluid from one location to

another, because of this in designing of pressure vessel is required

highly to care to avoid failures of pressure vessel .the most

common problem associated with pressure vessel rupture or

shrinkage of it. This failure occur because of different factor

,example internal and external pressure, thickness of the pressure

vessel are some of the cause all are occur by poor material

properties therefore most present of failures avoid by proper

selection of material

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1.4OBJECTIVE

1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is design pressure vessel.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

The specific objective of this project is design cylindrical

pressure vessel that is elliptical head the working internal pressure

9.5MPa,volume capacity 500m3,and its velocity 20m/s. This

objective to be work fullywe are used following Methodologyas

follow.

1.5 METHODOLOGY

To do this project use analytical method to design each

component of presser vessel .including analytical method

consist geometrical analysis, stress analysis and capacity of

presser vessel.

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Stress analysis:-to calculate the hoop and longitudinal stress

occur in the inside presser vessel and how much stress with

stand each component.

Geometric analysis:- to analysis the thickness, diameter and

length of each component.

The jointed method when use to join each part to another

The drawing elliptical head presser vessel.

1.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE VESSEL

figure 1

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When shell contain a certain fluid ,the fluid contain a high pressure

this pressure have a great effect on the vessel material due to this effect

the principal stress exist on a material those stress are hoop and

longitudinal stress. Therefore the failure is hoop stress greater than yield

stress of the material.

1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Pressure vessels have a great significant role in many engineering

application start from small application to large application of to

transmit pressurized fluid. [3]

Pressure vessel used in garage

High pressure chemical reactors

High pressure mixers

Super critical extraction system

The special application of pressure vessel EPSI known

as “HOT ISO STATIC PRESS”. In a chamber (HIPIC) is isolates

the lode material in an isolated chamber eliminated potential

leakage in to the HIP system.

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1.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Different assumption are there when we design pressure vessel, those

assumption are a requirement to do this project.

Those are:-

1. The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected.

2. In the pressure vessel the pressure of the fluid is tensile stresseffect

on the material.

3. The tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the section of the

well.

4. The effect of the restraining action of the head at the end of the

pressure vessel is neglected.

5. We have not considered the mass of the fluid. But we have to

consider to design the supporter.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1LITERATURE REVIEW

Presser vessel is a closed container design to hold gases or liquid at

pressure substachtually different from atmospheric pressure. The

cylindrical vessel used as contain to store fluid in various industries. The

fluid may at elevated temperature and pressurized state. The main

application of presser vessel in necular reactor. The design of presser

vessel is occur by different code. ASME is one and the traditional code

of presser vessel. The design of pressure vessel occur by two way

1. Design by rule

2. Design by analysis

1. Design by rule-by using the known rule calculated based shell

thickness, thermo mechanical stress and keeping stress below the

allowable stress

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2. Design by analysis-by calculating each component of geometry

stress etc.[4]

2.2CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.According to the dimension

Thick shell – thickness shell

greater than and Pin greater than allowable stress

Thin shell – thickness of shell

less than and Pin less than allowable stress [2]

2. According to end

Open end – the end is open

example cylinder in this type of pressure vessel have only hoop

stress.[2]

Closed end – the end is closed

example container in this type of pressure vessel have both hoop

and longitudinal stress.[2]

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3. According to head type

Sphere and hemispherical end –

the end of the pressure vessel is sphere or lime sphere(elliptical)

Ellipsoidal head – the end of the

pressure vessel is ellipse shape

Conical head – the end of

pressure vessel is conical shape

Torispherical head the end of the

pressure vessel have to spherical head. [2]

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2.3 COMPONENT OF PRESSER VESSEL

Figure 2

1. Shell: - it is the main component or part of presser vessel to

contain the pressurized fluid

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2. Nozzle:-is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell

or presser vessel

3. Head:-it is the closed part of the end .it is used to cover the presser

vessel and to prevent the store fluid from falling. It is curved shape

because of less expensive and thinner etc.

TYPE OF HEAD

• Hemispherical head

• Elliptical head

• Conical head

• Tro spherical head

4. Supporter:-used to bear all the load of presser vessel earthquake

:-it is considered to be non-pressurized part of the

vessel

TYPE OF SUPPORT

• Saddle supporter

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• Skirt supporter
supporte

• Leg supporter

• Lug supporter

CHAPTER THREE

3.1ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

3.1.1 GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS

The overall dimension of presser vessel meaning diameter,

length and thickness. But diameter and length can be calculated

now, but thickness can be calculated after stress analysis.

