w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&

foaYmd,k úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

13 fY%aKsh
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk
úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk

I
foaYmd,k úµdj
13 fY%aKsh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
2018

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iudchSh úµd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úµd mSGh"
cd;sl wdOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u - Y%S ,xld
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk
úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk

II
 wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr
.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï
jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol
úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr" j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd
oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;h%g y÷kajd fok ,§

m¾fhaIK j,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bÈßm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla
f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr
we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia
uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú;
lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;aùu yels;dla wju lsÍu"
úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria
ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:lj ksr; ùu" mka;s
ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd§fï
wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y|qkajd § we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;¡ isik q f
a .a ksmK
q ;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aul
fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd § ;sfí¡ tfuka u
ks¾foaY;
s mdG .%k:a j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<ns | j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj,
wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú;d lsÍu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a
l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d
yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍuhs¡

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;h
S% lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u iïm;aodhlhska
yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u

III
 ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh

bf.kqu mq`M,a lafIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg o m;a lrhs'
ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø fldg .;a rgla"
iudchla nqoaêh úiska y÷kd .;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka ;=<ska kj f,djla
ks¾udKh lr .ekSug o fuj,u lr .kq ,nkafka bf.kqu hs'

bf.kqu i|yd jákd hula o" bf.kqï l%ufõohka yd myiqlï o wOHdmkh jgd ks¾udKh úh
hq;= h' úIh ud,dj" úIh ks¾foaYh" ud¾f.damfoaY" iqidOHlrejka bf.kqï lafIa;%hg tlajkqfha
fï wdldrfhks'

kQ;k YS% ,xldj f.da,Sh m%jK;djka fuka u mqrd;k Wreuhka o iïñY%Kh lr .ksñka iaùh
wOHdmk rgdjla ysñ lrf.k we;' ld,Sk wjYH;d u; m%;sixialrKhka ;=<ska jir wglg jrla
hdj;ald,Sk jk úIhud,dfõ bf.kqï iïm;la f,i fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ks¾udKh fõ'

úIhfhys wruqKqj, ix.;;dj cd;sl uÜgñka mj;ajd .; hq;= h' tfy;a .=re ud¾f.damfoaYhka
ys bf.kqï l%ufõohka" wl=rlaj;a fjkia fkdfldg ms<ms eÈh hq;;
a la kï fkdfõ' úIh ks¾foaYfhys
ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï" idOkh ùu i|yd wka;¾.;h ;=<ska bf.kqï m, iïm%dma;sh msKsi
bf.kqï l%ufõo ks¾udKYS,S j fjkia lr .ekSug iqidOHlrejkag meyeÈ,sj u bvla we;s nj
i|yka lrñ' YsIH idOk m%;sY;h by< uÜgulg .ekSu i|yd Woõ jk " myiqlï i,ik .=re
N+ñldjg lsishï m%fõYhla i|yd ks¾udKh jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh YslaIlhdyg o fo.=rekg o
Ndú; l< yel' wod< fm< fmd;g iylrejl= jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;j;a fm< fmd;la fkdjk
nj ±k .=reNj;=ka .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh yd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iïmdÈ; wod< fm<
fmd; hk iïm;a øjH fol u Ndú; l< hq;= h'

ta ta úIhhkays idOkh ms<sn| we.hSï isÿ lrk cd;sl uÜgfï mÍlaIljrfhl= jqjo wfmalaId
lrk idOkhka" úIh b.ekaùug u. fmkajk iqidOHlrejka úiska mdvu wjidkfhys mka;s
ldurfha § orejka iuÕ m%;HlaIlrKhg m;a úh hq;= h' tu tald;añl ùu i|yd jQ m%fndaOd;aul
ixialD;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh myqrla" hd;%djla lr .kq we;ehs wdhdpkd
mQ¾jl j wfmalaId lrñ'

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

mSGdêm;s" ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

IV
 iïm;a odhl;ajh

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh
Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh (
ví,sõ' ta' l=uqfoakaøs iqo¾YkS ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh WmfoaYkh iy wëlaIKh (

uydpd¾h chfoaj Whkaf.dv uhd - úY%dñl fcHIaG uydpd¾h" fld<U úYaj úoHd,hh

f,aLl uKav,h -
ndysr (
uydpd¾h chfoaj Whkaf.dv uhd - úY%dñl fcHIaG uydpd¾h" fld<U úYaj
úoHd,hh
uydpd¾h Wmq,a wfír;ak uhd - uydpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,hh
wdpd¾h w;=, ú;dkjiï uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,hh
tia' NdIalrka uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,hh
tï' rxð;a uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hh
iquqÿ j,dl=¿f.a uhd - lÓldpd¾h" reyqKq úYaj úoHd,hh
ví,sõ' fla' iS' m%shka;s ñh - .=re fiajh" úydruydfoaù nd,sld úoHd,hh"
lsßn;af.dv
l,HdKs Ñ;%d o is,ajd ñh - .=re fiajh" iqcd;d úoHd,hh" kqf.af.dv
^úY%dñl" fõ,aia l=uß úÿy," fudrgqj&
tia' fi!kaordcka uhd - .=re fiajh" w,awodka uqia,sï úoHd,hh" nÿ,a,

wNHka;r(
ví,sõ' ta' l=uqfoakaøs iqo¾YkS ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"
uyr.u
NdId ixialrKh (
Y%Skd;a .fKaj;a; uhd - NdId ixialdrl"
iqis,a isßfiak uhd - lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh" ydmsá.u

mß.Kl iyh (
ta' tï' tia' ksYdka nKavdr uhd - .=re fiajh" wdfõ ußhd úµd,hh" fld<U 15
ta' t,a' tia' mS' w;m;a;= fuh - l<ukdlrK iyldr" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msgljrh ks¾udKh (
ta' tï' tia' ksYdka nKavdr uhd - .=re fiajh" wdfõ ußhd úµd,hh" fld<U 15

úúO iyh (
Ô' tia' mS' m%kdkaÿ uhd - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u

V
 mgqk

msgq wxl

9' m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavqlrKh 01

10' wdKavql%u udÈ,s 19

11' rdcHh m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh 61

12' 1978 fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 71

13' Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh 100

14' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh 109

15' Y%s ,xldj yd f,dalh 120

VI
 09' m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavqlrKh

ksmqK;dj 09 (- m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKh ms<sn| we;s wjfndaOh m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

^ld,Éfþo 40 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
9'1' m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKfha kHdhsl moku y÷kd .kshs'
9'2' m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKAvqlrKfha m%dfhda.sl me;slv úYaf,aIKd;aul j olshs'

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ jvd hym;a wdKAvql%u jHjia:djl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. ljf¾ ±hs úuid
n,hs'
Ÿ m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKfha ,laIK y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%ufha mj;akd iy fkdmj;akd m%cd;ka;%Sh ,laIK
fmkajd fohs'
Ÿ m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKh ,xldjg .e<fmkafka uka±hs fmkajd fohs'

ye¢kaùu (-
kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKhg we;af;a flá b;sydihls' fth uq,ska u u;= jQfha
17 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha tjlg mej;s w;a;fkdau;sl rdcdKavq l%uhg tfrys
úl,am wdKavql%uhla f,i ì%;dkHfha h' miq j tu woyia hqfrdamhg o" weußldjg
o me;sßK' tl, ì%;dkHfha ìys jQ ,snr,ajd§ iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ woyia ixfhda. lr
.ksñka bÈßhg wd ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a" ck;d md,kh hkak udOH fldg f.k
ks¾udKh jQ ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSu
fuu ud;Dldfjka wfmalaId flf¾' fuuÕska m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdKavqlrKhla w¾:j;a
ùu i|yd mej;sh hq;= uQ,sl .=Kdx. jk jHjia:dkql+,jdoh" uyck mrudêm;Hh"
n,;, fn§u" ixjrK yd ;=,k" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh" udkj whs;sjdislï" iSñ;
wdKavqj" ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrK iy m%cdjg j.ùu hk f;aud y÷kd .ekSug
bv i,id Èh hq;= h' tfia u tu ,laIK Y%S ,xldjg .e<fmkafka l=ula ksid o iy
Y%S ,xldjg .<md .kafka flfia o hkak idlÉPd lrñka tajd w.h lsÍug;a fuu
tallfhka wjldY ,efí'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

9'1' m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdKavqlrKfha ixl,amSh moku (

fï hgf;a ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hk f;aud fol idlÉPd

lruq'

1' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh

• ngysr we;eï W.;=ka ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkak i,lkafka m%cd;ka;%jdofha m%dfhda.sl

iy w¾:dkaú; tl u iajrEmh f,i h' tfuka u m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| kQ;k y÷kd
.ekSfuys,d biau;=j fmfkkafka o wdêm;Hh mkjkafka o ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdohhs' fuh
ish¿u ixj¾ê; ngysr rgj,;a" fldñhqksiaÜ md,k l%u mej;s rgj,;a" ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj,;a me;sr hd hq;=h hk woyia miq.sh ld,fha mej;sK' tfy;a th imqrd ksjerÈ
woyila u fkdfõ' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq m%cd;ka;%jdofha tla ksYaÑ; Odrdjla muKs'

1
• wekavD% D fyajâ
q ^Andrw Heywood& ^1994& olajd we;s mßÈ" m%cd;ka;j
% doh hkq md,k wdlD;shla
muKla fkdfõ' th Ôjk ixl,amhla o fõ' th md,k wdlD;shla njg j¾Okh jQfha
rdcdKavqjdohg úl,amhla f,i h' Ôjk ixl,amhla jQfha jevjiïjdofha iudc iy mqoa.,
mSvkhg úl,amhla f,i h'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh hk ixl,amh ìys jQfha 17 iy 18 jeks ishjiaj, hqfrdamfha j¾Okh

jQ zz,snr,aZZ iy zzm%cd;ka;%jdohZZ hk ixl,am fofla tl;=fjks' zz,snr,aZZ hkafkka woyia
jQfha" zzrdcHfha md,kfhka iy ueÈy;a ùfuka ksoyiaZZ hkak hs' wdKavq l%uhla f,i
zzm%cd;ka;%jdohZZ hkq zzuyck leue;af;ka iy uyck;dj ksfhdackh lrk md,k l%uhZZ
hs' zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ hkak ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdofha uOHfha u we;s uQ,O¾uhls'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j% doh hkafkka yeÕfjk foaYmd,k woyig" jHjia:dkql, + jdoh" fm!oa.,sl
foam<" uQ,l
s whs;j s dislï wdrlaId lsÍu" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól ;r.h" ue;sjrK iy fj<|fmd<
iïnkaO ksoyia jrKh" iajdëk wêlrKh" ixjrK yd ;=,k cd," fmdÿ iy fm!oa.,sl
lafIa;% w;r we;s fjki wdÈ uQ,O¾u iy Ndú;hka we;=<;a fõ' fïjd m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd
wjYH mQ¾j fldkafoais úkd m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd u mj;sk idOl o fkdfõ'

• ,snr,a oDIaá fldaKhg wkqj wdKavq n,h mSvdldÍ f,i Ndú; l< yels ksid u" wdKavq n,h
ixjrKh lsÍfuka" th m%cd mSvl yd yqÿ u¾okldÍ WmlrKhla ùu j<ld,sh hq;= h'
,snr,ajd§yq ta i|yd" whs;sjdislï m%ldYkhla" ixjrK yd ;=,k l%u" iajdëk wêlrKh"
ksoyia ckudOHh iy;sl lsÍu wdÈ jHjia:dkql+, úêl%u fhdod .ks;s'

• m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkak ck;d leue;a; ^Consent of the People& hk ixl,amh iuÕ o

iïnkaO jkakls' tys w¾:h kï md,lhskag wdKavq lsÍfï n,h ,efnkafka ck;dj fok
leue;a; iy wkqu;sh fj;ska muKs hkak hs' uyck;djg ;u md,lhkag n,h mjrK
hdka;K % h jkafka ksoyia ue;sjrKhs' ck;d leue;a; l%h
s djg kexfjkafka ue;sjrK hgf;a
Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍfuks' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh ue;sjrK m%cd;ka;%jdoh udOHh fldgf.k
l%shd;aul jk w;r" th foaYmd,k iudkd;au;dj ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh u; mokï úh hq;= h' ta
wkqj m%cd;ka;%jd§ ue;sjrK" f.dvkeÕS we;af;a i¾jck Pkao n,h" tla Pkaohla$tla
jákdlula" iy ksoyia f;dard.ekSu hk woyia u; h'

• lsis ÿ fNaohlska fyda ;rd;srulska fyda f;dr j ish¨ fokdg u Pkao n,h ysñ úh hq;= nj
zzi¾jck PkaohZZ hk uQ,O¾ufhka lshefõ' ue;sjrK ksis l,g" újD; j iy ;r.ldÍ j
meje;aùu o i¾jck Pkao n,fha yrd;aul w¾:h n, .ekaùu i|yd w;HjYH h'

• m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,sfha kdNsh jkafka zzmd,lfhda uyck ksfhdað;fhda fj;sZZ hk woyi

hs' zzuy ck;djg j.ùuZZ hk ixl,amfhka m%ldY jkafka fï uQ,O¾uh hs'

• foaYmd,k mlaI iy foaYmd,k jHdmdr wdÈh w;r isÿ jk újD; ;r.ldß;ajh foaYmd,k
nyq;ajjdoh ^Political Pluralism& hk ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ uQ,O¾uh m%ldY jk udOH hs'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh iuÕ zziSñ; wdKavqjZZ hkak wjOdrKhg

,la lrhs' zziSñ; wdKAvqjZZ hkq m%cd mSvl n,hla iy wêldrhla ke;s" uyck;djg j.
lshk iSñ; n,hla we;s wdKavqj hkak hs'

• m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uh hgf;a wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska foaYmd,k ;r.h i|yd ms<s.;a
ffk;sl rduqjla imhk w;r u iSñ; wdKavqj hkafkys rduqj o kS¾Kh flf¾'

2
 /iaùfï ksoyi" wd.ñl ksoyi" foam< ksoyi" woyia m< lsÍfï ksoyi iy mqo.
a , whs;j
s dislï
iqrlsk iajdëk wêlrKhla o ck;djg ,efnk nj iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqj u.ska nyq;rh hgf;a isák iq¿;rh wdrlaId lsÍu o wfmalaIs;
h' fï wkqj ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uh mqoa., ksoyi fuka u iq¿;r whs;sjdislï
Èß.ekaùu flfrys wjOdrKhla ,nd fok jHjia:dkql+, wdKavql%uhla o fõ'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq kS;sh u; mokï jQ" kS;s uÕska md,kh lrkq ,nk ^Rule by Law&
wdKavq l%uhls' ck;d ksfhdað;hka mjd l%shd l< hq;af;a rfÜ wdKavql%uh jHjia:djg iy
kS;shg wkql+, j h' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ uQ,O¾uhla jk zzkS;sh bÈßfha iudk;ajhZZ
^Equality Before Law& hkafkka wjOdrKh jkafka fï woyi hs' tneúka m%cd;ka;%jd§
wdKavqjla jHjia:dkql+, iSudjkag hg;a fõ' tjeks mßirhl rch uÕska mqrjeishkag
;¾ckhla t,a, jk úg Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd cd;sl wêlrK
fuka u cd;Hka;r wêlrK uÕska o iyk me;sh yels fõ'

• by;ska i|yka l< lreKq wkqj ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq wdKavqjg wh;a ld¾hhkays úIh
m:h flfrys iSudjka mej;Su iuÕ wdKavq wêldß;ajh taldnoaO lsÍug W;aidy .kakd
iuÕs iïuq;shls'

ft;sydisl .ukau.

• j¾;udkfha ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i y÷kajk fndfyda rgj,a" zz,snr,aZZ njg m;a jQfha
ke;fyd;a ,snr,a wx. tla jQfha" tajd mQ¾K m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,a njg m;a ùug fmrd;= j
h' ksoiqka f,i fndfyda ngysr rdcHhka 19 jk ishjfia § u jHjia:dkql+, wdKavq iajrEmh
w;a lrf.k ;sìKs' tfy;a tl, tu rgj, Pkao n, whs;sh W.;a" foam< ysñ mka;shg
muKla iSud ù ;sìK' tu rgj, ck;dj Pkao n, whs;sh iïmQ¾K lr.kq ,enqfõ ,snr,a
wx. ia:dms; ù fndfyda l,lg miq j h'

ksoiqka -

i' ì%;dkfha i¾jck Pkao n,h ,enqfKa úis jeks ishjfia uq, § h' tkï 1928 § h'
th lïlre mka;s jHdmdrh f.k .sh wr.,j, m%;sM,hla úh'

ii' wefußldfõ i¾jck Pkao n, whs;sh iïmQ¾K jQfha 1966 § h'

iii' iaúiag¾,ka;fha ldka;djka Pkao n, whs;sh iïmQ¾K lr.;af;a 1971 § h'

iv' Y%S ,xldfõ flda,anDDla-leurka m%;sixialrK uÕska ,snr,a wx. jQ kS;sfha wdêm;Hh"
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh" wdKavl q drjrhdf.a n,;, iSud lsÍu" jHjia:dodhl uka;K %
iNdj iy úOdhl iNdj jeks ,snr,a wx. l%shdjg keÕ=K o" Pkao n,h" foaYmd,k
mlaI jeks m%cd;ka;%jd§ wx. 1931 jk ;=re fkdmej;Su o fmkajd Èh yels h'

• j¾;udk f,dalfha iEu ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhla u ksfhdack wx.hkaf.ka iy iSñ;

wdKavq l%uhlska iukaú; fõ' tfia jqj o fuu uQ,O¾u iïnkaO Ndú;hka ráka rgg
fjkia fõ' WodyrKhla f,i ish¨ kQ;k m%cd;ka;j % d§ wdKAvl
q u
% w;ßka weußldkq wdKavl
q u
% h
jvd;a ,snr,a iy iSñ; wdKAvqjlska hq;a wdKavql%uh fõ' tu wdKavq l%ufha m%Odk uQ, O¾uh

3
 ù we;af;a m%cd;ka;%jdohg jvd ,snr,a jdoh hs' tfy;a uyd ì%;dkH wdKavq l%uh ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jdofha ksfhdack fyj;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ wxYhg m%uqLia:dkh ysñ lr § we;'

• fï w;r" f.da,Sh ;%ia;jdohg úreoaO igfka m%Odk md¾Yajlrejka jk wefußldfõ iy

hqfrdamSh rgj, cd;sl wdrlaIdjg m%uqL;ajh §u ksid" ,snr,a iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ hk uQ,O¾u
fol u miqnEug ,la ù ;sfí' fï rgj,a m%uqL;ajh § ;sfnkafka mqoa., ksoyig fkdj
cd;sl wdrlaIdjg h' ta u; yÈis kS;sh iy uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iSud lrk" ,snr,a fyda
m%cd;ka;%jd§ fyda fkdjk kj kS;s y÷kajd § we;'

• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh ienúka u OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%uh iuÕ ióm in|;d we;s
tlla fõ' ,snr,a jdoh ft;sydisl jYfhka ìys jQfha hqfrdamfha Okjd§ l%ufha u;jdoh iy
o¾Ykjdoh yeáhg h' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh Okjdofha foaYmd,k m%ldYkh hs' fuu lreK
wm wu;l fkdl< hq;= h'

• wd¾Ól yd iudc wiudk;dj" Okjd§ iudcj, m%Odk ,laIKhls' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh"

wd¾Ól yd iudc úIu;d" ÿ.S nj" oßø;dj hk fïjdg úi÷ï imhkafka ke;' fuh ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jdohg tfrys j t,a, ù we;s m%Odk úfõpkhl moku o fõ'

• miq.sh ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § ngysr Okjd§ rgj, ìys jQ iqNidOk rdcHh" iudc wiudk;d
ms<sn| fuu .eg¨jg wduka;%Kh lsÍug .kq ,enQ m%h;akhls' iudc iqNidOk m%;sm;a;sj,
wruqK jQfha" wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùu ud¾.fhka ÿ.S iudc mka;sj,g iyk ie<fik f,i
Okh h,s fnod yeÍu hs' Okj;a mqo.a ,hkaf.ka whnÿ .ekSu" wdydr iy fi!LHh" wOHdmkh"
ksjdi iy .ukd.ukh jeks mqrjeishkag w;HjYH fiajdjkag iyk ie<iSu iy wdKavqj
úiska /lshd iemhSu" Okjd§ iqNidOkjdoh hgf;a l%shd;aul lrk ,o m%;sm;a;s úh' tfy;a"
1980 .Kkaj, isg f,dalh mqrd me;sreKq kj-,snr,ajdoh hgf;a fuu iqNidOkjd§ m%;sm;a;s
wfydais lrk ,§' tu kj-,snr,ajd§ m%;sm;a;s fjki m<uqj wdrïN jQfha uyd ì%;dkHfha
iy wefußldfõ h' ta wkqj" iudcfha wdodhï fn§ hdu ld¾hlaIu f,i isÿ lÍug Okjd§
fj<| fmd<g jvd fyd¢ka l< yelsh hk merKs ,snr,ajd§ ;¾lh kej; u;= úh' th ±ka
f,dalh mqrd u ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj, ks, ms<s.ekSu ù ;sfí'

2' ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh

• È.= b;sydihlg ysñlï fkdlshk" j¾;udk f,dalfha l%h

s d;aul jk m%cd;ka;j
% doh ksfhdack
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fõ'

• 17 iy 18 jeks ishjiaj, hqfrdamfha iy weußld tlai;a ckmofha ia:dms; jQ fuh m<uq j

hqfrdamfha ìys ù j¾Okh úh' fuh jevjiï wdKavqj,g úl,amhla f,i bÈßhg wd tlls'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha wdrïNhg fmr mej;s m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uh jQfha .%Sisfha we;kaia
ys l%shd;aul jQ Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdoh hs' tys mej;s m%cd;ka;%jdofha moku jQfha ldka;djka"
<uhska iy jy¨ka yer ish¨ mqrjeishka wdKavq md,khg fl<ska u iïnkaO ùfuka olajk
Rcq iy wLKav iyNd.s;ajh hs' fï ;=< rdcHh iy isú,a iudch w;r fjkila fyda"
wdKAvqj iy md,s;hka w;r fjkila fyda fkdù h' tys§ wdKAvqj jQfha mqrjeisn,h ysñ
ck;djhs'

• ta wkqj Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh w;r ;sfnkafka ;shqKq fjkils'

ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hgf;a wdKavq md,kfha fhfokafkda" Rcq j uyckhd fkdj"

4
 Tjqka Pkaofhka f;dard.kakd ksfhdað;fhda h' zzuka;%SjrekaZZ f,i wm idudkHfhka
y÷kajkafkda" ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hgf;a u;= jk tu zzuyck ksfhdað;fhdaZZ fj;s'

• kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jdoh we;eï wjia:dj, cku; úpdrKh" mqkrdj¾;kh" m%drïNkh jeks

Rcq m%cd;ka;%jd§ Wml%u Ndú; l<;a" tajd Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdohg ióm jkafka b;d iq¿
jYfhks' tneúka fï fol w;r úYd, fjkila mj;S'

• kQ;k rdcHhkays N+ñh úYd, ùu yd ck.ykh úYd, ùu" tla/iaùfï wmyiq;dj" foaYmd,kh
yd iïnkaO ck;djf.a wNs,dIhka yd .eg¨ nyq, ùu fya;=fjka Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdoh
l%shd;aul lsßug fkdyels úh' ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh u;= jQfha tu .eg¨jg úi÷ula
f,i h'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha § ck;dj md,khg iïnkaO jkafka jl% j h' tkï ;uka úiska
f;dardm;a lrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hka uÕsks' fuuÕska ck;d y~g iSud mekfjk w;r
ck;dj fjkqfjka ;Skaÿ .ekSfï j.lSï mjrkq ,en we;s jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hka msßilf.a
w; wdKavqj ;nd we;'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq m%cd;ka;%jdofha iSñ; iy jl% iajrEmh hs' th iSñ; jkafka
md,k lghq;= iïnkaO uyck iyNd.s;ajh jßka jr mj;ajk ue;sjrK l%shdj,shla fj;
,>q fldg we;s ksihs' th jl% jkafka ck;d ksfhdað;hka uÕska md,k lghq;= ls%hd;aul
lrk neúks' ck;djg Rcq j u n,h l%shd;aul l< yelafla cku; úpdrKhl § jeks
wjia:djl § muKs'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh ck;dj úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk md,kh ^government by the people&
f,i uq¿ukska u yeÈkaúh fkdyels jqj o" uyck;dj i|yd jk md,kh ^government for the
people& hk iïNdjH b,lalh imqrd .ekSug yelshdj mj;S'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh ue;sjrK u; mokï jk neúka" ue;sjrK m%cd;ka;%jdoh f,i o

ye¢kafõ' ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hgf;a M,odhS f,iska mqrjeis iyNd.s;ajh iy j. ùï
iy;sl lsÍu i|yd ue;sjrK l%uh uÕska wdrlaId l< hq;= uQ,sl ks¾Kdhl lsysmhls'

w¾:j;a Ndjh
ue;sjrK l%shdj,sh uÕska msrúh hq;= ;k;=re jkafka jeo.;a wdKavq wêldß n,hla iys;
;k;=re h' tkï kS;s iïmdokhg iïnkaO jk iy rdcH wêldrh ms<sn| j.lSï ork
;k;=re h'

;r.ldß;ajh
f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk ;k;=re i|yd ienE ;r.hla ;sìh hq;= h' ;r.h j<lajk
wdldrfha kS;s fyda Ndú;hka fyda fkd;sìh hq;= h'

ksoyi
Pkaoodhlhkag Pkao m%ldY lsÍug ksoyi ;sìh hq;= h' rdcH wêldßkaf.a fyda bka
ndysr ixúOdkj, fyda mqo.
a ,hkaf.a fyda lsis ÷ wdldr n,mEulg fyda ìh .ekaùulg
fyda Pkaoodhlhka ,la fkdl< hq;= h'

5
 ryiH Ndjh
Pkaoodhlhkaf.a jrKhkaf.a ryiH Ndjh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ksoyia iy idOdrK
ue;sjrK meje;aúh hq;af;a Pkaofha ryiH Ndjh o wdrlaId jk mßÈ h' zzryia
PkaohZZ hk woyfia w¾:h fuh hs'

idOdrK;ajh
wfmalaIlhka f;aÍu" ue;sjrK meje;aùu iy Pkao .Kka lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq
,nk l%shdj,ska wksis wkq.%yh" fjkia fldg ie,lSu" jxpd fyda fjk;a tjeks
widOdrK wdldrfha l%shd fyda uÕska ¥Is; fkdjQ tlla úh hq;= h'

ks;r ue;sjrK meje;aùu

wvq u jYfhka jir 4lg fyda 5lg fyda jrla jk f,i l,ska l,g ue;sjrK
meje;aùu uÕska Pkaoodhlhkag Tjqkaf.a j. ùfï whs;sh l%shdjg kexúh yels h'

wka;yalrKh ^Inclusivity&
hïlsis ksYaÑ; jhilska by< ish¨ mqrjeishkag ^jhi wjqreÿ 18g jeä& Pkao m%ldY
lsÍug whs;sh ;sìh hq;= h' Pkao n,h ,eîug iqÿiq lsisfjl= neyer fkdlsÍu hkq
fuys wd¾:h hs' ia;%S mqreI Ndjh" jd¾.sl;ajh" l=,h" iudc mka;sh jeks idOl u;
Pkao whs;sh lsisfjl=g m%;slafIam fkdlsÍu o thska woyia fõ'

iudkd;au;dj
tla mqoa.,hl=g tla Pkaohla hk uQ,O¾uhg wkqj mqoa.,hkag iudk f,iska Pkao
whs;sh ,nd Èh hq;= h'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha § ck;dj fjkqfjka ;SrK .kafka Tjqka m;a lrk ksfhdað;hka
jk neúka ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh ie,lsh yelafla uyck mrudêm;Hfha wju iajrEmh
f,i h' m%cd;ka;%jdofha fuu iajrEmh ;=< iyNd.S;ajfha m%Odk iajrEmh jkqfha tla
mqoa.,hl=g tla Pkaohla hk uQ,O¾uhg wkq.; j Pkao iyNd.s;ajh hs'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=< j. ùfï jvd;a tl u iy jeo.;a iajrEmh Pkaoh u;

flakaø.; fõ'

^fïjd ;rula úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd lsÍug ;j;a wjia:djla fï mßÉfþofha § u wmg

,efnkq we;'&

9'2' m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdKavqlrKh iy tys ,laIK

wm fï jk úg;a ±l we;s mßÈ" m%cd;ka;j

% d§ wdKavl
q rKfha m%Odk ,laIK kï jHjia:dkql,
+ jdoh"
uyck mrudêm;Hh" n,;, fn§u" ixjrK iy ;=,k" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh" udkj whs;sjdislï"
ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrK" uyck;djg j.ùu hk fïjd hs' fï tlsfklla úia;rd;aulj
y÷kd .ekSug ±ka W;aidy .ksuq'

— jHjia:dkql+,jdoh

I jHjia:dkql+,jdoh" ,snr,ajdofha uQ,sl foaYmd,k jákdlï w;=ßka tlla jk w;r" ,snr,a

m%cd;ka;%jdofha m%Odk wx. w;=ßka o tlla fõ' wdKavqjlska mSvdldß md,khla we;s ùug
;sfnk yelshdj j<lajkq i|yd kS;sfha wdêm;Hh mj;ajd f.k hdug th W;aidy lrhs' fï

6
 wkqj jHjia:dkql+,jdoh kS;sfha W;a;Í;r;ajh fyj;a kS;sfha wdêm;Hh by<ska u ms<s.kS'
jHjia:dkql+,jdoh mgq iy mq¿,a hk fohdldrfhka w¾: ±laúh yels h'

II mgq w¾:hlska n,k úg" jHjia:dkql+,jdoh hkq wdKavql%u jHjia:djl meje;au uÕska
m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqjla l%shdjg kexùug lghq;= ie,eiaùfï uQ,O¾uh hs' jHjia:djlg
wkq j rg md,kh ls Í u uÕs k a muKla jHjia : dkq l + , jdoh wdrla I d jka f ka ke;'
jHjia:dkql+,jdoh wdrlaId jkafka wdKavq n,h iSudjkag hg;a jk wdldrhg wdKavql%u
jHjia:djla uÕska rg md,kh lrk úg h' we;a;g u jHjia:dkql+,jdoh hkq wdKavq n,h
kS;sfha iSudj,g iy ixjrKhkag ,la lsÍu hs'

III jvd;a m<,a w¾:hlska jHjia:dkql+,jdoh hkafkka woyia lrkafka" wdKavq n,h talrdYs
ùu je<elaùug iydh fjk wNHka;r fyda ndysr fyda ixjrK cd,hla iys; Wml%u mj;sk"
tfuka u tuÕska mqoa., ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍug we;s lemùu ksrEmKh flfrk" foaYmd,k
jákdlï iy wfmalaIdjka iuQyhls' fuys § wdKavq n,h iSud lrk Wml%u jYfhka
y÷kd.kq ,nkafka ix.%y.; jHjia:djla ;sîu" whs;sjdislï mK;la ;sîu" n,;, fn§u"
oaúudKav,sl jHjia:dodhlh" f*vr,ajdoh fyda n,h úuOH.; lsÍu hk fïjd hs'

— uyck mrudêm;Hh

• zzck;d mrudêm;HhZZ hk ixl,amfhka woyia lrkafka rdcH n,fha uQ,dY%hh ck;dj

jk nj hs' ta woyig wkqj" kS;s iïmdokh" kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu iy úksYaph lsÍu hk
W;a;Í;r n,h l%shdjg kexùu iïnkaOfhka tu wdh;k ;u wêldr n,h iy iqcd; Ndjh
,nd .kafka ck;djf.a leue;a; fj;sks' ta wkqj ck;d leue;a;g jvd by< wêldrhla
fkdue;" hk uQ,O¾uh fuu ixl,amfha moku hs'

• ck;d mrudêm;H ms<sn| ixl,amh ie,flkafka m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| iïNdjH kHdhfha

m%Odk wx.h f,isks' rEfida (Jean Jaques Rousseau) mrudêm;H kHdh O¾ufha m%Odk u
m%ldYlhd f,i ie,fla' zzfmdÿ leue;a;ZZ ^General Will& ms<sn| rEfidaf.a ixl,amh ck;d
mrudêm;Hh ms<sn| woyig Èh yels fyd| u kso¾Ykh hs' Tyqf.a ck;d mrudêm;Hh
ixl,amh iudchl fmdÿ leue;a; ms<sn| W;a;Í;r wêldrh fjkqfjka fmkS isà' ck;d
mrudêm;Hh u; mokï jQ mrudo¾YS udÈ,sh jkafka iuQydKavqjd§ udÈ,sh hs'

• j¾;udk wdKavqlrKfhys olakg ,efnk lemS fmfkk m%jK;djla jkafka f,dalfha

fndfyda rgj,a md¾,sfïka;= iajdêm;Hfhka" ck;d mrudêm;Hjd§ wdKavqjla foig .uka
lsÍu h' tlai;a rdcOdksfha ck;d mrudêm;Hfha j¾Okhg idlaIH f,iska ±lsh yelafla
iafldÜ,ka;fha ksoyi iïnkaO m%Yakfha § cku;úpdrK Ndú; lsÍu" f;dardm;a lr.;a
ksfhdaÔ;hkaf.ka iukaú; jQ n,h fnod yßk ,o uka;%K iNd msysgqjd .ekSu"
^iafldÜ,ka;fha fõ,aifha iy W;=re wh¾,ka;fha& udkj whs;sjdislï mk;a uÕska mqrjeis
whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug mshjr .ekSu hk fïjd WodyrK hs' fïjd iuQydKavqjd§
,laIK f,i o ie<lsh yels h'

— n,;, fn§u

• n,;, fn§u ke;fyd;a fjka lsÍu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s kHdhhla bÈßm;a lf<a m%xY úma,jhg
l,ska Ôj;a jQ fudkafgialHq úisks' Tyqg wjYH jQfha mqoa., ksoyi wdrlaId jk mßÈ i¾j
n,OdÍ rdcdKavq l%uhg úl,am wdKavql%u rduqjla fhdackd lsÍuhs' Tyq ta i|yd wdo¾Yhg
.;af;a tx.,ka;fha meje;s wdKavql%uh hs'

7
 • ixl,amhla jYfhka n,;, fjka lsÍfï kHdhfhka bÈßm;a jQ tla ;¾lhla jQfha" wdKavq
n,;, flakaø .; j mj;sk ;ek ksoyig we;s wjia:dj wvq nj;a" n,;, fnod fjka lr
we;s ;ek mqoa., ksoyi jeä nj;a h' fï wkqj rdcH n,h ixúOdkh lr we;s iajrEmh iy
ksoyi w;r iyiïnkaOhla we;s nj fuu kHdhfhka wjOdrKh flf¾'

• fï kHdhfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,o uQ,sl woyi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg tys we;af;a
ldg;a ms<s.; yels foaYmd,k ;¾lhls' tfia jqj o" fudkafgialHqf.a fuu woyi yqÿ uQ,sl
ixl,amhla muKla u fkdj wksjd¾hfhka u wkq.ukh l< hq;= wdKavql%u úêúOdkhla
f,i Tyq olajd ;sìKs' fudkafgialHq wdKavqfõ n,;, jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK
jYfhka fnÈh yels nj;a" fnÈh hq;= nj;a m%ldY lf<a h'

• tfia u ixjrK iy ;=,k úêúOdk l%uhla" tkï tlsfkld md,kh lr.ekSfï l%uhla
úOdhl" jHjia:dodhl iy wêlrK wxY w;r ;sìh hq;= nj o Tyqf.a úYajdih úh' tfia
ke;s j" tu n,;, tla mqoa.,hl= fyda wdh;khla fyda fj; flakaø.; jQ úg we;s jkafka
m%cd mSvl md,k ;ka;%hlehs fudkafgialHq ;¾l flf<a h'

• fudkafgialHq bÈßm;a l< fuu kHdhh" kHdhhla jYfhka o m%dfhda.l

s jYfhka o úfõpkhg
Ndckh ù ;sfí' ta iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a j we;s tla úfõpkhla kï wdKavq n,h fuu wxY
w;r mQ¾K f,iska fjka lsÍula l< yels o hkak hs' we;eï jHjia:dodhl lghq;=j, hï
m%udKhl úOdhl iy wêlrK lghq;= o ;sfí' úksYaphldrjreka m;a lsÍfï § wefußldfõ
úOdhlhl iy jHjia:dodhlh hk wdh;k fol u iyNd.S fõ'

• n,;, fn§fï kHdhhg t,a, jk ;j;a úfõpkhla kï j¾;udk m%cd;ka;j % dÈ wdKavl

q rK
l%shdj,sfhys § md,kfha ukd l%shdldß;ajh i|yd fuu wdh;k w;r yqfol,d njla fyda
fjka ùula fkdj iyfhda.S;ajhla ;sìh hq;= njhs'

• tfia jqj o m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdKavqlrKfha § fuu kHdhfha we;s m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu wvq ù
ke;' fudkafgialHq fuu kHdhh bÈßm;a lsÍfuka wv ishjila blau hkakg fmr f,dalfha
m%:u jrg wefußldkq jHjia:d iïmdolhka úiska fuu kHdhh wefußldkq wdKavq wdh;k
f.dv ke.Sfï § fhdod .kakd ,È' tu.ska jHjia:d iïmdolhka wfmalIa d lf<a tla wdh;khla
fyda tla mqoa.,hl= fyda fj; wdKavqfõ ish¨ n,;, talrdYs ùfuka we;s úh yels m%cd mSvl
md,khlska rgjeishdf.a ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍu h' wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofha wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj iïmdokh lsÍfuka miq tu wdKavql%ufha n, ixúOdk rgdj wdo¾Yhg .ksñka
miq ld,fha m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rgj,a f,iska y÷kajk ,o fndfyda rgj,a fudkafgialHQf.a
n,;, fn§fï kHdhg wkqj wdKavq n, wdh;k ixúOdkh lr we;'

