Chapter No.

4
TORQUE
The force that tends to cause rotation
Or
The turning effect of a force

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 Torque
Lever arm length (m)

Torque (N.m) 𝝉 = r x F Sinθ

Clockwise rotation is a negative torque.
Force (N)
Counter clockwise rotation is a positive torque

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 Example 4.1 (page 10)

Given 90o

r= 0.3 m
F= 200 N
(a) 𝝉=?

As we know that

𝝉 = r x F sinθ

𝝉 = 0.3x 200 sin90

𝝉 = 60 Nm
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 Exercise 4.6 (page 23)

Given
r= 0.4 m
F= 100 N
(a) 𝝉=? (b)
r= 0.15 m
As we know that
𝝉 = 40 Nm
𝝉 = r x F sinθ F=?
F= 𝝉/(r sinθ)
𝝉 = 0.4x 100 sin90
F=40Nm/0.15m
𝝉 = 40 Nm F= 266.66 N
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 Couple
A pair of forces with equal magnitudes but
acting along the different line of action is called
a couple

F1
Line of action

Couple
F2
Line of action

F1 F2
Same Line of action

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 Examples of couple forces

Steering of car Bicycle pedals

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 Rigid Bodies

Rigid body
The center of mass of a rigid body remains constant.

A rigid body is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be

neglected.

The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant
in time regardless of external forces exerted on it.

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 Equilibrium Conditions of Rigid Bodies

1. The net force should be zero

∑F=0 Translational Equilibrium

2. The net torque on the object must be zero

∑𝝉=0 Rotational Equilibrium
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 Examples of Equilibirium

∑F=0

∑𝝉=0

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𝝉 = 640 ft.lb 𝝉 = 640 ft.lb
 Anticlockwise Clockwise
Torque Torque
If Anticlockwise Torque = Clockwise Torque
The see saw is in equilibrium (balanced)
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 Example 4.4 (page 14)

𝝉1 𝝉2
On Equilibrium

N
𝝉1 + 𝝉2 = 0
x1w1 – x2w2 = 0 x1 x2

x1w1 = x2w2
𝝉1 𝝉2
X2/X1 = W1/W2

X2/1 = 200/400 Anti Clock (+) Clock (-)

X2 = 0.5 m
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 Solving Torque Problems.
1) Identify the pivot
2) Identify all the forces acting
3) Work out clockwise and anticlockwise torques
4) Use

pivot

Counterclock (+) Clock (-)

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1st Condition: Example 4.6 (page 15) T Cable
Pivot
∑F=0
T- E - W = 0 (Eq. 1) 0.05 m

2nd Condition:
∑𝝉=0 0.15 m

W = 12N
-0.15(W) + 0.05(T) = 0 E
T- E - W = 0 (Eq. 1)
+ 0.05(T) = 0.15(W)
36- E - 12 = 0
T = 0.15/0.05 (W) 24- E = 0
T=3W - E = -24
T = 3 x 12 E = 24N
T = 36N
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 Exercise 4.13 (page 23) F = 0.5 N

1st Condition: 0.01m

∑F=0
F + F2- F1 = 0 (Eq. 1) F1
2nd Condition:
∑𝝉=0 0.02m

0.02(F1) - 0.5(0.03) = 0 F2
pivot
0.02(F1) = 0.5(0.03)
0.02(F1) = 0.015 F + F2- F1 = 0 (Eq. 1)
(F1) = 0.015/0.02 0.5 + F2- 0.75 = 0
F1 = 0.75N F2-0.25 = 0
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 Center of Gravity (CG)

• The center of gravity is the average

location of the weight of an object.

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 Center of Gravity (CG)
• The center of gravity is the average location of
the weight of an object.

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 Equation for CG

x1 x2
0 x

w1 w2

𝑥1 𝑤1 +𝑥2 𝑤2
𝑋=
𝑤1 + 𝑤2

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 Example 4.8 Page#18

The total weight is 𝑤 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 = 4 𝑤0

Now as we know that
𝑥1 𝑤1 +𝑥2 𝑤2 + 𝑥3 𝑤3
𝑋=
𝑤
0+(2)𝑤0 +(4)(2)𝑤0 10 𝑤0
𝑋= = = 2.5𝑚
4𝑤0 4𝑤0
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 Exercise 4.17 (page#23)
x1=1m X2=2 m x3= 4 m x
0
Equation for C.G
w1= 2N w2= 5N
𝒙1 𝒘1 +𝒙2 𝒘2 + 𝒙3 𝒘3
𝑿=
𝒘Total
w3=10 N
1𝑚 × 2𝑁 +2𝑚 × 5𝑁 + 4𝑚 × 10𝑁
⇒𝑋=
2𝑁 + 5𝑁 + 10𝑁

2𝑁𝑚+10𝑁𝑚 + 40𝑁𝑚
⇒𝑋=
17𝑁
52𝑁𝑚
⇒ 𝑋=
17𝑁

⇒ 𝑿 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎

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 Exercise 4.21 (Page#24)

How far is the CG from the front axel? 9000N 7000N

Equation for C.G

𝒙1 𝒘1 +𝒙2 𝒘2
𝑿=
𝒘Total
0m 3m
0𝑚 × 9000𝑁 + 3𝑚 × 7000𝑁
⇒𝑋=
9000𝑁 + 7000𝑁

0 + 21000𝑁𝑚
⇒𝑋=
16000𝑁

⇒ 𝑋= 1.31 𝒎

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 Levers
• A lever is a rigid object that is used with a fulcrum to multiply
the mechanical force (effort).

 There are 3 components to a lever

 Fulcrum (pivot)

 Load (weight)

 Force (effort)

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 MA of Levers
Mechanical Advantage (MA)

MA = FL/Fa = Xa/XL

Fa
FL

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 MA of Levers
Mechanical Advantage (MA)

𝑭𝑳 𝑿𝒂
𝑴𝑨 = =
𝑭𝒂 𝑿𝑳
FL Fa

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 Example 4.10 (Page#19)
• Given 𝐹𝐿 =2000N, 𝐹𝑎 =500N
𝑥𝑎
Find ???
𝑥𝐿
• Solution
(a)
𝑥𝑎 𝐹𝐿 2000𝑁
= = =4
𝑥𝐿 𝐹𝑎 500𝑁

(b) Mechanical Advantage

𝐹 𝑥
M.A= 𝐿 = 𝑎
𝐹𝑎 𝑥𝐿
𝐹𝐿 𝑥
⇒ M.A= = 𝑎 =4
𝐹𝑎 𝑥𝐿
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