Figure 3

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Volume flow rate =area*velocity

500m3 /min =πd2 /4*20m/s

d=728mm

Volume flow rate=(area*length)/unit time

500m3 /min= (πd2 /4*length)/min

Length=874m

Volume of cylindrical shell (V)=π/4*d2*L

V=π/4*(728mm)2*874m=463.21m3

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Volume

ofellipticalhead4/3*π*a*b*c=4/3*0.728m*0.182m*0.092m=

0.051m3

Therefore the total volume is

463.21m3+0.051m3=463.261m3

3.1.2 STRESS ANALYSIS

3.1.2.1MATERIAL SELECTION

When we calculate stress i.e. hoop and longitudinal stress the

best material selection is appropriate for this project (not all

project). Because we have differentiate the presser vessel is either

thin or thick this differentiate based on either thickness or

allowable stress of material are given.

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Thick shell – thickness shell

greater than and internal pressure greater than allowable

stress

Thin shell – thickness of shell

less than and internal pressure less than allowable stress

Due to this reason we have select material before the project.

Therefore we have selected the material from table 1.

Generally for safe work we select the material steel FeE270 Criteria

• It is suitable for production of pressure vessel

• It have a good yield stress 270MPa

• It have a good minimumtensile stress 360MPa

• It have a minimum percentage elongation-25m

• Density 7850 kg/m3

• Melting temperature 1510 0c

• Thermal conductivity 50.2 0c

• Coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 0c 11.1Nm/m/z

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• Elastic modulus 200 Gpa

• Allowable stress 100 Mpa

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Table 1

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3.1.2.2 STRESS ACT ON PRESSURE VESSEL SHELL

Stress act on pressure vessel shell

is two type

1. Longitudinal stress – the tensile stress act on the direction of

axis

2. Hoop stress – it acts on the radial direction of the axis

Longitudinal stress

Figure 4 Figure 5

Hoop stress

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Figure 6 Figure 7

3.1.2.2.1HOOP STRESS

Force acting on the longitudinal direction

∗ ∗ … … … … … . . … . 1
1

Resisting force acting on cylinder wall

∗ 2 ∗ …….………………. 2

P*d*L= ∗2 ∗

/2

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3.1.2.2.2LONGITUDINAL STRESS

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
4

Note Pin<1/6 allowable stress then the shell is thin and Pin>allowable

stress then the shell is thick.

1/6(allowablestress) =1/6(100Mpa) =16.6666667Mpa

9.5Mpa<16.6666667Mpa hence the shell is Thin.

In ductile material hoop stress may be taken as 0.8*yield

stress.

In brittle material hoop stress may be taken as 0.125*ultimate

stress.

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Steel FeE270 have ductile material therefore

ℎ 0.8 ∗

ℎ 0.8 ∗ 270#

ℎ 216#

ℎ
108#
2

2 ℎ

9.5# ∗ 728
2 ∗ 216#

16

ℎ− 216# − 108#
54#
2 2

3.1.3 ANALYSIS OF NOZZLE

Nozzle is a device increase the velocity of fluid used in many area jet

engines, rockets, space craft and even garden houses

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3.1.3.1MATERIAL SELECTION

Nozzle made with steel by this case use the above properties

V1 nozzle V2

figure 8

V1< V2

P1 < P2

V1A1 =V2A2

A2=V1A1/V2 A1=πd2/4=π (728mm) 2/4

A1=0.42m2

A2 is assumed because we have determined the out let velocity V2.

A2=A1/2=0.42/2=0.21m2

V2=V1A1/A2=(20m/s*0.42m2)/0.21m2=40m/s

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3.1.4 ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL HEAD

3.1.4 .1MATERIAL SELECTION

The elliptical head is made with steel

Advantage of elliptical head

Stress reduction ratio is so high

The blank diameter is smaller

It is easy to form

Dis advantage of elliptical head

Cannot weld any nozzle on the knuckle of

elliptical head

() ∗ *+, ∗ - ∗ .
( () + *+, )

9.5
182 ∗ 728 ∗ 0.9 ∗ . 25.8
360(728 + 182 )

≈ 26

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3.1.5 ANALYSIS OF JOINTS

Joints are used for joining the ellipse with shell the nozzle

etc. for joining ellipse head with shell is use but welding joint

( + 44 )
16 + 4

9.55/ (728 + 4 ∗ 91 )
16 ∗ 360 ∗ 91

10.2 ≈ 10.5

For joining of head with shell and nozzle is better used

frictional stir welding (FSW) instead of filler of fusion by the

following characteristics

FSW is occurs below the metal melting

temperature

Because of this welding defect and large distortion

commonly associated with fusion welding are avoid or

reduced

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It is suitable for built joint without any grove the

welding joints is made from base metal only

In our project is at stationary (not rotates) b/c of this the failure

made of pressure vessel is maximum normal stress

ℎ<

ℎ 216#

270#

216Mpa< 270Mpa the project is safe.