— ixjrK iy ;=,k

• ixjrK yd ;=,k ms<sn| woyi bÈßm;a jQfha wdKavqjla ish n,;, wksis f,i Ndú; lsÍu
u.ska m%cd mSvl fõ h hk ,snr,ajdÈka ;=< mej;s ìh je<elaùug h' (Heywood 2011). ta
wkqj ixjrK yd ;=,k úêúOdk l%shdjg kexùfuka wfmalaId lrkafka wdKavqfõ n,h
iSud lsÍu h' fudkafgialHq ish n,;, fn§fï kHdhfhka wjOdrKh l< mßÈ wdKavqfõ
;%súO n,;, lKavdhï ;=klg wh;a j mej;sh;a tl wdh;khl msßi wfkla wdh;kj,
msßia wìnjd isá;a kï" iy ta lghq;=j,g n,mEï lrkjd kï túg hqla;sh yd ksoyi
wdrlaId ùu iel iys; h' tneúka Tyq m%ldY lf<a" ixjrK iy ;=,k úêúOdk l%u
jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK hk wdh;k iïnkaOfhka ;sìh hq;= nj hs'

8
• zz;=,kZZ uQ,O¾ufhka woyia lf<a jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK YdLdj, n,;, iy
;;a;ajh iunr úh hq;= nj hs' zixjrKZ úê úOdkj,ska woyia lf<a by; i|yka tla
wdh;khla ;ukag kshñ; fCIa;%fha lghq;= wìnjd hkafka kï wksla wdh;k uÕska th
ixjrKh l< hq;= nj hs'

• ixjrK yd ;=,k l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH uQ,sl u wx.h jkafka wdKavq n,;,
jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK hk wdh;k w;r fn§ ;sîu h' fï tla tla wdh;khg
tu wdh;kh fj; mejreKq ld¾hhka w;=ßka we;eï ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï § wfkla wdh;kj,
iydh iy tlÕ;dj wjYH lrhs' bka woyia jkafka fï lsis ÿ wdh;khlg wfkla wdh;kj,
iydh fyda tlÕ;dj ,nd .ekSfuka f;dr j taldka; f,iska tu n,;, yd ld¾h l%shdjg
kexúh fkdyels nj h' fï wkqj n,;, fn§fï kHdhh uÕska fjka lrk ,o YdLdjka
ixjrK yd ;=,k uQ,O¾uh uÕska tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu isÿ flf¾' fuf,i iïnkaO
lsÍfuka wruqKq lrkafka tla tla wdKavq wdh;k w;a;fkdau;sl wkaoug l%h
s d lsÍu je<elaùu
h'

wefußldfõ ksoiqka -

wefußldkq tlai;aa ckmofha wdKavq wdh;k w;r ixjrK yd ;=,k uQ,O¾uhka

l%shd;aul jkafka my; i|yka wdldrhg h' wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofha
jHjia:dodhlh jk fldx.%ia uKav,hg ish¨ f*vr,a kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï n,h
,nd ÿkak o" tu mK;a flgqïm;a kS;s njg m;a ùu i|yd trg foaYmd,k úOdhlh
jk ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wkqu;sh wjYH h' ckdêm;sjrhd i;= mK;a flgqïm;a
ksfIaOkh lsÍfï n,h uÕskq;a" fldx.%ih úiska iïu; lrk ,o mK;a jHjia:djg
wkql+, fkdjQfha kï tajd wj,x.= lsÍug fY%aIaGdêlrKhg we;s n,h uÕskq;a"
ixjrKh fõ' tfuka u mK;a flgqïm;a kS;shla njg m;a ùu i|yd fldx.%ifha
uKav, foflka u wkqu;sh wjYH h' fï wkqj jHjia:dodhlh u.ska o jHjia:dodhl
n,h ixjrKh fõ' ckdêm;sjrhdg mK;a ksfIaO lsÍfï n,h mej;=K o fldka.%ia
uKav,hg ;=fkka fofla wkqu;shla u.ska ckdêm;sjrhdf.a mk;a ksfIaOkh wfydais
l< yels h'

• úOdhlh iïnkaOfhka o ixjrK iy ;=,k l%uh l%h s d;aul fjhs' wefußldkq ckdêm;sjrhdg
foaYmd,k úOdhlfha m%Odkshd jYfhka wdKavqfõ m%Odk ;k;=re j,g mqoa.,hka m;a lsÍu
iy úfoaY fyda cd;Hka;r ixúOdk fyda iuÕ .súiqï we;s lr.ekSu l< yels h' tfia jqj
o" ckêm;sjrhdf.a m;a lsÍïj,g wod< kdu fhdackd iaÓr lsÍug iy .súiqï j,x.= lsÍu
i|yd fifkÜ uKav,fha wkqu;sh wjYH h' ckdêm;sjrhdf.a kdu fhdackd iaÒr lsÍu
fyda .súiqï j,x.= lsÍu fyda fifkÜ uKav,hg m%;slafIam l< yels h' ckdêm;sjrhd
ikakoaO yuqodj, wK fokakd jqj o" Tyqg hqoaO m%ldY l< yelafla fldx.%ifha wkqu;shg
hg;a j h' fï yer fldx.%ihg ckdêm;sjrhdg fodaIdNsfhda.hla f.k tñka Tyq bj;a l<
yels h' ta iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk mÍlaIKhl iNdm;s;j a h orkafka fY%I
a G
a dêlrKfha
w.%úksYaphldrjrhd h'

• wêlrKh iïnkaOfhka n,k úg" fY%aIaGdêlrKh i;= wêlrK n,h ^kvq úNd. lsÍfï
n,h& fjkia lsÍfï n,h fldx.%ihg ;sfí' tfuka u fY%aIaGdêlrKfha ;SrK wj,x.= lsÍu
i|yd fldx.%ihg ixfYdaOk f.k wd yels h' wjidk jYfhka uOHu wdKavqfú
úksYaphlrejkag tfrys j fodaIdNsfhda. f.k taug;a" Tjqka ;k;=rej,ska bj;a lsÍug;a"
fldx.%ihg yelshdj we;'

9
 • wefußldkq WodyrKh uÕska meyeÈ,s jkafka wdKavqfõ jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK
YdLdj, we;eï n,;, mx.= lr .kakd neúkq;a" lsis ÿ ld¾hhla iïnkaOfhka mQ¾K n,hla
lsis ÿ wdh;khlg fkdue;s neúkq;a" wdKavq n,h ixjrKhla ùug iy iunrùug wjYH
mshjr ixjrK yd ;=,k uQ,O¾uh uÕska we;s l< yels nj h'

— kS;sfha wdêm;Hh

• kS;sfha wdêm;Hh hkak jHjia:dkql+,jdoh iy iSñ; wdKavqj hk ixl,am iuÕ ,snr,a

m%cd;ka;%jdofha wdKavql%ufha yrhd;aul ixl,amhla f,iska y÷kd .; yels h' kS;sfha
wdêm;Hfhka ir, j woyia jkafka iudcfha ish¨ idudðlhkag" tkï md,s;hdg fuka u
md,lhdg o" kS;sh iudk j l%shdfõ fhoùu h'

• uydoaùmsl hqfrdamfha th ;yjqre ù we;af;a kS;sh u; rdcHh mokï úh hq;= h hk c¾uka

ixl,amh u; h' zzffk;sl rdcHhZZ ^Rechtsstaat& hkq tu c¾uka ixl,amh hs'

• wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofhys kS;sfha wdêm;Hh jvd;a ióm f,iska rfÜ by< u kS;sh
jYfhka i,lkq ,nk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iuÕ iïnkaO fõ' tlai;a ckmofha kS;sfha
wdêm;Hh trg fmdÿ kS;sfha fldgila jk w;r" ix.%y.; jHjia:djlg úl,amhla fia
l%shd lrhs' zzñksiqkaf.ka md,kh fkdj kS;sfha md,khZZ ^Rule by law, not by men& hk
weußldkq woyiska lshefjkafka o fuh hs'

• ir, wdldrhg olajkafka kï kS;sfha wdêm;Hfhka woyia lrkafka"

i. wdKavqfõ jvd;a n,.;= mqoa.,hka we;=¨j md,k lghq;=j,g iïnkaO jk ish¨ wh

kS;shg by<ska fkd j kS;shg hg;a j isáh hq;= nj"

ii. kS;s iïmdokhg iy kS;s n,d;aul lsÍug wdKavqjg we;s n,h mqoa., ksoyi
wdrlaId lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a ffk;sl ixjrhka uÕska iSud úh hq;= nj"

iii. ys;=jlaldß f,iska mqrjeishka w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu" jO ysxid meñKùu" mqrjeis
ksoyi W,a,x>kh lsÍu jeks Ndú;hkaf.ka rdcHh je<lS isáh hq;= nj"

vi. kS;s moaO;s" wêlrK úksYaphhka jeks kS;s f,aLk uÕska rdcHh iy tys wêldrh
flfrys iSud m%ldYs; j u i|yka l< hq;= nj'

v. úOdhlfha fyda jHjia:dodhlfha fyda idudÔlhkaf.a whq;= n,mEïj,ska f;dr j

úksYaphhka lsÍug yels iajdëk wêlrKhla ;sîu'

• md,k lghq;= i|yd wjYH jk uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhla f,iska kS;sfha wdêm;Hh wdrlaId fkdjqK
fyd;a m%cd;ka;%jdoh wdrlaId fkdjkq we;' ;j o ta i|yd md,lhka kS;sfha wdêm;H
l%shd;aul jkjd o hkak ksr;=rej ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= h'

• by;ska i|yka l< mßÈ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ we.hSï iuÕ kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ±ä f,iska iïnkaO
fõ' kS;sfha md,kh mokï j we;af;a we.hSï fyj;a mqreId¾: u; h' tys wruqKqj,ska tlla
jkafka tu mqreId¾: iy;sl lsÍu h' Ndú;fha § ñka woyia jkafka kS;s ilia úh hq;af;a
iy l%h
s d;aul úh hq;f
a ;a ksoyi" idOdrK;ajh" ukqIH .re;ajh ^Human Dignity& iy bjiSu

10
 ^Tolerance& hk ish¨ wxY flfrys iudk mokulska th m%j¾Okh lsÍu u; h' fïjd
m%cd;ka;%jdofha m%;sudkSh ksIaGd ^Normative Goals& f,i o ye¢kafõ'

— udkj whs;sjdislï

• udkj whs;j s dislï hkq ish¨ udkjhkag f.!rjdkaú; Ôú;hlg" mQ¾K fm!reI j¾Okhlg
iy iudc idOdrK;ajhlg wjldY ,nd fok iodpdr ysñlï h' ñksiqka Wm; ,nkafka tu
iodpdr whs;sjdislï iuÕ h' ñksil= ùu ksid u Ôj;a ùug ;sfnk whs;sh" wdydrj,g we;s
whs;sh" yDoh idlaIHhg we;s whs;sh" iudc .re;ajhg we;s whs;sh wdÈhg ñksid Wm;ska u
ysñlï lshhs'

• ,snr,a Ñka;lhka olajk mßÈ ish¨ i;a;ajhkaf.a Ôú; meje;aug wjYH lrk Tlaiscka
fuka udkjhkaf.a iudc meje;aug udkj whs;sjdislï wjYH h' udkj whs;sjdislï hkq
úYaj idOdrKd;aul whs;Ska h' lsisjl=g wysñ l< fkdyels" iEu ukqIHhl=g u Tyq fyda weh
ukqIHfhl= ùu ksid u ysñ úh hq;= fohls' ta wkqj udkj ysñlï ia;%S mqreI fNaohlska f;dr
j ysñ fõ' udkj ysñlï mokï jkafka ukqIH;ajh u; h' tajd ieug iudk j ysñ fõ'
udkj ysñlï lsis fia;a u lv fkdl< hq;= h' lv l<fyd;a t;ekays nrm;< widOdrKhla
isÿ fõ'

• udkj whs;sjdislï ks¾udKh lrk ,o fohla fkdj wkdjrKh lr.kakd ,o fohls' tkï
udkj whs;sjdislï hkq hqfrdamfha fyda fjk;a ia:dkhl fyda f.dv kÕk ,o fohla fkdj
ish¨ udkjhkag wod<j lrk ,o fidhd .ekSuls'

• udkj whs;sjdislïj, kQ;k kHdhsl meje;au 17 jk ishjfika Tíng .uka fkdlrhs'

udkj whs;sjdislï uq,ska u wkdjrKh lr.kakd ,oafoa 17 jk ishjfia § tx.,ka;fha §
h' tu ishjfia Ôj;a jQ foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhl= f,iska ie,eflk fcdaka f,dla udkj
whs;sjdislï m<uqfjka ixl,am u h jYfhka wkdjrKh lr.;a mqoa.,hd f,i ie,efla'

• tkuq;a udkjhdf.a b;sydih jir ñ,shk ;=klg jvd merKs h' we;uqkaf.a woyiaj,g
wkqj udkj whs;sjdislï udkj YsIagdpdrh ;rï u merKs h' tfia jqj o" ksoyia Y%ñlhka
fkdisá" jy,a Y%uh yd l=, l%uh mej;s iy rch w;a;fkdau;sl jQ mQ¾j kQ;k iudc ;=<
udkj whs;sjdislï mej;=fKa wkdjrKh lr fkd.;a fohla f,i h' tfia jqj o" hqfrdamfha
ksoyia Y%uh mek keÕSu" wkd.ñl wOHdmkh" idlaIr;djh iy uqøs; udOHhkaf.a wdrïNh
fya;=fjka udkjhdg whs;sjdislï ;sfnkjd h hk woyi ixl,am .; ùfï iy ckm%%sh
ùfï iudc ;;a;aj u;= úh' fuu wjêfha § bx.%Sis iudch jevjiï jdofhka Okjdohg
mßj¾;kh ùfï l%shdj,sh isÿfjñka mej;sKs' ta w;r nqoaêuh ixjdo jvd;a by< uÜgfuka
isÿ jqKs' ck;djf.a Ôú;j,g yd foam<j,g rcqg n,hla ;sìh hq;= o@ tfia;a ke;skï tu
n,hg iSud mej;sh hq;= o@ wd§ jYfhka fcdaka f,dla fmdÿ whs;sjdislï y÷kd .ksñka tajd
iajdNdúl whs;sjdislï f,i kï lf<a h' fï whs;sjdislï udkj meje;aug ffki¾.sl
f,iska u iïnkaO jk nj Tyqf.a woyi úh' tfia jqj o" f,dla" Ôú;h" ksoyi iy foam<
hk whs;sjdislï ;=kg udkj whs;sjdislïj, jmißh iSud lf<a h'

• fcdaka f,dlaf.a isg udkj whs;sjdislï ixl,amh ,snr,ajdoh iy iudcjdoh hk o¾Yk

uÕska wkqm%dKh ,nñka j¾Okh úKs' j¾;udkfha mj;sk udkj whs;sjdislï ixl,amh
ie,elsh yelafla isú,a" foaYmd,k iy iudc hk m%Odk wxY ;=fkka iukaú; tlla f,i
h'

11
— iSñ; wdKavqj

• zziSñ; wdKavqjZZ hk m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKfha m%Odk uQ,O¾uhls' tys uQ,sl w¾:h kï

wdKAvqjg ke;fyd;a md,lhskag" wiSñ; n,hla ke;s nj;a" wjidkfha Tjqkaf.a n,h
iSudjkag hg;a jkafkah hkak h' ziSñ; wdKavqjZ fj;ska wfmalaId lrkafka mqoa., ksoyi
hk ,snr,a uQ,Od¾ñl wruqK wdrlaId lsÍuhs' ,snr,a foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdofha j¾Okh lr
we;s iSñ; wdKavqj ms<sn| kHdhsl w¾:h fumßÈ h( uyck;djf.a ksoyi iy whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>Kh jk mßÈ ys;=jlaldr f,i wjNdú; lrkq ,eîug md;% ùfï YlH;dj rdcH
n,hg ksi¾.ju ;sfí' th je<elaùug we;s tl u uÕ wdKavqfõ n,hg iSud meKùu hs'

• iSñ; wdKavq uQ,O¾uhg wkqj wdKavqfõ foaYmd,k n,h iy th l%shdjg kxjk msßi
wdh;ksl f,iska iSudj,g iy ixjrhkag ,la flf¾'

• mru n, jdohg (absolutism) úreoaO j iSñ; wdKavq uQ,O¾u l%uj;a f,iska olajk ,oafoa
fcdaka f,dla (John Locke), fudkafgialh
s q (Montesquieu) we;=M we;eï foaYmd,k Ñka;lhka
úisks (Calhoun 2002). ta iuÕ u iSñ; wdKavqj hk ixl,amh ‘ñksiqka f.a md,kh fkdj
kS;sfha md,khla' (a government of laws, not of men) mej;sh hq;= h hk merKs uQ,O¾ufhys
o ukd f,i m%ldY fõ'

• 12 jif¾ .=re w;afmdf;a § o wm ÿgq mßÈ zziSñ; wdKaâjqZZ hk b.ekaùu uq,k

s a u úia;rd;aulj
f.dv ke.=fõ fcdaka f,dla h' wm ta idlÉPdj u;la lr .kafka kï" f,dlag wjYH jQfha
rdcdKavql%uhla hgf;a meje;s rcqf.a ys;=jlaldr taln,jd§ md,k ;ka;%hg m%cd;ka;%jd§
úl,am wdKavql%uhla fhdackd lsÍug h' tfia lsÍug Tyq" rdcHh ms<sn|j meje;s iudc
.súiqu ms<sn| m%jdohg w¨;a w¾: l:khla flf<a h' f,dla fhdackd l< md¾,sfïka;=
wdKAvq`l%u udÈ,sfha m%Odk u wdKAvq wdh;kh jQfha Pkaofhka m;a lrk ,o jHjia:dodhlh
hs' tfia jkafka jHjia:dodhlh uyck mrudêm;Hh ksfhdackh lrk ksid h' tfia jqj;a
jHjia:dohlfha n,h" md,lhska iy uyck;dj w;r we;s .súiqfï fldkafoaisj,g hg;a
h' tajdhska iSud fõ' tu iudc .súiqfï m%Odk wruqK ck;djf.a ðú;h' ksoyi iy
foafmd< wdrlaId lsÍu hs' foaYmd,k n,fha fldkafoaish o th hs' tu w;suQ,sl fldkafoaish
iy j.lSu blaujd hdfï n,hla wdKavj q g ke;' wdKavj q tfia lrkafka kï" isñ; wdKavf q õ
n,h wdmiq mjrdf.k w¨;a wdKavqjla f;dard m;alr .ekSfï n,h ck;djg ;sfí'

• miqld,fha § iSñ; wdKavqj ms<sn| ixl,amh j¾Okh ùfï § thg my; i|yka wx. tl;=
úh'

