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Force Notes

The document outlines the concepts of motion, including linear and rotational motion, and introduces torque as the rotational equivalent of force, defined by its formula and dependence on force magnitude and distance from a pivot. It explains equilibrium conditions for bodies and the significance of the center of gravity in stability, along with uniform circular motion involving centripetal and centrifugal forces. Real-life examples illustrate these concepts, emphasizing their practical applications.

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aayushkalyanpur
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Force Notes

The document outlines the concepts of motion, including linear and rotational motion, and introduces torque as the rotational equivalent of force, defined by its formula and dependence on force magnitude and distance from a pivot. It explains equilibrium conditions for bodies and the significance of the center of gravity in stability, along with uniform circular motion involving centripetal and centrifugal forces. Real-life examples illustrate these concepts, emphasizing their practical applications.

Uploaded by

aayushkalyanpur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Notes on "Force" (Based on the PDF Content)

1. Types of Motion

 Linear Motion (Translational Motion):

o Movement in a straight line (e.g., a car moving from point A to B).


 Rotational Motion:

o Movement around a fixed pivot point (e.g., a fan rotating, steering wheel turning).
o Key Term: Pivot—the fixed point around which rotation occurs.

2. Torque (Turning Effect of Force)

 Definition: Torque is the rotational equivalent of force, causing an object to rotate.

o Formula:

Torque(τ)=Force(F)×Perpendicular Distance from Pivot(d)Torque(τ)=Force(F)×Per


pendicular Distance from Pivot(d)

o SI Unit: Newton-meter (Nm).


o Dependence: Torque depends on:

1. Magnitude of force applied.


2. Perpendicular distance from the pivot (longer distance = greater torque).
 Direction of Torque:

o Clockwise rotation: Negative torque.


o Anticlockwise rotation: Positive torque.

3. Couple (Special Case of Torque)

 Definition: A pair of equal, anti-parallel forces acting on a body but not along the same line,
causing pure rotation.

o Properties:

1. Forces are equal in magnitude.


2. Forces are opposite in direction (anti-parallel).
3. Forces act at different points (not collinear).
o Example: Turning a steering wheel with both hands or opening a lock.

4. Equilibrium of Bodies

 Definition: A body is in equilibrium if it remains in its state (rest/motion) unless acted upon
by an external force.

o Types:

1. Static Equilibrium: Body at rest (e.g., book on a table).


2. Dynamic Equilibrium: Body in uniform motion (e.g., truck moving at constant speed).
o Conditions for Equilibrium:

1. Net force = 0 (no linear acceleration).


2. Net torque = 0 (no rotational acceleration).

5. Center of Gravity (CG)

 Definition: The point where the entire weight of a body appears to act.
o Key Points:

 CG may lie inside (e.g., solid sphere) or outside (e.g., ring, hollow cylinder) the material.
 Examples:
 Rod: Midpoint.
 Circular Disc: Geometric center.
 Triangular Lamina: Intersection of medians.

6. Uniform Circular Motion

 Definition: Motion of an object in a circular path at constant speed.

o Velocity: Not constant (direction changes continuously).


o Forces Involved:

1. Centripetal Force: Real force directed toward the center (e.g., tension in a rotating string).
2. Centrifugal Force: Imaginary (pseudo) force away from the center (experienced in rotating
frames).
Key Formulas & Units

Concept Formula/Unit Notes

Torque τ=F×dτ=F×d dd = perpendicular distance

SI Unit Newton-meter (Nm) 1 Nm = 107107 dyne-cm

Gravitational Unit kgf-m or gf-cm 1 kgf-m = 9.8 Nm

Real-Life Examples

 Torque: Steering wheel, wrench tightening a bolt.


 Couple: Opening a bottle cap, pedaling a bicycle.
 Centripetal Force: Planets orbiting the sun, electrons around the nucleus.

Summary

 Torque causes rotation and depends on force and distance.


 Equilibrium requires balanced forces and torques.
 CG is crucial for stability; its position varies with object shape.
 Circular motion involves centripetal force (real) and centrifugal force (apparent).

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