X-PHYSICS

ANEES HUSSIAN DHA

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE MACHINES_________________________________________________________________2
1) MACHINE________________________________________________________________________________2
2) IMPORTANT TERMS_______________________________________________________________________2
3) KINDS OF MACHINES_______________________________________________________________________5
4) LEVER___________________________________________________________________________________5
5) KINDS OF LEVER__________________________________________________________________________6
6) INCLINED PLANE__________________________________________________________________________6
7) PULLEY__________________________________________________________________________________7
8) FIXED PULLEY_____________________________________________________________________________7
9) MOVABLE PULLEY_________________________________________________________________________8
10) SCREW JACK_____________________________________________________________________________8
11) WHEEL AND AXLE____________________________________________________________________________9

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CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE MACHINES

(I) MACHINE:

A device which is used to do work in a more convenient way is called Machine. OR

A device which is used to speed up work is called Machine. OR
A device by means of which force applied at one end can be used to overcome
resistance at some other end is called Machine.
Purpose of using machines:
1. To enhance the effect of force:
Machines are used to enhance the effect of force. For example, a screw jack is used to
lift a car while applying smaller force on it by our hands.
2. To increase or decrease the rate of doing work:
Machines are used to speed up or slow down the pace of work as required. For
example, bicycle helps to travel faster than running or walking and gears can slow
down the speed of car.
3. To change the direction of force:
Direction of application of force can be changed by the help of machines. For
example, a pulley is used to lift weights by applying force in downward direction
instead of pulling them upwards.
4. To transfer force from one point to another point:
Machines can effectively transfer our force on other objects. For example, a nail can
be driven in wall using a hammer by transferring the force of our hands.

(II) IMPORTANT TERMS:

1) EFFORT (P):

A force which is directly supplied to a machine is called Effort. OR

Force applied on the machine is called effort.
 It is denoted by “P”.
 Its SI unit is newton (N).
 It is a vector quantity.
2) EFFORT ARM:

 The perpendicular distance between effort and the point of rotation or fulcrum is called
Effort Arm.
 It is measured in meters (m).

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3) LOAD (W):

The resistance which is overcome by a machine is called load or weight. OR

The weight lifted by the machine is called load.
 It is denoted by “W”.
 Its SI unit is newton (N).
 It is a vector quantity.
4) LOAD ARM:

 The perpendicular distance between load lifted by the machine and the point of rotation or
fulcrum is called Load Arm.
 It is measured in meters (m).
5) INPUT:

The work done on the machine is called input. OR

The work done by the effort is called input. OR
The useful energy supplied to the machine is called input.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 Its SI unit is joules (J)
Mathematically:
Input = effort x distance through which effort is applied
Or, Input = P x d
6) OUTPUT

The work done by the machine is called output. OR

The work done by the load is called output.
The useful energy provided by the machine is called input.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 Its SI unit is joules (J)
Mathematically:
Output = load x distance through which load is lifted
Or, Output = W x h

7) MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (M.A):

The ratio between the load lifted to the effort applied is called the mechanical advantage.
 It is denoted by M.A.
 It has no unit.

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Mathematically:
Weight lifted by the machine
Mechanical Advantage =
Effort applied
Or,
W
M.A = P
 Mechanical advantage of a machine tells us how much load can be lifted by a machine
w.r.t effort applied on it. For example, a machine with M. A of 2 can lift a load twice as
heavy as the effort applied on it i.e., if effort applied on it is 100N, machine is capable of
lifting a load of as high as 200N.
8) EFFICIENCY (E OR ɳ):

This ratio between the useful works done by the machine (output) to the work done on
the machine (input) is called efficiency. OR
The ratio between output to the input is called efficiency.
Mathematically:
UsefulWork done by the machine
Efficiency =
Work done on themachine
output
 ɳ = input
Wxh
 ɳ = Pxd
As efficiency is usually expressed in percentage,
Wxh
ɳ= x 100
 Pxd

 The efficiency of a real machine is always less than 100 %.

 The efficiency of a perfect or an ideal machine is always equal to 100% efficiency.
Thus,
For an ideal machine,
Efficiency = ɳ = 1
Output

Input = 1

Input = Output

i.e., an ideal machine or a 100% efficient converts all the supplied energy into useful work.
 Efficiency of a machine tells us the ability of a machine to convert supplied energy
into useful work. For example, if 100J of energy is supplied to an 80% efficient
machine, then it will convert 80J of provided energy into useful work while 20% (i.e.,
20J) of energy will be lost or wasted by it.
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(III) KINDS OF SIMPLE MACHINES:

In our daily life we use different kinds of machines as under:

• Lever • Inclined plane • Screw
• Screw jack • Wedge • Wheel and axle

(1) LEVER:

A lever is a rigid bar which rotates about a fixed point called fulcrum.
i) Construction and Working:
By applying force at one end of a rigid bar, a bar rotates and weight is lifted at the other
end. As the bar rotates, therefore a torque is produced by the applied effort and lifted load.

ii) Mechanical advantage:

At equilibrium, for an ideal machine:
Torque of effort = Torque of load
 Effort x effort arm = Load x load arm
 P x AB = W x BC
W AB
 =
P BC
 W effort arm
=
P load arm

Thus, the mechanical advantage of lever can be increased by increase the length of
effort arm, to a maximum possible limit and by decreasing the length of load arm to
a minimum possible limit.