• wNsksfhdað; ^Delegated& n,h ( wdKavq i;= n,h ;ukaf.a u tlla fkdfõ' th

uyck;dj fj;ska fldkafoais iys;j ,enqK tlls' tkï wNsksfhdað; n,hls'
md,lhkag uyckhd n,h mjrk wjia:dj kï ue;sjrKhs'

• Ndrldr;ajh ^Trusteeship& iy fldkafoais iy.; nj ( md,lhka i;= n,h fldkafoais

iy.; tlls' tys f;areu kï" uyck;dj Tjqka f;dardm;alr .ekSfï § m%ldY l<
Ndrldr;ajuh úYajdih hs' tu Ndrldr;aj úYajdih mokï jk yrhd;aul uQ,
O¾uh kï" uyck;djf.a ksoyi iy whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh flfrk wdldrhg
foaYmd,k n,h wjNdú; lrkafka ke; hkak hs' uyck;djf.a Ndrldr;aj
úYajdifha iSudjka we;=<; l%shd lsÍug md,lhkaf.ka wfmalaId flf¾'

12
 • iSñ; Oqr ld,h ( wdKavqjla n,hg m;a lrkq ,nkafka iSñ; Oqr ld,hlg h'
idudkHfhka wjqreÿ y;rlg fyda mylg h' uyck;djf.ka ,efnk wjirhla
fkdue;sj tu Oqr ld,h blaujd hdug lsisÿ wdKavqjlg ffk;sl fyda iodpdrd;aul
n,hla ke;' fï uQ,O¾uh uÕska flfrk ;j;a jeo.;a fohla kï rdcHh iy
wdKAvqj hkq tlla fkdj folla h hkak wjOdrKh lsÍu hs' rdcHh iy wdKAvqj
fjka fldg ie<lSu" m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKAvqlrKhg muKla ;sfnk jeo.;a O¾uhls'

• kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ( wdKavqjg ;u wêldr n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|j ffk;sl

iSudjka mKjkafka fuu uQ,O¾uh hs'

• n,;, fn§u ( fuu uQ,O¾ufha wruqK wdKavqn,h tl mqoa.,fhl= fyda wdh;khla

fyda fj; ixflakaøKh ùu je<elaùu hs'

• ixjrK iy ;=<k ( wdKavqfõ YdLd rdcH n,h m%cdmSvl f,i talrdYS lr .ekSu
je<elaùu ixjrK iy ;=<kj, wruqK hs'

ksoyia iy idOdrK ue;sjrK

ksoyia iy idOdrK ue;sjrK hkq ksfhdack wdKavql%ufha kHdh iy Ndú;h iuÕ <Õska u
noaO ù we;s hdka;%Khls' thska wjOdrKh lrkafka m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavqlrKhg ue;sjrKj,
we;s jeo.;alu muKla fkdfõ' m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uhl ue;sjrK ksoyia iy idOdrK ùfï
jeo.;alu thska wjOdrKh flf¾'

foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< ksoyia iy idOdrK ue;sjrK ms<n s |j we;s wjOdkh uE; ld,Sk j¾Okhls'
th jQ l,S" ,xldj o we;=¨ rgj,a .Kkdjl u uE; ld,fha § w;a ÿgq ksoyia iy idOdrK
fkdjk ue;sjrKj,g m%;p s drhls' tjeks wjia:d fndfyduhl § u isÿ ù ;sfnkafka m%pKav;ajh"
Pkaoodhlhska iy wfmalaIlhska ìh jeoa§u" ¥IKh" uyck iïm;a wjNdú; lsÍu" iy Pkaoh
§u" Pkaoh .Kka lsÍu iy Pkao m%;sM, ksl=;a lsÍu hk wjia:dj, ¥IK iy wl%ñl;d isÿ ùu
hs' tjeks wjNdú; ksid isÿjkafka m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,sh úlD;s ùu hs' ue;sjrK l%shdj,sfha
iqcd; Ndjhg ydks meñKSu hs' uyck;dj mj;akd foaYmd,k l%uh ms<n s |j wfmalI
a d Nx.;ajhg
m;a ùu hs' j¾;udkfha foaYmd,k úoHdfjys ue;sjrK ms<sn|j isÿjk idlÉPdj, i¾jck
Pkao n,h .ek iy Pkao odhl iyNd.s;ajh .ek muKla fkdj" Pkaoh §fï whs;sh ksoyiaj
iy idOdrKj mdúÉÑ lsÍfï whs;sh .ek o wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka tneúks'

m%cd;ka;%jd§ kHdfha ksoyia iy idOdrK ue;sjrKhla ms<sn| woyi ixl,am lsysmhla u;

mokï jkakls'

• ck;d mrudêm;Hh ( foaYmd,k jYfhka ksoyia ck;djlg" ;u foaYmd,k leue;a; iy

wêIaGdkh m%ldY lsßug we;s b;d u jeo.;a hdka;%Kh jkafka ue;sjrKh hs' tneúka ;u
md,lhska ksoyfia iy ndOdjlska f;drj m;alr .ekSug ck;djg we;s whs;sh wdrlaId l<
hq;= h'

• jrKfha ^f;dard .ekSfï& ksoyi ( ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha yrh jkafka ;u ksfhdað;hska

f;dard .ekSug ndysr ndOdjlska f;drj isÿ lr .ekSug uyck;djg we;s whs;sh hs'

• uyck;djg j.ùu ( ue;sjrKh jQ l,S ;u md,lhskaf.a ld¾h idOk jd¾;dj ms<sn|j

;Skaÿjla §ug uyck;djg ,efnk tl u iy fyd| u wjia:dj hs' tneúka m%cd;ka;%jd§

13
 j.ùï i|yd we;s fuu wjia:djg ndOd fkd;sìh hq;= h'

• uyck leue;a; iy iqcd;Ndjh ( m%cd;ka;j% d§ wKavl

q rKh r|d mj;skfa ka zzuyck leue;a;ZZ
^Popular Consent& hk uQ,O¾uh u; h' tys f;areu kï ;uka md,kh lrk md,lhska lõ±hs
iafõÉPdfjka ;SrKh lsÍfï whs;sh uyck;djg we; hkak hs' md,lhskag rg md,kh
lsÍu i|yd ffk;sl whs;sh fuka u iodpdruh iqcd; nj ,nd fokafka o th úisks'
idudkH jeishka mjd ue;sjrKhla hkq zY=oaOZ jQ wjia:djla f,i i<lkafka tneúks'
wdKAvqj iy md,lhkag" wdKavqlrKh i|yd ffk;sl whs;sh;a" iqcd;Ndjh;a" ,nd fokafka
ue;sjrKj, § h' ue;sjrK" ksoyia iy idOdrK fkdjk úg" wdKAvl q rKh i|yd md,lhkag
,efnk ffk;sl whs;sh" uyck leue;a; iy iqcd; Ndjh W,a,x>Kh fõ'

— m%cdjg j. ùu

• uyck j. ùu m%cd;ka;%jdÈ md,kfha m%dfhda.sl uqyqK; jYfhka ie,lsh yels h' lsishï
ks,hla fyda ;k;=rla fyda ork flfkl= Tyqf.a yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka uyckhdg W;a;r
§u fuuÕska woyia fõ' fuf,i flfkl= lsishï úfYaIs; l%shdjla fyda fkdlr isàula
iïnkaOfhka ck;djg W;a;r §u j.ùu jYfhka kï l< yels h' l=ula ksid o h;a
foaYmd,kfha uQ,dY%h ck;dj jk neúks'

• fuf,i m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYmd,k l%uhla l%shd;aul ùfï § rcfha ks,;, orkakka Tjqkaf.a
;SrK iy lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ck;djg W;a;r Èh hq;= ùu" meyer yeßh fkdyels
m%cd;ka;%jd§ j.lSuls'

• wdKavqfõ j. ùu ms<sn| woyig udk folla mj;S' tkï"

é ck;djg W;a;r Èh hq;= nj" iy

é j.lSfï w¾:fhka l%shd lsÍu ck;dj wdKavqfjka wfmalaId lrk nj'

— m%cdjg j. ùu iïnkaOfhka mj;sk hdka;%K

• fndfyda m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rgj,a m%cdjg lrkq ,nk j. ùu id¾:l lr.ekSu i|yd my;
i|yka hdka;%K l%shd;aul lrhs'

é Pkao m%ldY lsÍfï l%shdj,sh uÕska wdKavqj, l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| úksYaph lsÍug
mqrjeishdg wjldY ,nd §u
é u; úuiqï
é wdKavqfõ ks,Odßkaf.a yeisÍu iy;sl lsÍfï b,lalh we;s j wdpdr O¾u kS;s iy
mßmdá ia:dms; lsÍu

• fïjdfha uQ,sl wruqK wdKavqfõ ks,;, orkakka wyUq f,i fyda ys;du;d fyda lrkq ,nk
wjl,a l%shdjka je<elaùug uÕ fmkaùï iemhSu h' fï i|yd"

é fndfyda wdKavq f;dr;=re oek .ekSfï mk;a iïu; lr;s'

é fndfyda wdKavq idfmalaI jYfhka kùk m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIK iy ú.Kk wdh;k
msysgqjd f.k ;sfí'

14
m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKh iy Y%S ,xldfõ w;a ±lSu'

m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqlrKh ms<sn| ,xldfõ w;a ±lSï ñY% tlls' th ch.%yK" miqnEï iy
mqk¾Ôjkh hk fïjdhska iukaú; h'

,xldj kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jdohg mßj¾;kh ùu isÿ jQfha ì%;dkHfha hg;a úð; md,k iufha §
h' 19 jeks ishjfia b;d iSñ; ksfhdack l%uhla y÷kajd § ;sìK' 1833 flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK
u.ska wd¾Ól iy iudc lafIa;%j, ,snr,alrKh y÷kajd § ;sìK' ,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%ShlrK
l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jQfha 1931 fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrKh hs' i¾jck Pkao n,h
iy ksfhdack wdKavql%uh mq¿,a lsÍu tys m%Odk;u m%cd;ka;%lrK uQ,O¾u úh'

ta w;r" ck;dj w;r foaYmd,k msì§ula o" il%Sh isú,a iudchla o ìys úh' cd;sl jHdmdrh iy
jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh fuu isú,a iudc l%shdldß;ajfha m%Odk udOHhka úh' m%cd;ka;%Sh
lrKh hkq wdKAvql%u jHjia:d m%;sixialrKh u fyda kj jHjia:d iïu; lsÍu u fyda fkdj"
foaYmd,k l%shdj,shg uyck;dj il%Shj iyNd.S ùu o jkafka h hk lreK fu;ek § jeo.;a
h'

1947 fida,na ß jHjia:dfjka f.dv k.k ,oafoa uQ,l

s jYfhka ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j % d§ wdKAvl
q u
% hls'
ta uÕska ksfhdack m%cd;ka;j
% doh ;j;a mq¿,a flßKs' Bg wu;r j oaú-uKav,sl jHjia:dodhlh;a"
jHjia:dodhlhg j.lshk leìkÜ wdKAvq l%uhla" kS;f s ha wdêm;Hh" iajdëk wêlrKh" iq¿ck
whs;Ska wdrlaId lsÍu iy iSñ; wdKavqjla o hk fïjd y÷kajd fok ,§' tfy;a fida,anß
jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mßÉfþohla ;snqfKa ke;'

1970 .Kka olajd" ,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uh ndOdjlska f;drj l%shd;aul úh' 1950
.Kkaj, wdrïN jQ isxy,-fou< jd¾.sl .eg¨fjka m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavqlrK l%shdj,shg ta
;rï ndOd isÿ jQfha ke;' md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK ksis l,g meje;aúK' wdKavq udre lsÍu
isÿjqfKa idfmalaIl jYfhka iduldój iy iduldó ue;sjrK ud¾.fhks' ue;sjrKj, uyck
iyNd.s;ajh l%udkql+,j by< .sfha h' mq¨,a foaYmd,k mlaI l%uhla o ia:djr úh' 1930 .Kka
j, § wdrïN lrk ,o iudc iqNidOk m%;sm;a;s È.g u l%shd;aul jQ w;r" ta u.ska iudc iduh
o ;yjqre úh'

fuu ;;a;ajh" 1970 .Kkaj, uq, § fjkia ùug mgka .;af;a h' ,xldfõ iudcfha ksy~j
meje;s iudc iy foaYmd,k wiykh t<smsg u m%ldY ùu mgka .;af;a" 1971 ;reK le/,a,
fj;sks' fï w;r" m%dfoaYSh iajhx md,khla i|yd 1950 .Kkaj, § wdrïN jQ øúv cd;sl
jHdmdrh" fuk u rdcHhla i|yd jQ jHdmdrhla njg mßj¾;kh úh' th 1980 .Kkaj, uq, §
isú,a hqoO
a hla njg j¾Okh úh' hqoOa fha miqìu ;=< isÿ jQfha m%cd;ka;j
% d§ wdKavl
q rK l%h
s dj,sh
miqnEug m;aùu hs' yÈis kS;sh" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh w;a ysgqùu" rdcHh iy iudch hqouhlrKhg
md;% ùu fï ld,fha isÿ jQ j¾Okhka h' fï f,i 1980 .Kkaj, uq, mgka m%cd;ka;%jd§
l%shdj,sfha miqnEu werôKs'

fï w;r 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka isÿ jQfha m%cd;ka;%sl wdKavqlrKfha ;j;a miqnEu ls'
fjiaÜñkaiag¾ md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%ufhka fjkia jQ m%xY udÈ,sfha ckdêm;s l%uhg iudk ñY%
wdKavq l%uhla ta u.ska y÷kajd fok ,§' kj w¾O ckdêm;s l%uh ;=< jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlhg
oaú;Shsl ;;a;ajhg m;a lrkq ,eìK' ckdêm;sjrhd" jHjia:dodhlh fuka u wêlrKh o
md,kh lrk ;;a;ajhla ìys úh' ckdêm;sjrhd rdcH jHQyfha m%Odk iy n,.;= u wdh;kh
jQ w;r" th ixjrK iy ;=,kj,ska iEfyk ÿrlg ksoyia lrkq ,eìK' fï miqnEï ;sìh §;a"

15
 1978 jHjia:dfõ jeo.;a m%cd;ka;%Sh wx.hla jQfha mqrjeishkag wêlrKhg hEfï whs;sh iys;
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mßÉfþohla y÷kajd §u hs'

ì%;dkH foaYmd,k úoHd{fhl= jk uydpd¾h ñla uqj¾ ^Mick moore& fï ;;a;ajh y÷kajd
we;af;a zzm%cd;ka;%jdofha wdmiaig hEulaZZ f,iks' ^Moore, 1972& Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k
úoHd{fhl= jk wdpd¾h kS,a äfjdÜgd ^Neil Devotta& th y÷kajd we;af;a zzfoaYmd,k mßydkshlaZZ
iy zzm%cd;ka;%jdofha wm.ukhlaZZ f,isks' ^Devotta, 2014&' 1978 jHjia:dfjka ìys lrk ,o
,xldfõ wdKavqlrK udÈ,sh ye¢kaùug Ydia;%{hska Ndú; lr we;s ;j;a ixl,amhla kï
zzjHjia:duh wêldrjdohZZ hkak hs'

flfia fj;;a" zzm%cd;ka;%jdofha miqnEfï hq.hlaZZ f,i ye¢kafjk fuu ld, mßÉfþofha §
,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha olakg ,enqKq jeo.;a ,laIKhla kï" zzm%cd;ka;%jdofha mj;akd kej;
u;=ùug we;s yelshdjZZ hs' jHjia:duh wêldrjdoh" isú,a hqoaOh" foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh iy
hqouhlrKh ueoafoa jqj;a" Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%jdoh wfydais jQfha ke;' ÿ¾j,j ;sìh § mjd
m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdh;k È.g u meje;s w;r" uyck;dj i;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| úYajdih o
fkdkeiS meje;sK' m%pKav;ajh ueoafoa jqj o ue;sjrK meje;aúK' isú,a hqoaOh ueoafoa mjd
wdKavq udre ùu idfmalaI jYfhka iduldój isÿ úh' m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,sh ms<sn| ;u
úYajdih m< lrñka" ue;sjrKj, mqrjeis iyNd.s;ajh o by< uÜgulska meje;sK' fï ish,a,
wjidkfha §" m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK i|yd jQ m%n, ;¾lhla o iudcfha u;= úh'
1978 jHjia:dj wfydais lsÍu;a" ckdêm;s l%uh w;yer md¾,sfïka;=jd§ wdKavql%uhlg wdmiq
hEu;a fuu wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK jHdmdrfha m%Odk b,a,Sula f,i u;= úh'

Y%s ,xldfõ wdKavql%ufha we;s m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk wx.

m%cd;ka;%jd§ wx. -

• i¾jck Pkao n,h iy ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh

• uyck Pkaofhka m;a lrk jHjia:dodhlh
• md¾,sfïka;=jg j. lshk leìkÜ wdKavql%uh
• ks;sm;d meje;afjk ue;sjrK
• ue;sjrKj, by< uÜgfï Pkao odhl iyNd.S;ajh
• idfmalaIl jYfhka iajdëk wêlrKh
• l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla o iys; wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uh
• kS;sfha wdêm;Hh m%Odk wdKavql%ñl uQ,O¾uhla f,i ie<lSu
• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ iy;sl lr we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
• n,h úuOH.; lsßu
• il%Sh isú,a iudchla iy iudc jHdmdr mej;Su
• isú,a hqoaO" foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh iy miqnEï ueoafoa m%cd;ka;%jdoh È.g u mej;Su
• ;uka jvd;a leu;s wdKavql%u udÈ,sh yeáhg m%cd;ka;%jdoh .ek ck;dj i;= wLKav
úYajdih

m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk ,laIK -

• úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh iy taldêm;sjrhd fj; rdcH n,h w;sYhska flakaø.; ùu

• jHjia:dodhlh iy wêlrKh úOdhlfha n,mEu hg;g f.k tau
• foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh iy úis,a hqoaOh

16
 • ksoyia iy idOdrK ue;sjrK uQ,O¾uh W,a,x>Kh lsÍu
• rdcHh iy isú,a iudch hqouhlrKhg md;% ùu
• yÈis kS;sh iy ta hgf;a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï w;a ysgqùu
• udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh lsßï
• wdKavqlrK l%shdj,sh ;=< isÿjk ¥IKh iy n,h wjNdú; lsßu'

Y%S ,xldj iy m%cd;ka;%jdofha wod<;ajh

m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq j¾;udk f,dalfha mj;sk tl u wdKavql%uh fkdfõ' m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk

wdKavl
q u% o ;sfí' wêldrjd§ wdKav"q ;ksmlaI l%u wdKav"q yuqod wdKavq iy wd.ñl kdhlhkaf.a
md,kh hgf;a mj;sk wdKavq Bg WodyrK hs' m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavqj, o úúO iajrEm ;sfí'
iuyrla ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j% d§ tajd h' ;j;a iuyrla m%cd;ka;j
% doh iuÕ ks¾-,snr,a iy wêldrjd§
,laIK tl;= lr ;sfí' tfuka u ÿ¾j, m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq fuka u Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jd§
wdKavq o ;sfí'

fï w;r Y%s ,xldjg jvd;a .e<fmkafka m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uhla hehs is;Sug fya;= .Kkdjla
o ;sfí' tajd kï -