1
ℎ> 8
3

1
216 > 200
3

216# > 66.67# The material is safe.

ℎ − ℎ++ 9 , 99 & max ,()4( 9 , 99 >+, , 99?, @ 99

− ()( ? ,()4( 9 , 99

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3.1.6 ANALYSIS OF SUPPORTER

When we analysis the supporter the volume of the fluid is

essential, in geometric analysis the total volume is calculated.

Vtotal=463.2263m3

In this analysis determine the number of supporter, before that

the mass of the fluid is determined.

Let assume the fluid is water

Density of water=1000kg/m3

m=1000kg/m3*463.261m3=463261kg

w=mg=463261kg*9.81m/s2=4.55MN

Number of supporter=874m/6m=145.66667≈ 146

And each supporter has (4.55MN)/146=31.17KN

Note betweensupporters no more than 6m apart.

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3.1.6 .1 FORCE AND STRENGTH ANALYSIS

OFSUPPORTER

Figure 9

Fig 3 show that there are a number of supporter

Each supporter has (4.55MN)/146=31.17KN

3.1.6 .2MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selections of supporter are depending up on how much

compressive force applied on the supporter therefore mild steel is

better.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENT

In designing of pressure vessel the stress of material must be listed

the fos of pressure vessel is not less than valve that is specified by

standard being used

A. Applicable cod & standards – in design of pressure vessel

applicable section of the cod are the following

Permanent pressure vessel

Mobile or portable pressure vessel

Tubing system

Components

According to condition such as temperature, pressure and

fluid compatibility etc.

By selecting material compatible with each other as well as

with the service fluid

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To select to resist high stress caused by thermal expansion

B. Loadings - in designing of pressure vessel load have a great

effect

C. Temperature consideration - in the designing of pressure vessel

the temperature is not less than the mean metal temperature.

D. Material selection - is important in every designing so that in

designing of pressure vessel it is necessary to select good

material.to select material by using of the following method

Selected materials must be listed by appropriate codes

standards and technical literature as compatible for each

specific service

According to condition such as temperature, pressure &

fluid compatibility etc.

By selection material compatible with each other as well

as with the service fluid

To select to resist high stress caused by thermal expansion

E, welded design:-design all weldment in pressure vessel including

attachment made to pressure retaining bounder to get or satisfies the

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requirement. Design specifications used for weldment contain full

information of detail joint geometry, weld, type, size and location etc.

In selection of pressure vessel

device to take care because the rupture in pressure vessel is

highly affected or damage to follow a great effect on human

being.

F, over pressure protection requirement:-during in designing process

the pressure must be safe or it is not safe the pressure vessel is crack

during working time and it must be to resist surrounding temperature

influence or external source of heat (fire) .This satisfies the following

things.

1. Size to prevent press from rising more than 10% or 3psi initial

cracking or opening

a. When use multiple press device the press not more than 16%or

4psi but it is great or more than this pressure vessel rapture.

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b. When supplemental pressure device are installed to protect

against excessive pressure or unexpected source of external heat

to prevent the press raising more than21%.

2. Selected on the basis of their intended service.

3. Installed in according with the requirement of applicable ASME

code selection and in such away so that they are readily accessible

for inspection & cannot be rendered in operative

A. Over pressure protection exception for pressure vessel apples relief

device need not be installed on pressure vessel the source of

pressure and temperature influence is external to the vessels under

such positive control the press in the vessel cannot exceed the

MAWY and the design is approved by the PSMO

B. Pressure system design review – it consists (stress & load) the

detail drowing,design calculation, material selection, problem

identification about the pressure vessel

In designing of pressure vessel to contain the following data

i. Detail drawing & specification that gives adequate

information to determine MAWP.and it include material

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specification, type & grade dimension of the shell, head &

opening, weld joint geometry, actual weld size,non

distractive testing , performed, & other information is

required by the PSMO

ii. Design calculation talk about stress & load

thickness,length,dia,etc calculation

iii. Serial no or unique identifying number e.g. national board

registration number

Pressure test –it is to check the pressure vessel contain or

resist how much pressure

Wall thickness test

Material identification test results

Stress & load test etc.

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CONCLUSION
We conclude that the pressure vessel rupture or shrinkage occur
one of the pressure, external or internal less than or greater than
that of the other. To avoid this unequality by using proper
thickness. Therefor thickness is the major problem in the designing
of pressure vessel.

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REFERENCE

1. en Wikipedia.org/wiki/pressure vessel
2. Machine design by RSK
3. epsi-high pressure .com/product/
4. international journal of engineering science and research
technology-in India

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