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KINDS OF LEVER:

There are three kinds of lever depending on the position of the effort, load and fulcrum.
i. Lever of first kind: In the lever of first kind, the fulcrum “F” lies between
load “W” and effort “P”.
Examples:
• A common balance • A pair of scissors • A seesaw
ii. Lever of second kind: In the lever of second kind, the weight “W” is in
between the fulcrum “F” and the effort “P”.
Example:
• A nut cracker • A punching machine • A door
iii. Lever of third kind: In the lever of third kind, the effort “P” is in between
the fulcrum “F” and weight “W”.
Example:
• A pair of forceps • A human arm • A fire tongs

(2) INCLINED PLANE

A surface which makes some angle with the ground is called an Inclined Plane. OR
A surface whose one end is higher than the other end is called an Inclined Plane.

i) Construction and Working:

Consider an inclined plane of length l , making angle ɵ with the ground. Let an effort
P is applied throughout the plane which lifts the load W to a height h from the
ground, as shown in the diagram below.

ii) Mechanical Advantage:

For an ideal machine,
Input = Output
effort x distance of effort applied = load x distance of load lifted

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 Pxl=Wxh
W l
 =
P h
 l
M.A =
h
Or,
 length of inclined plane
M.A =
vertical height of plane
Also, from figure, in ΔBAC,
h
As, Sin ɵ = l
1 l
 =
sin ɵ h

1
 M.A = sin ɵ

Thus smaller the angle of inclined plane, larger will be its mechanical advantage.
3) PULLEY:
A pulley is a wheel with a grooved rim, supported in a frame, which can rotate about its own axis.
There are two types of pulleys:
i) Fixed Pulley ii) Movable Pulley
i) Fixed Pulley:
A pulley fixed by a support and cannot move up and down is called fixed pulley. OR
A fixed pulley has a fixed axle and is used to redirect the force in a rope called belt.
Mechanical Advantage:
Consider a rope passing over a fixed pulley, at one end
of which load “W” is attached and effort “P” is applied
due which it rotates, as shown in the diagram. Let with
center O.
At equilibrium, for an ideal machine:
Torque of effort = Torque of load
 effort x effort arm = load x load arm
 P x OA = W x OB
W OA
 = [As, OA = OB]
P OB
 M.A = 1

Thus, a fixed pulley is capable to lift a load equal to the effort applied.

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ii) Movable Pulley:

A pulley whose block is not fixed to a beam or ceiling
is called movable pulley. OR
A pulley which can move up and down is called a
movable pulley.
Mechanical advantage:
The weight or load “W” to be lift is hung from the
hook of the block. Let a rope passes over the movable
pulley whose one end is tied to a support and effort “P”
is applied at the other end. As effort is applied at both
ends to lift the load,
i.e., Load = 2 (effort)
 W = 2P
W
 =2
P
 M . A=2
Thus, M.A of a movable pulley is 2. It means double load can be lifted with the help of a
movable pulley as compared to effort applied.

3) SCREW JACK:
A screw Jack is a simple machine which is commonly used to lift heavy load.
i) Construction and Working:
It consists of a long screw rod passing through a threaded block of pitch “h” and a rotatable
handle of length “r”. As the handle makes one complete rotation by applying effort “P”, the load “W” is
lifted by one pitch.

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ii) Mechanical advantage:

When the handle makes one complete revolution, the
effort moves through a distance 2πr and the load is
raised through a height h.
For an ideal machine,
Input = Output
effort x distance of effort = load x distance of load
 P x 2 πr = W x h

W 2 πr
=
 P h
Or,
Distancethrough which the effort ismoved
M.A =
Height through which the load is raised
As the pitch of the screw is very small as compared
to the length of the handle, so the mechanical
advantage of screw jack is very large.

(IV) WHEEL AND AXLE

It is a simple machine containing of a larger wheel and a smaller axle, both mounted on a
common shaft which makes them rotate together.

i) Construction and Working:

The wheel is a round disk of larger radius “R” and axle is a cylinder with smaller
radius “r”, both are mounted on a rod such that they can rotate together. Let effort
“P” is applied on the wheel, which rotates the wheel and axle system and lifts the
load “W” attached to the axle.

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ii) Mechanical Advantage:

As the effort turns the wheel through one complete revolution moving a distance of
2πR, the axle also turns through one revolution covering a distance of 2πr. lf the
forces of friction are negligible then:
For an ideal machine
Input = Output
 effort x effort arm = load x load arm
 P x 2πR = W x 2πr
W 2π R
 =
P 2πr
W R

P
= r

Radius of Wheel
M . A=
 Radius of Axle

Thus, to increase the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, the radius of the wheel must be
kept large while axle must be of smaller radius.

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