• Y%s ,xldjg" úisjeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § wdrïN jQ Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ iïm%odhla
;sfí' i¾jck Pkao n,h" ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh" md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh" uyck
Pkaofhka wdKavq udre lsÍu hk fïjd ,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha;a" foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha;a
we;s Yla;su;a iy wLKav ,laIK hs'

• Y%s ,xldj nyq jd¾.sl iy nyq-wd.ñl iudchls' úúO;ajh m%Yakhla fkdj Yla;shla f,i
i<lk m%cd;ka;j % doh fujeks iudchlg jvd;a u .e<fmk wdKavl
q u
% h hs' jd¾.sl jYfhka
nyqúO iudchla jk ,xldjg wjYH jk nyq;ajjd§ ^Pluralist& wdKavql%uhla wfmalaId l<
yelafla m%cd;ka;%jdofhka muKs'

• foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh" isú,a hqoO

a h iy foaYmd,k w¾nqo uOHfha mjd" m%c;ka;j
% d§ wdKavl
q u
% h
ms<sn|j ;uka i;= úYajdih" ,xldfõ ck;dj kej; kej;;a m%ldY lr we;' ue;sjrKj,§
isÿjk by< uÜgfï Pkaoodhl iyNd.s;ajh fuu úYajdih m%ldYhg m;a flfrk m%Odk
udOHhs'

• Y%S ,xldfõ ck;dj m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk foaYmd,k úl,am iy wka;jd§ foaYmd,k

kHdhm;% m%;slafIam lr we;' m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk foaYmd,k jHdmdrj,g we;af;a b;d
iq¿ uyck iyfhda.hls'

• ,dxlsl ck;dj w;r mj;akd by< idlaIr;dj;a" by< uÜgfï foaYmd,k ú{dkh;a ksid
,xldjg jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq udÈ,sh hs' ukao h;a ,xldfõ mqrjeishka
foaYmd,k jYfhka wjÈfhka iy iqmÍlaIdldß;ajfhka isák m%cdjla jk ksid h' tjeks
m%cdjlf.a by< uÜgfï foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh iy;sl l< yelafla m%cd;ka;%jd§
wdKavql%uhlg h'

mqrjeishka mjqf,a iy iudcfha .; lrk Ôú;hg m%cd;ka;%jd§ uQ,O¾u iy jákdlï wod<

jk wdldrh mka;sfha § idlÉPd lsÍug .=rejrekag uQ,sl;ajh .; yels h' .=rejrekag my;
i|yka f;aud wjOdrKh l< yels h'

17
 • wkHhskaf.a fuka u fjkia wdldrfha woyia o bjiSfï .=Kh
• wka whf.a úYajdi iy wd.ïj,g .re lsÍu
• wkHhskaf.a úYajdi iy woyiaj,g f.!rj iïmkakj ijka §u
• nyq;rfha u;h ms<s.kakd w;r u iq¿;rfha u;j,g o .re lsÍu
• iduQyslj ;SrK .ekSu fuka u úpdrd;aul yelshdj mj;ajd .ekSu

mjq," mdi," jev fmd<" iy iudch hk wjldYhkays m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ôjkh mj;ajd .ekSu YsIH
YsIHdjka Wkkaÿ lrùu jeo.;a h'

fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' ixjdo uKavmhla meje;aùu

• fuu tallh hgf;a ixjdohg wjYH ud;Dld YsIHhka w;f¾ fnod fokak'
• ixjdoh fufyhùu iy ixjdohg iyNd.s jk lKavdhu ;SrKh lr kshu lr
.kakd Èkhl § ixjdoh fufyhjkak'
• krUkakka i|yd o m%Yak weiSu i|yd ld,h ,nd fokak'

wdY%s; .%ka:

01' Whkaf.dv chfoaj" ^2010&" iudcfha wms Tlafldu iudkhs@ mqrjeisNdjfha

foaYmd,k kHdh iy Ndú;h" fld<U: iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh'

02' Whkaf.dv chfoaj ^2011&" Tlafldu rcjre Tlafldu jeisfhda@ rdcHh ms<sn|
foaYmd,k kHdh iy Ndú;h" fld<U: iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh'

03' Whkaf.dv chfoaj iy rxÔ;a fmf¾rd" ^2010&" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" l=ula o@ ldf.a o@

ld i|yd o@ l=ug o@ fld<U: iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh'

04. Bealey Frank, Richard A. Chapman and Michael Sheehan, (1999), Elements in
Political Science, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

05. Heywood, Andrew, (1994), Political Ideas and Concept: An Introduction, London:
The Macmillan Press Ltd.

06. Joyce, Peter, (2001), Politics, London: Hodder Headline Plc.

07. Patterson, Thomas E, (1998), We the People: A Concise Introduction to American

Politics.

08. Skidmore Max J, Marshall Carter Tripp, (1993), American Government : A Brief
Introduction, New York: ST. Marin's Press.

09. Tansey, Stephen D, (1995), Politics : The Basics, London: Routledge.

18
 10' wdKavql%u udÈ,s

ksmqK;dj 10 (- iuld,Sk f,dalfha mj;akd úúO wdKavql%u udÈ,s ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul

wjfndaOhlska hq;= mqoa.,hl= f,i l%shd lrhs'
^ld,fþo 40 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
10'1' iuld,Sk f,dalfha mj;sk talSh iy ikaëh wdKavq l%uj, wkkH;d iy
fjkialï ú.%y lrhs'
10'2' úúO ;=,kd;aul wdlD;sj, kHdhd;aul moku iy m%dfhda.sl
,laIK ;=,kd;aul j wOHhkh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo (-

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ iuld,Sk f,dalfha mj;sk ikaëh wdKAvql%u udÈ,s kï lr ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ talSh rdcHj, mßj¾;k ì%;dkHh iy Y%S ,xldj weiqßka fmkajd fohs'
Ÿ talSh" uOH.; wdKavql%u udÈ,s WodyrK iys; j úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ ,xldjg jvd;a WÑ; wdKavql%u udÈ,shl uQ,sldx. fhdackd lsÍfï l=i,;d
w;am;alr .kshs'

ye¢kaùu (-
f,dalfha l%h
s d;aul jk úúO wdKavl q u
% udÈ,s ms<n
s | wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tallfhka
wfmalaIs; h' ta hgf;a weußldj" bkaÈhdj" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" uyd ì%;dkHh" Y%S ,xldj
iy m%xYh hk rgj,a yh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' fuu rgj, iuld,Sk
wdKAvql%u udÈ,s" l%u ;=kla hgf;a wOHhkh l< yels h' tkï

1' ikaëh udÈ,s

i' weußldkq l%uh
ii' bkaÈhdkq l%uh
iii' iaúÜi¾,ka; l%uh

2' talSh rdcHj, mßj¾;k

i' uyd ì%;dkHh
ii' Y%S ,xldj

3' talSh iy uOH.; rdcH jHQyh'

i' m%xYh

ikaëh udÈ,sh i|yd ksoiqka imhk wefußldkq wdKavql%uh f*vr,a wdKavql%uhl

mj;sk iqúfYaI ,laIKj,ska hqla; fõ' tys § wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska uOHu
wdKavqj yd m%dka; wdKavq w;r n,;, fnod yer ;sfí'

;j;a ikaëh udÈ,shla jk bkaÈhdfõ f*vr,a l%uh thg u wdfõKsl jQ ,laIK

fmkakqï l< o" f*vr,a wdKAvql%uhla nj jHjia:dfjka m%ldY fkdfõ' tfy;a
jHjia:dfõ jHQyh f*vr,a iajNdjhla .kS' iaúÜi¾,ka;h f*vr,a l%uhl iqúfYaI
wdlD;shla jk fldkaf*vr,a fyj;a iyikaëh l%uhl ,laIKj,ska hqla; h'

19
 fuu mdvfï § talSh rdcHj, mßj¾;k hgf;a ì%;dkHfha talSh wdKAvq l%uh
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkq we;' talSh l%uj, tla uOHu wdKavqjlska iudcfha
il,úO lafIa;% wdjrKh jk f,i rdcH md,kh uOHu wdKAvqfõ kshdukhg
wkqj l%shd;aul fõ' ì%;dkH wdKavql%ufha fjkiaùï yd mßj¾;k wjfndaO lr
.ekSu fuu mdvfï § wfmalaIs; h' ì%;dkH hg;a úð; hq.fha talSh rdcH l%uhlg
moku ±uQ Y%S ,xldj" 1987 wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska
msysgqjk ,o m<d;a iNd l%uh Tiafia n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï rduqjla we;=<;
mßj¾;khlg ,la lrkq ,enqfõ h' fumßÈ ì%;dkH iy Y%S ,xld wdKAvql%u fol u
talhS jHQyhla we;=<; n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï udÈ,shla lrd jHQyd;aul mßj¾;kj,g
md;% ù we;'

talSh iy uOH.; udÈ,shg m%Odk;u ksoiqk imhkafka m%xYh hs' th jQl,s w;sYhska
u n,h flakaø.; jQ rdcHhls' m%xYfha isÿ jQ uE; ld,Sk jHjia:d ixfYdaOk uÕska
tys talSh yd uOH.; iajNdjh ie,lsh hq;= fjkilg ,la ù we;' tys mj;sk
mßmd,k úuOH.;lrKh m%xYhg u wdfõKSl jQjls'

talSh iy f*vr,a wdKavql%u udÈ,Ska .ek bf.k.kakd .uka u" fï mdvfuka ;j;a
jeo.;a fohla wjfndaOlr .ekSug o YsIH YsIHdjkag bv ,efnkq we;' tkï talSh
iy f*vr,a jHjia:d ;snqK;a m%dfhda.sl jYfhka fï wdKavql%u fndfyduhla u ñY%
^hybrid& udÈ,Ska jkafkah hkak hs'

fï wdldrfhka iuld,Sk wdKavql%u udÈ,s ms<sn| ,nd .kakd ±kqu weiqfrka Y%S
,xldjg jvd;a WÑ; wdKavql%u udÈ,shl uQ,sldx. fhdackd lsÍfï l=i,;dj ,nd §u
o fuu tallfhka wfmalaIs; h'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

˜ wdKavql%u jHjia:djla hkq l=ula o@

foaYmd,k iy ffk;sl Ñka;lhka zjHjia:djZ hkak .ek lr we;s w¾:l:k lsysmhla fuys
§ y÷kd .ekSu wmg m%fhdackj;a h'

wdKavql%u jHjia:d ms<sn| iïNdjH w¾:l:kh wmg ,efnkafka weßiafgdaÜ,af.ks' ta wkqj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djla hkq zrdcHhla ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;h l=ula úh hq;= ±hs f;dardf.k we;s
iajrEmhZ hs'

zkQ;k m%cd;ka;%jdohka ^1928&Z hk lD;sh ,shQ n%hsia idñjrhd bÈßm;a l< w¾:l:kh fufia
h( jHjia:djla hkq zrdcHhl Ôú;h bÈßhg .uka lsÍug iïnkaOj ;sfnkakd jQ kS;s iy
pdß;%j, tl;=jhsZ

uydpd¾h fla' iS' úh¾ zkQ;k wdKavql%u jHjia:dZ kï lD;sfha wdKavql%u jHjia:djg w¾:
olajd we;af;a zrgl wdKavj
q la m%;I
s G
a dmkh lrkakdjQ;"a wdKavj
q la fufyhjkakdjQ;a Í;s iuQyfha
tl;=jZ hkqfjks'

;j;a wdKavql%u úfYaI{hl= jk iS' t*a' iafg%dax zkQ;k foaYmd,k jHjia:dZ kï lD;sfha olajd
we;s w¾:§mksh fufia h' zwdKavl
q u
% jHjia:djla hkq wdKavf q õ n,;," md,s;hkaf.a whs;j
s dislï
iy wdKavqj;a" md,s;hkq;a w;r in|;d ;SrKh lrk uQ,O¾u moaO;shZ hs'

20
ikaëh udÈ,s'

ikaëh udÈ,s hgf;a wms wdKavql%u ;=kla .ek bf.k .ksuq' tajd kï wefußlka" bkaÈhdkq iy
iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavql%u hs' fï ;=k f*vr,a udÈ,sfha u ;rula fjkia jQ wdKavql%u wdlD;Ska h'
wefußldkq l%uh iïNdjH f*vr,a udÈ,shg wdikak h' iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavql%uh iïNdjH
iyikaëh udÈ,shg wdikak h' bkaÈhdkq l%uh talSh ,laIK we;s f*vr,a udÈ,shls'

I. wefußldkq l%uh'

• wefußldfõ l%shd;aul jkafka f*vr,a wdKavq l%uhls' ta wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska
u uOHu wdKAvqj iy m%dka; wdKavq w;r n,;, fnod yer ;sfí' uOHu wdKavqfõ fyda
m%dka; wdKAvqj, fyda idudkH kS;shlska" fuu uQ,sl ,shú,af,ka lr we;s n,h fnod yeÍu
fjkia l< fkdyels h'

• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka n,h fnod yßkafka flfia o@ ta ta uÜgfï wdKavqj u; wdfrdams;

j.lSï yd ne£ï fudkjd ±hs y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a h' my; i|yka lreKq weiqfrka th jgyd
.; yels h' wefußldfõ uOHu rchg iy m%dka;j,g jHjia:dfjka mjrd we;af;a wdldr
lsysmhlsks'

I' cd;sl wdKavqj fyj;a uOHu wdKavqjg mjrd § we;af;a jHjia:dfjka wjOdß; n,h
mñKs' ^uOHu wdKavqjg wdfõKsl j mejfrk úfoaY iïnkaO;d o Bg we;=<;a h&
;u l%shdldßFj lafIa;%fha § uOHu wdKavqj W;a;Í;r fõ'
II' m%dka; wdKavqj,g jHjia:dfjka" uOHu wdKavqj úiska wjOdrKh fkdlrk ,o yd
uOHu wdKavqfõ jHjia:dfjka yd m%dka; jHjia:dj,ska ;ykï fkdlrk ,o n,;,
ysñ fõ'
III' uOHu rch;a" m%dka; wdKavq;a yjqf,a mdúÉÑ lrk zziu.dó n,;,ZZ ;sfí'
IV' jHjia:dfõ ikaëh;djh wdrlaId lsÍug iuyr n,;, uOHu rdcHhg;a" m%dka;
rdcHj,g;a ;ykï lr ;sfí'

˜ weußldkq wdKavql%ufha idudkH ,laIK (-

I wefußldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ,sÅ; tlls' ,sÅ; jHjia:djla ;sîu f*vr,a jHjia:djl
yd kQ;k wdKavql%uhl w;HjYH ,laIKhls' b;d l=vd ,shú,a,la jk th fldx.%ia mK;a"
idïm%odhsl isß;a úß;a yd wêlrK ;Skaÿ wdY%h fldg f.k fmdaIKh ù we;'

II iïm%odh yd Ndú;(
jHjia:dfõ ks¾ud;Djreka lr we;af;a bÈß l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH jk o< iels,a, ks¾udKh
lsÍu muKs' thg weg uia yd kyr ,eî ;sfnkafka ^Flesh and Blood& isß;a úß;a" iïm%odhhka
yd Ndú; uÕsks'

III oDV Ndjh(

wefußldkq jHjia:dj" ixfYdaOkhg wmyiq" ixlS¾K" È.= l%shdj,shls' jHjia:djg lrk
ljr fyda ixfYdaOkhla i|yd ixfYdaOk fhdackdj fldx.%ifha iNd foflysu ;=fkka
foll jeä Pkaohlska iïu; ù miqj ta ixfYdaOkhg m%dka; rdcH 3$4l wkqu;sh ,nd .;
hq;= h' tneúka wefußldkq jHjia:dj idfmalaI jYfhka wkuH tlls'

21
 IV f*vr,a iajNdjh(
• úúO;ajh ms<s.ksñka cd;sl iajdëkFjh f.dv kÕd .ekSug ±rE W;aidyhl m%;sM,hla
f,i iajdëk rdcH tlg tl;= ù wefußldkq jHjia:d j yd wdKavq l%uh ìyslrk ,§'
m%dka; rdcHhka 13lska we/UqKq tu l%shdj,sh wo jk úg m%dka; 50la f;la úys§ we;'
uOHu wdKavqj yd m%dka; wdKavq w;r n,;, fnod we;af;a wdKavqjl%u jHjia:dfjka u
h'

• wefußldfõ jHjia:dj W;a;Í;r h' fuh f*vr,a l%uhl w;HjYH ,laIKhls'

V wefußldfõ wdKavql%uh n,;, fn§fï isoaOdka;h wkq.ukh lrñka" ta uÕska ixjrK yd

;=,k l%uh o wka;¾.; lr we;' ñka wruqKq fldg we;af;a m%cd mSvl" w;a;fkdau;sl
md,khla we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSu h'

VI whs;sjdislï m%{ma;sh(
uQ,l
s whs;js dislï" foam< yd ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍfï wfmalI
a dfjka fuu whs;j
s dislï m%{ma;h
s
we;=<;a lr we;'

VII wêlrK úu¾Ykh( ^Judicial Review&

jHjia:dj w¾:l:kh uÕska wêlrKh fldx.%ih mKjk kS;sj, jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh
úu¾Ykh lsÍfï n,h ,ndf.k we;' fuu n,h wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka wêlrKhg ,nd
§ ke;s jqj;a" tu n,h wêlrKhg jHjia:dfjka jHx.fhka ,nd § we;ehs fY%aIaGdêlrKh
1803 § ud¾nß tfrysj" ueäika kvq ;Skaÿfjka ;SrKh lr we;'

VIII wefußldkq wdKavql%uh zzuyck mrudêm;HhZZ hk isoaOdka;h u; mokï ù we;' fuys

w¾:h jkafka wdKavq lsÍfï n,h we;af;a uyck;dj flfrys h hkak h'

IX iuQydKavj
q doh(
wefußldj iuQydKavqjls' tys m%Odkshd jkafka Pkaofhka f;dard .;a ckdêm;sjrhdh'
jHjia:dj n,h ,nd .kafka ck;djf.ks' iEu fldgia rdcHhla u ;u jHjia:dj
iuQydKavqjd§ uQ,O¾uh wkqj ixúOdkh lr.; hq;= fõ'

X fuh ckdêm;s wdKavql%uhls'

XI oaú;aj mqrjeis Ndjh ysñ ùu (

wefußldkqfjda weußldj kue;s uOHu rdcHfha yd m%dka; rdcHj, mqrjeisfhda fj;s'

˜ weußldkq uOHu wdKavqj i;= n,;, (-

• wefußldkq wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfjka m%ldYs; j u uOHu wdKavj q fj; Bg wh;a jHjia:dodhl"
úOdhl iy wêlrK n,;, y÷kajd § we;' tu wjOdß; fyj;a m%ldYs; n,;,j,g
wka;¾m%dka; fj<|du md,kh lsÍu wdÈhg wu;r j nexl= we;s lsÍu jeks yeÕjqï.;
n,;, o we;=<;a fõ' yeÕjqï.; n,h kï jHjia:dfjka Rcqj fkdj jHx.fhka ,nd fok
n,;,hs' tu yeÕjqï n,hg ^Implied Powers& fya;= ldrl ù we;af;a wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
j.ka;s I fldgi ^8& tall ^3& ^Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3& h' fï wkqj by; lS j.lSï bgq
lsÍu i|yd wjYH yd iqÿiq n,;, uOHu wdKavqjg mjrd § we;' tajd kï'

22
• úfoaY iïnkaO;d ms<snj we;s wdfõKsl n,h' fï hgf;a uOHu wdKavqjg kj N+ñ
m%foaY ñ,§ .ekSug" fidhd .ekSug yd w;am;a lr .ekSug yelshdj mj;S'

• uOHu wdKavqjg yd m%dka; wdKavqj,g ;u ;ukag wh;a n,;, fjka fjka j ;snqK o"
m%dka; rdcH iïnkaOfhka uOHu rchg mejÍ we;s n,h lreKq y;rla u; r|d mj;S'
I' uOHu rdcHfha kS;sj, W;a;Í;r Ndjhg wod< úê úOdk'
II' hqoaOh iïnkaO n,h'
III' fj<|du iïnkaO úê úOdk'
IV' nÿ wh lr .ekSug yd úhoï lsÍug we;s n,h hk tajd h'

• fujeks n,;, uOHu wdKavqjg mejÍfï iuia; m%;sM,h ù we;af;a we;eï m%dka; rdcH
;ukag ysñ lghq;= lrf.k hdug we;s yelshdj wysñ ù we;s njg fpdaokd lsÍu hs'

• uOHu wdKavqfõ n,h j¾Okh ùu wefußldkq f*vr,a l%ufha úldYkh ;=< isÿ jQjls'
uOHfha n,h j¾Okh ùug 1868 § iïu; l< XIV jk wdKavl q u
% jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg
o bjy,a ù we;' tuÕska mqrjeis whs;sjdislï" ksoyi iy kS;sfha iudk /ljrKh iSud
lsÍï iïnkaOfhka m%dka; rdcH i;= n,;, iSud flßK'

• uOHhg mjrd § we;s by; lS n,;, ms<sn| ir, ±kqula YsIH YsIHhkag ,nd §u fhda.H
fõ' th my; i|yka mßÈ úia;r l< yels h'

I' f*vr,a jHjia:dfõ W;a;Í;r Ndjhg wod< úê úOdk (

wefußldkq wdKavql%ufha mj;sk jeo.;a u úê úOdkhla jk fï ms<sn| j jHjia:dfõ
VI jk j.ka;sh m%ldY lrkafka fumßoafoks zzwdKavql%u jHjia:dj yd tys wruqKq
idOkh lr .ekSu i|yd we;s lreKq o" tlai;a ckmo wêlrKh hgf;a t<fUk .súiqï
o rfÜ m%Odk kS;sh úh hq;= h' fï j.ka;sh wkqj uOHfha kS;s n,meje;afjk w;r u"
m%dka; yd m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g fï úê úOdkh fkdi,ld cd;sl wdKavqfõ kS;sj,g
yd fr.=,disj,g wdfoaYl we;s l< fkdyels h'
Wod(- uOHu rdcHh mkjd we;s wju jegqm iïnkaO úêúOdk fkdi,ld" Bg wvq
wju jegqma kshu lsÍug m%dka;j,g fkdyels kuq;a Bg jeä wju jegqmla
kshu lsÍug m%dka;j,g yelshdj we;'

II' hqoaOh iïnkaO n,;, (

• fï hgf;a uOHu wdKavqjg ndysr cd;shlska fyda cd;Hka;r ;%ia;jdoh uÕska fyda
we;s jk wdl%uKj,ska rg wdrlaId lr .ekSfï j.lSu mejÍ ;sfí' cd;sl wdrlaIdj
iïnkaO fuu n,hg hqoaO lsÍug we;s n,h o wh;a fõ'

• fï wkqj m%dka; yryd hk .=jka mshdir l,dm ;yku yd ´kEu wjia:djl jqj o
m%dka;j,g wh;a .=jkaf;dgqm<j,a w;am;a lr .ekSfï n,h o uOHu wdKavqjg ysñ
fõ'

III' wka;¾ m%dka; yd cd;Hka;r fj<|du kshdukh lsßu (

• fj<|dug wod< úêúOdkh hgf;a f*vr,a wdKAvqjg úfoaY cd;Ska" m%dka; w;r yd
iajfoaYSh bkaÈhdkq f.da;% iuÕ fj<|du kshdukhg n,h ysñ fõ' fï úêúOdkh
yryd cd;sl wdKAvqjg mq¿,a mrdihl úysfok udkj l%shdldrlï yeisr ùug n,h
,efí' ukao h;a j¾;udk weußldfõ tla m%dka;hlg muKla wod< jk fj<|dula
olakg fkdue;s ;rï h'

23
 • wêlrK ;Skaÿ uÕska o uOHu wdKavqfõ fj<|du iïnkaO n,h mq¿,a flßK'
tuÕska f,d;/hsm;a" .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdyskS" úÿ,s ikafoaY yd wka;¾cd,h we;=¿
m%n, mrdihl n,h uOHu wdKavqjg ysñ úh'

IV' nÿ wh lsÍug yd úhoï lsÍug we;s n,h (

• uOHu rcfha jHjia:dodhlh jk fldx.%ihg yqfola fmdÿ iqNidOkh j¾Okh
lrk ksid u kS;s mekùug jHjia:dkql+, wêldrhla ysñ fkdfõ' tfy;a fï
wruqKq fjkqfjka thg nÿ tl;= lr úhoï l< yels h' ^Raise and Spend&
Wod(- uOHu rchg wOHdmk yd lDIsl¾u kshdukhg Rcq n,h fkdue;s jqj;a ta
i|yd uqo,a fjka lsÍug yd f.dúm< i|yd iykdOdr §ug yels h'

• uOHu rch m%dka;j,g uQ,H m%;sodk §fï § tajdg tl;= lrk fldkafoais yryd
cd;sl wdKavqj m%dka; rdcHj, l%shdldÍ;ajhg n,mdk Èß .ekaùï we;s lrhs' m%dka;
rdcHj,g uqo,a wjYH kï hï hï fldkafoais ms<s.; hq;= h'

• uOHu rch uqo,a m%odkh lrk úg tajd úhoï l< yelafla flfia ±hs ;SrKh l<
yels h' uqo,a k;r lr .ekSug fyda k;r lr.ekSfï ;¾ckh yryd m%dka; wdKavqj
yd mqoa., l%shdldß;ajh yeisrùug uOHu wdKavqjg yelshdj ,eî we;'
Wod(- ´kEu jevigyklg fok uQ,H wdOdr" l=uk fyda ;eke;a;l=g j¾Kh"
cd;sl iïNjh" ,sx.sl;ajh fyda YdÍßl ÿn,;d ksid m%;s,dN wysñ lrkafka
kï" tu wdOdr k;r lrk njg mkjd we;s úêúOdk fmkajd Èh yels h'

˜ weußldkq m%dka; rdcH i;= n,;, (-

weußldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska uOHu rchg mjrd fkdÿka ish¨ n,;, m%dka;
rdcHhkg b;sß lr ;sfí' tajd iSud jkafka wdKAvql%u jHjia:duh iSudjkag muKs'
Wod(- mdi,a yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k we;s lsÍug we;s n,h'

• tajd uOHu rcfha kS;s iuÕ .egqï we;s lr fkd.kakd ;dla l,a N=la;s ú¢h yels h'

• uOHu rch yd m%dka; yjq,a j l%shdjg kÕk n,;, o ;sfí' fïjd iu.dó n,;,
h'
Wod(- nÿ mekùug we;s n,h'
ta ta m%dka; wNHka;rhg n,mdk fj<|du kshdukh i|yd we;s
n,h'

• m%dka;j,g" m%dka; w;r fj<|du u; wkjYH nrla we;s jk wdldrhg fyda uOH
wdKavqfõ lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a ùï jk wdldrhg fyda lghq;= l< fkdyels h'
Wod(- talúO cd;sl ie,lSï" ^Uniform National Treatment&" iy m%dka; w;r fj<|du
fyda wkjYH nr we;s ùu fyda hk fïjd ;S r Kh lrka f ka uOHu
jHjia:dodhlh hs' tajd ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wkqu;sh yd wêlrK m%;k s Í
s laIKh
hk iSud j,g hg;a fõ'

• Í;shla f,i m%dka; wdKavqj,g cd;sl wdKAvqj nÿ wh lrk whs;uj,g wod< j nÿ

mekúh yels h' ksoiqka kï uoHidr wdodhu" Lkscf;,a wdÈ oE h' tfy;a m%dka;
wdKAvj
q ,g wka;¾m%dka; fj<|du u; wkjYH nrla fyda uOHu wdKavf
q õ lghq;j
= ,g
ueÈy;a ùula fyda jk wdldrhg nÿ wh l< fkdyels h'

24
 uOHu rch m%dka; rch iu.dñ

wka;¾ m%dka; fj<|du m<d;a md,k wdh;k nÿ mekùu" tl;= lsÍu

yd jdKscH kshdukh' we;s lsÍu' yd wh lr.ekSu'
hqoaOh m%ldY lsÍu' mqrjeis Ndjhg wod< uqo,a Khg .ekSu yd
;eme,a fiajdj' fmd,sis lghq;=' úhoï lsÍu'
uqo,a' m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shl ;u wdKAvq uÜgug
wka;¾ uyd ud¾.' wOHdmkh' wod< Widú we;s lsÍu'
úfoaY iïnkaO;d' kS;s mekùu yd n,
mqrjeis Ndjh we;s lsÍu' .ekaùu'
isú,a whs;sjdislï
wdrlaId lsÍu'
ue;sjrK meje;aùu"
fi!LH wdrlaIdj yd
iqNidOkh'

˜ wdKavql%u jHjia:dkql+, iSud (-

f*vr,a jdofha l%shdldß;ajh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd uOHu wdKavqj fuka u m%dka; wdKavqj,g
o hï hï iSud mkjd ;sfí' m%dka; rdcHj,g my; i|yka oE iSud fldg ;sfí'

1' úfoaY rdcH iuÕ .súiqï we;s lr .ekSu'

2' fjk;a cd;Ska iuÕ kdúl yd fj<| lghq;= lsÍfï ta ta mqrjeishkag wêldr m%odkh
lsÍu'
3' uqo,a ksl;
= a lsÍu ^Coining Money&
4' Kh jr m;% ksl; = a lsÍu ^Issuing of Bills of Credit&
5' wdkhk yd wmkhk u; nÿ mekùu'
6' úfoaY fk!ldj,ska nÿ wh lr .ekSu'
7' j¾;udkfha cd;sl n< weKsh ^National Guard& hkqfjka ye¢kafjk m%dka; yuqodj
yer iduldó ;;a;ajhla mej;sh § hqoaO yuqod fyda fk!ld ;nd .ekSu'
8' hqoaOfhys kshqla; ùu'

fuuÕska uOHu wdKavqj u; o iSud mkjd ;sfí'

1' m%dka;j, n,;, yd j.lSï bgq lsÍug ndOd jk wdldrhg uOHu wdKavqj ;u n,h
Ndú;hg fkd.; hq;= h'
2' úfYaIfhka u nÿ wh lr .ekSug yd wka;¾ m%dka; fj<|dug wod< uOHu wdKAvqfõ
n,hg fï iSud wh;a fõ'
3' cd;sl kS;s n, .ekaùu i|yd m%dka; rdcHj,g ksfhda. l< fkdyels hehs wêlrK
;Skaÿ ms<sf.k ;snqK o" cd;sl wdKavqj lrk m%;smdok yryd m%dka; kïujd .ekSug
yelshdj w;am;a lrf.k ;sîu'
4' m%dka; wNHka;r ler,sj,ska m%dka; wdrlaId lsÍug uOHu rch ne£ isà'
Wod(- wod< m%dka;fha ksis n,OdÍ wdh;kh tjeks b,a,Sula l<fyd;a ta i|yd
yuqod msg;a lsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhdg mjrd § we;'

25
 fï flfia fj;;a uOHu wdKavqfõ n, jmißh miq .sh ld,dka;rh uq¿,af,a
j¾Okh ù we;' thg fya;= lSmhls'

I' we;eï ld¾h iïnkaOfhka uOHu wdKvqj u; hemSug m%dka;

wdKavqj,g isÿùu'
II' cd;sljdofha keÕS tau" iy tuÕska m%dka; rdcH wkkH;djg jvd weußldkq
cd;sl wkkH;dj m%n, ùu'
III' uOHu wdKavqjg jdisodhl wêlrK ;Skaÿ'

˜ wka;¾ m%dka; iïnkaO;d (-

• wefußldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj wka;¾ m%dka; iïnkaO;d yiqrejkafka ikaëh

jHjia:dfjka .;a uQ,O¾u wkqidrfhks'

• jHjia:dfõ y;rjk j.ka;sfhys ta .ek i|yka jkafka fufia h'

I kj m%dka; rdcH tl;= lr .ekSug fyda ms<s.ekSug fyda n,h we;af;a uOHu
wdKavqfõ fldx.%ia iNdjg h'

II • m%dka; rdcHhlg fjk;a m%dka; mqrjeishl=f.a uQ,l

s whs;j
s dislï iïnkaOfhka
úfYaI fldg ie,lSug fyda fkdi,ld yeÍug fyda jHjia:dfõ we;s jrm%ido
yd uqla;Ska ms<sn| fldgig uqjd ù lghq;= lsÍug fyda fkdyels h'

• m%dka; rdcH ;u mqrjeishkag m%odkh lrk jrm%ido fiiq m%dka;j, mqrjeishka

g o m%odkh l< hq;=h' tkï kS;f s ha /ljrKh" iduldój /lshdjl kshe§u
yd wêlrKfha ms<sirK me;Suhs'

III wdKavlq u
% jHjia:dfõ IV j.ka;f s ha fojk Wmfldgfia hï m%dka;hla ;=< § wmrdOhla
isÿ fldg fjk;a m%dka;hlg mek hk ;eke;a;l= w,a,d wod< m%dka;fha ksis n,h
iys; ks,Odßhl=g Ndr l< hq;= nj i|yka lr ;sfí' ñka woyia lrkafka lsis ÿ
m%dka;hla" fjk;a lsis ÿ m%dka;hl wmrdOlrejkag wdrlaIdj imhk uOHia:dkhla
fkdúh hq;= nj h'

IV m%dka; rdcH lghq;= l< hq;af;a zziïmQ¾K úYajdihZZ hk isoaOdka;fhys msysgdh'

thska woyia lrkafka" fjk;a m%dka; rdcHj, mK;a ,shlshú,s iy wêlrK l%h
s dj,sh
ms<sn| j úYajdih ;nd lghq;= l< hq;= nj h'

˜ wka;¾ m%dka; iyfhda.;dj (-

weußldkq ikaëh l%ufha jeo.;a ,laIKhla jkafka" uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; rdcH w;r
n,h fnod.ekSu muKla fkdj" m%dka; rdcH w;r iyfhda.h i|yd o wjldY iemhSu hs'

ta ta m%dka;j, .egqï iduldó j úi|d .ekSug jHjia:dj uÕska úê úOdk kshu lr we;'
m%dka; rdcHhlg ;u wka;¾m%dka; ffk;sl .eg¨ iqm%Sï Widúhg /f.k hd yels h'
wka;¾-m%dka; wdrdjq,a idlÉPduh jYfhka úi|d .eksu i|yd wka;¾ m%dka; tackais wdh;k
ìys lr ;sfí' m%dka; w;r we;s jk tjeks tlÕ;d fldx.%ih uÕska wkqu; l< úg ta
.súiqug w;aika l< m%dka; tuÕska ne£ isá;s' tajd cd;sl wêlrKh ,jd n,d;aul l< yels
h'

26
 tjeks .súiqï nyq, lafIa;% lSmhls'
I mßir wdrlaIdj
II wmrdO md,kh
III c, whs;Ska
IV Wiia wOHdmk yqjudrej

˜ cd;sl Widú yd f*vr,a jdoh (-

uOHu wdKavqj yd m%dka; wdKavq w;r n,h fnÈh hq;af;a flfia ±hs foaYmd,k l%shdj,sfhka
wjidk jYfhka ;SrKh jqj;a" l=uk uÜgfï wdKavqjla o" l< hq;af;a fudkjdo" ld i|yd
o" ldg o" hk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu fyj;a úksYaph lsÍu i|yd cd;sl Widú moaO;sh
;SrKd;aul ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrhs'

weußldkq iqm%Sï Widúhg fï n,h 1819 § mjrd .;af;a uelaf,dÉ t' fïß,kaâ kvq
;Skaÿfjks' tu kvq ;Skaÿfõ § iqm%Sï Widúhg uOHu wdKavqj yd m%dka; w;r mj;sk n,
fn§u ;SrKh lsÍug isÿ úh'

fï w;r fldx.%ia iNdj tlai;a ckmo nexl=j msysgqùug mshjr .;af;a h' fïß,ka;
m%dka;h thg úreoaO úh' m%dka;h ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ fkdjQ ish¨ nexl= úiska weußldkq fvd,¾
10"000l noaola f.úh hq;= jQ w;r fÊïia ú,shï uelaf,daÉ hk weußldkq nexl=fõ m%Odk
whleñhd fï noao f.ùu m%;slafIam lf<a h' fïß,ka; m%dka;h fjkqfjka fmkS isá
kS;s{hka ;¾l lf<a jHjia:dfjka uOHu wdKavqjg nexl=jla we;s lsÍug n,h m%ldYs;j
§ ke;ehs lshñks' wjOdß; lr we;s n,h l%shdjg keÕSu i|yd kS;s mekùug uOH wdKavqjg
n,h we;s njg;a" m%dka; kS;s yd uOHu wdKavqfõ kS;s w;r .egqula mj;S kï" uOHu
wdKavfq õ kS;hs n,d;aul jk njg;a ;¾l flßK' uOHu wdKavf q õ wjidk wruqK idOdrK
hehs m%ldY l< Widúh" fï l%shdud¾.h jHjia:dfõ j.ka;s yd idrhg wkql+, jk nj
ms<s.;af;a h'

jHdx.sl n,h ^Implied Power& msysgqùfuka miq j cd;sl kS;sj, W;a;Í;r;ajh ms<sn|
uQ,O¾uh we;s úh' fuu kvq ;Skaÿj;a iuÕ uOHu wdKAvqfõ n,h ie,lsh hq;= mßÈ j¾Okh
ù ;sfí'

é weußldkq f*vr,a l%uh wjfndaO lr .ekSfï § cd;sl Widú moaO;sh yd m%dka; w;r
mj;sk iïnkaO;dj o jeo.;a fõ'

I cd;sl Widúj, úksYaph lrejkag m%dka; yd m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

l%shdldÍ;ajh úu¾Ykh lsÍug we;s n,h uOHu wdKavqfõ n,h j¾Okh
ùug fya;= ù we;'
II m%dka;j, fyda m,d;a md,k wdh;kj, fyda ´kEu l%shdjla jqj o cd;sl
kS;sh W,a,x>khla hhs mjid cd;sl uÜgfï úksYaphldrjrhl= bÈßfha
wNsfhda.hg ,la l< yels h'
Wod (- 14 jk ixfYdaOkh iïnkaOfhka wêlrKh l< újrKh'
^kS;sfha ksis l%shd mámdáhla wkq.ukh fkdfldg lsis u m%dka;hlg
lsis ÿ ke;e;a;l=f.a Èú f;dr lsÍu yd ksoyi wysñ l< fkdyels nj&
III cd;sl kS;sj,g uq,a;ek §ula" wefußldfõ uOHu - m%dka; iïnkaO;dj,
;sfí' tkï m%dka; fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;khl fyda kS;s yd fr.=,dis
wìnjd uOHu wdKAvqfõ kS;s yd fr.=,dis n,d;aul ùu'

27
 fuu uQ, O¾uh wod, jkafka uOHu wdKAvqfõ kS;shla fjk;a uÜgul
wdKAvqjl kS;s iuÕ .efgk wjia:dj, § muKla fkdfõ' uOHu wdKavqfõ
wNs,dI hï m%;sm;a;s lafIa;%hl § lemS fmfkk wjia:dj,g o th wod< fõ'
jHjikldÍ uQ,øjH kshdukh" c,fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh" msßisÿ jd;dY%h yd
1965 Pkao n, mk; WodyrK f,i ±laúh yels h'

wefußldkq wdKavql%uh iïNdjH f*vr,a l%ufhka fjk;a Èidjlg .uka lsÍu uE;
ld,Sk m%jK;djls' thg fya;= lSmhls'

I cd;sl wdKavqfõ j¾Okh'

th ish¨ fokdf.a odhl;ajfhka isÿ jQjls' thg fya;= ù we;af;a"
é uq,a ld,fha m%dka; uÜgfï mej;s .eg¨ l%ufhka cd;sl yd f.da,Sh
.eg¨ njg m;aùu' tajd ksrdlrKh l< yelafla Yla;su;a uOHu
wdKavqjlg muKs h hk woyi'
é YS>% wd¾Ól j¾Okh" cd;sl uxudj;a yd nexl= jeks wdh;k b,a,d
isàu'
Wod(- úYd, fj<| jHdmdr" úYd, mßudK lDIsl¾uh yd jD;a;Sh
iñ;s'
é ck;d wdl,am fjkia ùu'
Wod(- Tjqka Yla;su;a uOHu wdKAvqjla b,a,d isàu'

˜ wefußldkq jHjia:dfõ ixfYdaOk l%shd mámdáh (-

weußldkq jHjia:dfõ ikaëh Ndjh wdrlaId jk tla wjia:djla jkafka jHjia:d ixfYdaOk
l%shd mámdáh hs' mia jk j.ka;sfha mia jk ixfYdaOk l%shd mámdáh uÕska th úia;r lr
we;' thg l%u 2ls'
I fldx.%ia iNdfõ WNh uKav,j, ;=fkka foll wkqu;sh ,ndf.k" ta i|yd m%dka;
rdcHj, o 3$4 wkqu;sh ,nd .; hq;=h' m%dka; jHjia:dodhl úiska fyda fï i|yd u
mj;ajk iïfï,khlska fyda ta i|yd wkqu;sh §u isÿ l< yels h'
II m%dka; rdcHj,g jHjia:d ixfYdaOk l%shdmámdáh m%drïNh l< yels h' m%dka;
rdcH 2$3lg jeä .Kkla fldx.%ia iNdfjka b,a,d isáhfyd;a fldx.%ia jHjia:d
iïmdol iïfï,kh ^Constitutional Convention& le|jkq ,efí' wk;=re j m%dka;
rdcH 3$4la tu fhdackdj wkqu; l< hq;= h'

II bkaÈhdkq l%uh(
˜ bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%uh (-

• bkaÈhdkq wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj mekjQfha 1950 ckjdß 26 Èk h' th j.ka;s 395la iy

mßÉfþo 9la we;=<;a §¾> ,shú,a,ls'

• bkaÈhdkq ikaëh rdcHh wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj m%dka; rdcHj,ska iqieÈ ix.uhls
^Union of States&' th uOHu wdKavqjlska" m%dka; wdKavq 29lska iy idx.ñl rdcHhg wh;a
N+f.da,Sh tall y;lska o hqla; fõ'

• m%dka; rdcH ^State& iy idx.ñl m%dka; ^Union Territory& tall w;r jeo.;a fjkila ;sfí'
m%dka; rdcHj,g wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka u ,nd § we;s ikaëh l%uhl' idudkHfhka

28
 ;sfnk" iajdh;a;;djla ;sfí' tajdfha ck;dj úiska Rcq j f;dard m;a lr.kq ,nk
jHjia:dodhl iNd iy wud;H uKav, ;sfí'

• m%dka; wdKavl
q drjrhd uOHu rch ksfhdackh l<;a" m%dka; rdcHfha úOdhl lghq;= iïnkaO
j wdKAvqldrhdg we;af;a iSñ; n,hls'

• tfy;a idx.ñl m%dka; tall idudkHfhka md,kh lrkq ,nkafka uOHu wdKAvqj hgf;a
h' bkaÈhdfõ we;s idx.ñl m%dka; tall yf;ka myl u we;af;a" uOHu rch hgf;a we;s
Rcq md,khls' tu mfya" jHjia:dodhl iNd o ke;'

• fuu l%uhg we;s jH;sf¾l fol jkafka" bkaÈhdfõ w.kqjr jk È,a,s iy olqKq bkaÈhdfõ
we;s mqÿfpß ^Puducherry& hk idx.ñl m%dka; tall ^Union Territories& fol hs' ta foflys
jHjia:dodhl iNd o" úOdhl lghq;= Ndr wud;H uKav, o ;sfí' uOHu rcfha ksfhdað;hd
jYfhka lghq;= lrkafka ¨;skka wdKAvqldrhd h'

˜ bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha úfYaI ,laIK (-

— f*vr,a jHqyhla jk bkaÈhdkq wdKAvq l%ufha mj;akd úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka
mßÈ y÷kd.; yels h'

^w& bkaÈhdkq rdcHfha we;s ikaëh;ajh" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka Rcq j u m%ldY lr ke;'
bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%uh talSh o" ikaëh o hk j. jHjia:dj Rcq j u m%ldY fkdlrhs'

^wd& talSh;ajh yd ikaëh;ajh Rcq j u m%ldY fkdl<;a" bkaÈhdfõ we;af;a ikaëh

wdKavql%uhls' jHjia:dj uÕska m%dka; rdcH ks¾udKh lsÍu;a" uOHu rch iy m%dka;
wdKAvq w;r n,;, fnod yeÍu;a" meyeÈ,s j u olajd we;'

^we& jHjia:dj ks¾udKh lrk úg" tys talSh ,laIK o u;= lr olajd ;sfí' úfYaIfhka
m%dka; rdcH md,kh lsÍu;a" úiqrejd yeÍug;a uOHu rch i;= n,;, ksid" bkaÈhdfõ
wdKavql%uh zzw¾O-ikaëhZZ l%uhlehs o iuyr úpdrlfhda ye¢kajQy'

^wE& tfy;a" miq.sh oYl yhl muK úldYkh l< bkaÈhdkq wdKAvql%ufha f*vr,a$ikaëh
m%jK;d jvd;a Yla;su;a ù ;sfí' fï keUqrejg m%Odk fya;= ;=kla n,md ;sfí'

^i&' m%dka; rdcHj, iajdëk;ajh i|yd" uOHu wdKAvqfõ n,h ysñ mlaIh fkdjk
m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k mlaI n,hg m;a jQ" m%dka; rdcH wdKavq È.ska È.g u igka
lsÍu'
^ii&' bkaÈhdfõ m%dka; rdcH .Kkdjl u" uOHu wdKAvqfõ n,fha isá fldx.%ia
mlaIhg;a" Ndr;Sh ck;d mlaIhg;a" úreoaO m%dfoaYSh mlaIj,g n,hg m;a
ùug wjldY ;sîu;a" tu m%foaYh s mlaI m%dfoaYh
S iajdh;a;;dj ^Regional autonomy&
i|yd jvd;a lem ùu;a" miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,kfha olakg
,enqKq úfYaI ,laIKhla ùu'
^iii&' uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; rdcH w;r we;s iïnkaO;d ^inter-state relations&"
m% d ka ; ia j dëk;a j hg jdis o dhl f,i w¾: l:kh ls Í ug bka È hdfõ
fY%aIaGdêlrKh olajd we;s keUqrej' uE; ld,Sk j¾Okhls' úfYaIfhka u
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 352 j.ka;sh hgf;a we;s yÈis wjia:d n,;, mdúÉÑ
lrñka" úreoaO mlaI n,fha isák m%dka; wdKavq úiqrejd yeÍug fldx.%ifha

29
 fuka u Ndr;Sh ck;d mlaI wdKavq iQodkï jQ wjia:d .Kkdjl u" tu úiqrejd
yeÍï jHjia:d úfrdaë hehs wj,x.= lsÍug bka§h fY%aIaGdêlrKh bÈßm;a ù
we;' miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< j¾Okh ù we;s w¨;a ,laIKhla kï ;u n,;,
iïnkaO j uOHu wdKAvqj iy m%dka; wdKAvq w;r we;sjk u;fNaoj, §" m%dka;
wdKavqj, iajdëk;ajh /l §ug fY%aIaGdêlrKh olajk leue;a; hs' fumßÈ
wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ j.ka;s w¾:l:kh lsÍu uÕska bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%ufha
f*vr,a ,laIK jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍug bkaÈhdkq fY%aIaGdêlrKhg yels ù
;sfí'

^b& wiuñ;sl n, fn§u ^Asymmetrical power-sharing& bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha we;s ;j;a
úfYaI ,laIKhls' bka woyia jkafka" f*vr,a tallj,g we;s n,;, m%udKh tl
iudk j ke;s nj;a" iuyr m%dka;j,g wfkl=;a m%dka;j,g jvd n,;, we;s nj;a h'
WodyrK jYfhka" cïuq iy ldYaór" f.dajd" mxcdn" weiEu' kd.,ka;" ñfidardï" uksmQ¾
iy islsï hk m%dka;j,g wfkla m%dka;j,g ke;s úfYaI n,;, ;sfí' fuu m%dka;j,
ckjd¾.sl jHdmdr yd ler,s mej;Su ksid jeä m%udKhl iajhx-md,k whs;sjdislï
,nd §u tys wruqK hs'

^B& bkaÈhdfõ m%dka; rdcH w¨;ska we;s lsÍu" úfrdaO;d ;snqK;a idfmalaI jYfhka iduldó"
m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr l%h
s dj,shla ù ;sfí' p;a;i
s .
a d¾ ^Chhattisgarh& iy W;a;¾ndkaoa hk
m%dka; rdcH 2000 jif¾ §;a" f;,x.dk m%dka; rdcHh 2004 jif¾ §;a ks¾udKh lrk
,o tajd h' fï wkqj m%dka; rdcH w¨;ska we;s lsÍu;a" mj;akd m%dka; rdcH fn§u;a"
tajdfha wNHka;r iSud ixfYdaOkh lsÍu;a" iudcfha we;sjk w¨;a b,a,Sï j,g m%;spdr
jYfhka kj m%dka; rdcH ks¾udKh lsÍu;a" bkaÈhdkq ikaëh l%ufha we;s kuH;dj
fmkakqï lrk idOl fõ'

^t& bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d foi n,k úg fmfkkafka" th m%dka;
rdcH$wdKavqj,g iajdh;a; n,h jeä ùfï úldYkd;aul mßj¾;k ud¾.hl .uka lr
we;s nj h'

^ta& bkaÈhdkq wdKAvlq u

% fha ikaëh$f*vr,a ,laIK Yla;us ;a ùug tl fya;j
= la ù ;sfnkafka"
foaYmd,k nyq;ja jdoh iy rdcHfha ikaëh;ajh" bka§h ck;djf.a foaYmd,k ú{dkfha;"a
bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha;a m%n, uQ,O¾u ù ;sfnk ksid nj wmg ksÍlaIKh
l< yels h'

˜ bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha moku (-

• bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha moku my; i|yka ,laIK hgf;a idlÉPd l< yels h'

1' Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqjla'

bkaÈhdkq rdcHfha mej;s fN!ñl mD:q, nj talSh rdcHhlska l<ukdlrKh l< fkdyels
h' tneúka fyd| u úi÷u jQfha f*vr,a l%uhhs' tfy;a thg Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqjla we;s
lr .ekSug fya;= ;sìKs' tajd kï"
I' Yla;u s ;a uOHu rdcHhl wjYH;dj ms<n s | cd;Hka;r w;a±lSï ^weußldj" lekvdj
yd TiafÜ%,shdj&
II' bkaÈhdj yd mlsia:dkh fjka fjoa§ we;s jQ lgql w;a±lSï ksid bkaÈhdj h<s
foaYmd,k jYfhka leã hdug we;s bv lv keje;aùfï wjYH;dj'
III' mlsia:dkfha i;=re wdl,am ksid u;= jQ rdcH wdrlaIdj ms<sn| n,j;a ie,ls,a,'

30
 IV' iuia; bkaÈhdj tlai;a l< md,l mlaIhla mej;Su ^bka§h fldx.%ih&
V' ì%;dkH md,k hq.fha § we;s lr ;snQ uOH.; md,k ;ka;%h yd jHQyh È.g u
mj;ajd .ekSu'

ft;sydisl j .;a l, hg;a úð; hq.h ;=< ì%;dkHhka bkaÈhdj md,kh lf<a talSh
rdcHhla md,kh lrkakd fia h' 1935 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka f*vr,a yqrejla §ug
W;aidy l<;a fojk f,dal hqoaOh ksid th fndfyda ÿrg talSh Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqjla
f,iska È.g u mej;sKs' ;j o" iajdëk rdcH jYfhka mej;s l=udr rdcH ^Princely States&
bkaÈhdj iuÕ iïnkaO lsÍu o tl, isÿ úh'

bkaÈhdfõ uOHu wdKAvqfõ Yla;su;a Ndjh r|d mj;skafka thg ysñ jHjia:dodhl yd uQ,H
n,h;a" yÈis wjia:d n,;,;a" iuyr wjia:dj, m%dka; wdKAvq i|yd kS;s mekùug yd tajd
md,kh lsÍug uOHu wdKAvq i|yd ffk;sl yd m%dfhda.sl yelshdj ,eîu;a u;h' bkaÈhdfõ
we;af;a w¾O-f*vr,a l%uhls hk ;¾lhg" Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqjla ;sîu o fya;= ù ;sfí'

2' kuH Ndjh'

bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha kuH Ndjh f.dv keÕS we;af;a wjYH;djla mek ke.=Kfyd;a
;;a;ajdkqrEm j uOHu wdKAvqjg m%dka; wìnjd l%shd lsÍug we;s yelshdj ksid h' ta i|yd
wdKavql%u jHjia:djg úêu;a ixfYdaOk f.k tafï wjYH;djla ke;' jHjia:d ixfYdaOk
l%h
s dj,sh o kuH iajrEmhla .kS' bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dfõ we;eï f*vr,a ,laIK md¾,sfïka;f= õ
WNh uKav,j, úfYaI nyq;rhlska fjkia l< yels h' tf,i fjkia lsÍu i|yd m%dka;
rdcHj,ska 1$2 la úiska wkqu; lr ckdêm;sf.a w;aik iy wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSu wjYH fõ'
uOHu wdKavqfõ wNsu;h mßÈ ix.ufha idudðl m%dka; rdcH ixLHdj ;SrKh l< yels h'
uq, § NdIdj hk ks¾Kdhlh wkqj m%dka; 17lska wdrïN jQ bkaÈhdkq rdcH ix.uh ^Union
of States&" j¾;udkh jk úg cd;sl;ajh" wd.ñl yd m%dfoaYSh wkkH;dj jeks iudÔh
úúO;aj idOl wkqj o kj m%dka; we;s lr f.k ;sfí' fï wkqj bkaÈhdkq f*vr,a l%ufha
we;s ixl,amSh moku jkafka iudcfha we;s NdId;aul" wd.ñl iy m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajh
wdKAvql%u jHQyh uÕska m%ldY úh hq;= h hkak h'

3' kS;s iïmdok iïnkaO;d (

f*vr,a l%uhl flakaøSh ,laIKhla jkafka kS;s iïmdok n,;, uOHu wdKavqj yd m%dka;
wdKavq w;r fn§ ;sîu h' bkaÈhdfõ n,;, fn§u i|yd n,;, ,ehsia;= ;=kla ;sfí' tajd
kï(
I' uOHu wdKavqjg muKla n,h we;s úIh lafIa;% 97 ^uOHu ,ehsia;=j&
II' m%dka; wdKAvqj,g muKla we;s úIh lafIa;% 66 ^m%dka; ,ehsia;=j&
III' wdKAvq foj¾.hg u N=la;s ú¢h yels n,;, úIh lafIa;% 47 ^iu.dó ,ehsia;=j&
hk úê l%uh wkq.ukh fldg ,hsia;= 3 la hgf;a n,;, fnod we;'

uOHu wdKAvqjg mejÍ we;s n,hg" wdrlaIdj" úfoaY lghq;=" ikaksfõokh" uqo,a" nÿ" úfoaY
yd wka;¾ m%dka; fj<|du" iud.ï ,shdmÈxÑh nexl= yd rlaIK l¾udka;" m;,a iuyr
wOHdmk wdh;k" iy fi!LHh iïnkaO we;eï n,;, wh;a h'

iu.dó ,ehsia;=jg uyck iqNidOkh" lïlre m%Yak" fjf<| taldêldr" w;HjYH NdKav
md,kh" iudc yd wd¾Ól n,;, wh;a fõ' uOHu wdKAvqj fj; fï ,ehsia;= ;=kg u wh;a

31
fkdjk fjk;a n,;, o mjrd § ;sfí' iu.dó ,ehsia;=fõ we;s úIhhka iïnkaO j uOHu
wdKavqfõ kS;s yd m%dka; wdKavqfõ kS;s .efÜ kï n,j;a jkafka uOHu wdKavqfõ kS;sh hs'

ta fyhska m%dka; wdKAvqj, kS;s mekùfï n,h mq¿,a fkdfõ' flfia kuq;a tajdg mejÍ we;s
n,h ck Ôú; iuÕ ióm j .eg.eiS ;sfí' kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd f.k hdu" lDIsl¾uh
yd jdßud¾. hk fïjd m%dka; úIhhka w;ßka jeo.;a tajd h' uOHu wdKAvqfõ kS;sj,ska
m%udKhlg l¾udka; yd m;,a md,kh l< yels h' wOHdmkh m%dka;j,g wh;a h' fi!LHh"
uydud¾." c,ud¾." fj<|du yd jdKscHh m%dka;j,g wh;a úIh h' tajdg iu.dó ,ehsi; a f
= õ
we;s úIhhka .ek o kS;s mekúh yels h' uOHu wdKAvqfõ kS;shla iuÕ .egqK kuq;a m%dka;
kS;shg ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wkqu;sh ,efí kï tajd j,x.= fõ'

idudkHfhka f*vr,a rdcHhl § uOHu wdKavqj yd m%dka; w;r isÿjk n,;, fn§u
wkuH fõ' tla tallhlg tajd w;r ;=,H;djg ydks l< fkd yels h' jHjia:d ixfYdaOk
l%shdmámdáh o wkuH fõ' bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ we;s thg wdfõKsl úêúOdk
lsysmhla ksid thg tla;rd kuH;djla ysñ ù ;sfí' wm ±kg u;a idlÉPd lr we;s È.=
iu.dó ,ehsia;=fjka uOHu rch yd m%dka; w;r iïnkaO;djkag tla;rd kuH Ndjhla
,efí' ckdêm;sjrhd wkqu;sh fokafka kï m%dka; kS;s uOHu kS;s iuÕ .egqK;a il%sh fõ
hk isoaOdka;fhka tu kuH;dj ;j;a ;yjqre ù ;sfí'

yÈis wjia:d n,;, hgf;a uOHu rchg m%dka; úIhfhys ,d kS;s mekùfï n,h mejf¾'
rdcH iNd ljqkais,fha ^W;a;r uKav,h& iuia; iNdfõ idudðlhka ;=fkka folla iïu;
lrkafka kï m%dka;j,g mjrd § we;s úIhhka iïnkaOfhka tla wjqreoaolg n,meje;afjk
mßÈ kS;s iïu; l< yels h' fhdackd iïu; u.ska j¾Ihla mdid tajdfhys kS;Hdkql+,
Ndjh Èla lr .; yels h' 1950 § mekjQ' NdKaav iemhSï yd ñ, ms<sfh, mK; tjekakls'
fuys § igyka lr .; hq;= lreK kï fjk;a ikaëh rdcHj, fuka m%dka; rdcHj,g
W;a;r uka;%S uKAv,fhys iudk ksfhdackhla fkd,efnk nj h'

m%dka;j,g fjka lr § we;s we;eï lafIa;%j, n,h o cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=jg hï muKlg

md,kh l< yels h' m%dka;hla úiska foam< w;am;a lr .ekSfï § fyda kej; §fï § fyda tajd
j,x.= ùug kï ckdêm;sjrhdf.a leue;a; wjYH fõ' fï uÕska foam, w;am;a lr .ekSu
yd tajdg m%;sodk ,nd§u iy;sl lsÍug uOHu wdKavqjg yelshdj ,eî ;sfí' bvï ms<sn|
kS;s mekùu uQ,sl whs;sj,ska ksoyia lr ;sfnk kuq;a m%dka; wdKavqj ta iïnkaOfhka kS;s
mkjoa§ ckdêm;sf.a leue;a; ,nd .; hq;=h' m%dka; wdKavqldrjrhl=g m%dka; úiska mkjkq
,nk kS;s ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wkqu;shg fhduq lsÍu i|yd r|jd .; yels h'

4' uQ,H iïnkaO;d-

id¾:l f*vr,a l%uhl w;HjYH wx.hla jkafka" uOHu wdKavqjg yd m%dka; rdcHj,g ;u
jev lghq;= bgqlrf.k hdu i|yd m%udKj;a uQ,H iïm;a mej;Su h' bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%u
jHjia:d fï i|yd ksrjq,a j lreKq olajd we;'

é m%dka; folla fyda Bg jeä m%dka; ixLHdjla fyda jid me;sfrk nÿ mokïj, § nÿ
mekùfï n,h uOHu wdKavqjg mjrd ;sfí'
é tfuka u uq¿ rgg u n,mdk taldlD;sl nÿ l%uhla wjYH jk úg § ta n,h uOHu
wdKavqjg mejÍ ;sfí'
é m%dka; wdKavqj,g;a jHjia:dfjka kshulr we;s nÿ whlr .ekSfï n,h ;sfí'

32
 uOHu rchg wh;a nÿ .Khg-
• lDIsld¾ñl fkdjk nÿ
• ;Sre nÿ
• iqrd nÿ
• iud.ï nÿ
• m%d.aOk nÿ
• foam< u; mkjk nÿ
• wka;¾ m%dka; fj<|du u; nÿ
• u, noao
• uqoaor nÿ
• wEjr nÿ
• ñ,§ .ekSï yd úlsKSï nÿ
• mqj;am;a nÿ
• fldgia fj<|fmd< ixirK nÿ hk nÿ wh;a fõ'

m%dka; wdKavqj,g wh;a nÿ j¾. jkafka"

• bvï nÿ
• bvï wdodhï nÿ
• nQo,a nÿ
• lDIsl¾uh u; mkjk nÿ
• lDIsld¾ñl foam< nÿ
• lxid yd u;aøjH u; mkjk nÿ wdÈh hs'

fï ksrjq,a nÿ m%;sm;a;sh ksid nÿ m%;sm;a;s tlsfkl .efgkafka ke;' tfy;a fï uÕska

m%Yakhla we;s lr ;sfí' tkï m%dka;j,g ysñ ù we;s nÿ m%udKj;a fkdùu hs'

fï .eg¨j úi£u i|yd nÿ fnod .ekSu yd m%odkhka hk l%u fol Ndú;hg f.k ;sfí'
nÿ fnod .ekSfuka uOHu wdKavqjg tys we;eï nÿ wdodhï m%dka; iuÕ fnod .ekSu woyia
fõ' wdodhï nÿ wksjd¾hfhka u fnod .; hq;= w;r" iqrd nÿ iafõÉPdfjka fnod .efka'
wjYH;d we;s m%dka;j,g uOHu wdKavqj m%odkhka o l< hq;=h'

fï i|yd iajdëk uQ,H fldñIka iNdjla iEu mia wjqreoaolg u jrla m;a lrkq ,efí' tys
ld¾h Ndrh jkafka nÿ fnod .ekSu yd m%odkhka i|yd ks¾foaY lsÍu h'

5' mßmd,k iïnkaO;d-

bkaÈhdkq mßmd,k l%uh f.dvke.S ;sfnkafka uOHu wdKavqfõ ld¾h lafIa;%hg wh;a ljr
fohla jqj o tys mßmd,k hdka;%Khg wjYH mßÈ mßmd,kh lr.; yels wdldrhg h'
wjYH kï uOHfha ld¾hhka m%dka; mßmd,kh ,jd l%shd;aul lrjd .; yels h' m%dka; ;u
mßmd,k hdka;K % h yryd ;u lghq;= isÿ lrk w;r tlÕ;d uÕska tajd uOHfhaa mßmd,khg
mejßh yelsh' iu.dó ,ehsia;=fõ wvx.= úIhkag fuh wod< fõ' idudkHfhka fïjd
mßmd,kh flfrkafka m%dka; mßmd,kh úisks' tfy;a cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=jg ta ´kEu
lreKq mßmd,kh lsÍu uOHu wdKavqj hg;g .; yels h' m%dka; wdKavqj, mßmd,kh
flfia úh hq;=±hs uOHu wdKavqjg fufyhqï l< yels h' Wmfoia Èh yels h'

fuys § cd;sl jYfhka jeo.;a jk foa mj;ajdf.k hdug m%dka; fufyhùug uOHu
wdKavqjg yelshdj we;'

33
6' wka;¾ wdKavq .egqï-

wka;¾ wdKavq .egqï ksrdlrKfha § jeo.;a jkafka bkaÈhdkq fY%aIaGdêlrKh hs' m%dka; fyda
m%dka;;a uOHh;a w;r fyda we;s jk ffks;l .egqï ksrdlrKhg wod< uQ,sl wêlrK n,h
fY%aIaGdêlrKhg ysñ h'
é wka;¾ wdKavq .egqula fyda uyck wNs,dI w;ska jeo.;a lreKla fyda iïnkaOfhka
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha u;h úuid ne,Sug ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h ;sfí'
é wka;¾ m%dka;j, .x.d c, mßfNdackh ms<sn| .eg¨ l<ukdlrKh uOH wdKavqfõ
j.lSuls'
é wka;¾ wdKavq .egqï ksrdlrKh i|yd msysgqjd we;s ;j;a wdh;khla jkafka
ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk wka;¾ m%dka; ljqkais,h hs' tys ld¾h Ndrh
jkafka .egqïj,g ;=vq ÿka fya;= fidhd n,d .egqï j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ks¾foaY
lsÍu h'

talShjd§ ,laIK

bka§h f*vr,a wdKavql%uh talSh l%uhg <x jk wjia:d lsysmhls' tkï

I' bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%uhg wdfõKsl ,laIKhla jQ yÈis wjia:d n,;,( fï hgf;a
bka§h uOHu wdKavqjg talSh rdcHhla fuka l%shd l< yels h' th jHjia:dfõ
352 isg 360 f;la j.ka;sj,ska uOHu rdcHhg ,efí'

Wod (- bka§h wdKAvq l%u jHjia:djg wkqj ckdêm;sjrhdg wNHka;r fyda

ndysr fyda jHikldß;ajhla mek keÕS we;ehs yeÕS .shfyd;a yÈis
wjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a l< yels h' md¾,sfïka;f
= õ WNh uKav,j,ska
th wkqu; fkdjqj fyd;a udi follska fl<jr fõ' tjeks wjia:djl
m%dka; wdKavqjg muKla ysñ n,;, lafIa;%hla .ek jqj o kS;s
mekúh yels h' fuh fnfyúka úfõpkhg ,la ù ;sfnk n,hls'
uOHu wdKAvqj ;uka wlue;s úreoaO mlaI n,fha isák m%dka; wdKAvq
úiqrejd yeÍug fuu yÈis wjia:d n,;, ys;=jlaldr f,i wjNdú;
lr we; hk fpdaokdj fndfyda wjia:dj, u;= ù we;' fuu n,;,
mdúÉÑ lsÍfï jHjia:dkql+,;ajh bkaÈhdkq fY%aIaGdêlrKh úiska
lSmjrla u m%;slafIam lrkq ,en ;sfí'

II' uQ,H yÈis wjia:d

Wod (- rfÜ Khj,g fyda uQ,H ia:djrhg fyda ;¾ckhla t,a, ù we;ehs
ckdêm;s l,amkd lrk wjia:djl fï n,h Ndú; l< yels h'

III' hï m%dka;hl jHjia:dkql+, hdka;%Kh ì| jeà we;ehs uOHu rchg yeÕS hk

wjia:djl" m%dka;hg wod< jk mßÈ yÈis wjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a l< yels h'
Wod (- m%dka;hl yÈis wjia:djla we;s jQ úg m%dka;fha b,a,Sula ,efnk
;=re fkdisg ish leu;a; wkqj ta i|yd mshjr .ekSug yels ùu fuys
úfYaI;ajh hs'

34
III' iaúÜi¾,ka; l%uh (-

˜ iaúÜi¾,ka; f*vr,a l%uh (-

• iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavql%uh" f*vr,a wdKavql%u uQ,O¾uj,g wkqrEm j f.dvkÕk ,oaols' tys

f*vr,ajdofha iqúfYaI wdlD;shla jk iyikaëh ^Confederal& l%uhl ,laIK nyq, j
wka;¾.; fõ'

• iyikaëh l%uhl uQ,sl ,laIKh kï m%dka; tall" uOHu wdKAvqfjka idfmalaI jYfhka
iajdëk ùu iy m%dka; tall wìnjd hEfï n,hla uOHu wdKAvqjg fkd;sîu hs' ta wkqj
iyikaëh l%uhla hkq ikaëh l%ufha we;s ÈhqKq u iy jvd;a bÈßhg .sh wdlD;sh hs'

• fï wkqj iaúÜi¾,ka;h lekagk ^m%dka;& 26la k.r iNd kñka ye¢kafjk l=vd m%dfoaYSh
tall 2600lska muK iukaú; fõ'

• iyikaëh wdKavql%uhla hkqfjka fuys § i,lkafka zziajdêm;s rdcHhka iuQyhla" iSñ;

wruqKla fyda wruqKq fyda fjkqfjka rdcHhg ysñ iajdêm;s n,h ;u ika;lfha ;nd
.ksñka tlg tl;= ùulsZZ

• ÈhqKq f*vr,a l%uhla ;snqK o" iaúÜi¾,ka;h idfmalaI jYfhka l=vd rgls' tys úYd,;ajh
j¾. ie;mqï 15940ls'

˜ iaúÜi¾,ka; ikaëh l%ufha mokï uQ,O¾u (-

• iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj trg mj;skafka" iyikaëh wdKavql%uhls' tfy;a

th m%dfhda.sl j l%shd;aul jkafka ikaëh l%uhla mßoafoks'

• trg mej;s iyikaëh l%uh ikaëh l%uhla njg m;a j we;af;a m%xY wdl%uK" kùlrKfha
n,mEu wdÈ ft;sydisl fya;=j, n,mEfuks'

• trg 1848" 1874 iy 1999 § wdKavql%u jHjia:d yd mQ¾K jHjia:d ixfYdaOk uÕska tla;rd
ÿrlg uOH.;lrK l%shdj,shla y÷kajd § ;sfí' fuys § iaúÜi¾,ka; cd;sh ks¾udKh
lsÍfï § tys Ôj;a jk úúO ck lKavdhï icd;shlrKhg md;% lsÍug W;aidy ord we;'

• iaúÜi¾,ka;fha mj;sk m%Odk jHjia:dkql+, isoaOdka;h jkafka yjq,a md,kh ^Shared

Rule& iy iajhx md,kh ^Self Rule& hkak h' lekagkaj, jHjia:dfjka imhd we;s m%;smdok
uÕska iajdëk j l%shd l< yelaldla fia u" uOHu wdKavqfõ md,khg lekagk iyNd.s ùu
o isÿ fõ'

˜ iaúia f*vr,ajdohg wod< jHjia:dkql+, úêúOdk (-

• f*vr,a jHjia:dfõ wxl 1 j.ka;shg wkqj iaúÜi¾,ka;h lekagk 26lska iukaú; fõ'
yhla w¾O lekagka fõ' lekagka hkq iaúÜi¾,ka;hg iqúfYaI jQ l=vd iajhx-md,k tall
hs'

• fuu w¾O lekagkj,g o wfkla lekagk yd iudk ;;a;ajhla ysñ j we;;a" yjq,a md,kh
hk isoaOdka;fha § tajdg ysñ j we;af;a w¾O ksfhdackhls'

35
 • ta wkqj rdcH iNdfõ wfkla lekagkaj,g ksfhdað;hka fofofkl= ysñ jk úg w¾O
lekagkj,g ysñ jkafka tla ksfhdað;hl= muKs' tfia u uOHu wdKavq uÜgfï § cku;
úpdrKhl nyq;r wkqu;sh wjYH jk úg lekagk Pkaohl § th 1$2 la f,i ie,fla'

• 1999 § mekjQ jHjia:dj wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka iSud fldg fkdue;s ;dla ÿrg
lekagk iajdêm;s tall fõ zzlekagk iajdêm;HhZZ hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ;u N+f.da,Sh
tallh ;=< iajhx md,kh iïnkaOfhka whs;sh i;= lr.kakd nj h'

• uOHu wdKavj
q lekagkj, iajdêm;Hhg .re lsÍug ne£ isà" flfia jqj o fuu iajdêm;Hh
mßmQ¾K tlla o fkdfõ'

• wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska lekagka u; mekjQ iSud lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'

ª jHjia:dj iaúÜi¾,ka; jeishkag uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mjrd § we;' lekagka
n,dêldÍka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrkafka ±ä j" jHjia:dkql+, m%;sksÍlaIKh
lsÍfï n,h f*vr,a Widúhg mjrd §fuks' ta wkqj tu whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
lsÍfï n,h lekagkj,g ke;'

ª uOHu wdKavqj mjrd § we;s kS;s mekùfï yd úOdhl n,h u;ska o lekagk
iajdêm;Hh iSud lr we;'

• f*vr,a wdKavql%u yd lekagk w;r n,;, fnod yeÍu isÿ fldg we;af;a uOHu wdKAvqj
i;= n,;, ±laùfuks' fï wkqj f*vr,a wdKavqj i;= n,;, jHjia:dfõ meyeÈ,sj ,shd
we;' fï wkqj uOHu wdKAvqjg fyda lekagk wdKavqj,g fyda wh;a fkdjk úIh lafIa;%hla
fkdue;'

• jHjia:dfõ f*vr,a wdKavqjg ysñh hs ,sÅ; j olajd fkdue;s kj lafIa;% .ek kS;s
mekùfï n,h lekagkj,g bfí u ysñ fõ'

• tfia u wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh lsÍu uOHu wdKAvqfõ úIh m:hg wh;a fõ'
tfyhska n,h fnod yeÍu ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka uOHu wdKAvqj úisks' flfia kuq;a uOHu
wdKavqj i;= fï n,h lekagk i;= yjq,a md,kh hk isoaOdka;h uÕska iSud fõ'

• iaúÜi¾,ka; f*vr,a l%uhg wvx.= kshduk uQ,O¾uhla jkafka ikaëh wdKAvj

q mjrd.kafka
tal úO kshdukhla wjYH lrk ld¾hhka muKla jk nj h' fuhska f*vr,a wdKAvqj
my<u uÜgu f;la n,h mjrd§u ^Subsidiarity& hk uQ,O¾uhg ne| ;nhs'

˜ lekagk i;= iajhx-md,k n,;, (-

• lekagkj,g mjrd we;s iajhx md,k n,;, my; i|yka fõ'

1' m%dka; fyj;a lekagk jHjia:d(

m%dka;j,g wod< wdKAvql%u jHjia:d ilid .ekSu m%dka;j,g u mjrd we;' lekagk
úiska ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k l%uh ;SrKh lr.; hq;= h'

2' m%dfoaYSh md,k tall(

ta ta lekagk ;u m%dfoaYSh md,k iNdj,g úúO n,;, mjrd § we;' tfy;a hï
wjia:djl tu n,;, mjrd ÿka miq" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrk wdldrhg u

36
 iaúÜi¾,ka; f*vr,a Widúh úiska wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lrkq ,efí'

3' wOHdmkh (
idïm%odhsl j wOHdmk úIhh wh;a jQfha lekagkj,g h' tfyhska lekagk úiska
úIhud,d ilia lsÍï yd wOHhk ld¾h uKav, f;dard.ekSu bgq lrkq ,efí'

4' uyck iduh (

iduldó ld, mßÉfþoj, § uyck iduh mj;ajd .ekSu lekagkj, j.lSuls'
5' ixialD;sh(
ixialD;sl lghq;=j, iyfhda.h §u yd ixialD;sl Wreu wdrlaId lsÍu" jH;sf¾l
lsysmhlg hg;a j lekagk i;= j mj;S'

6' há;, myiqlï(

uxudj;a f.dvkeÕSu" c,h yd úÿ,sh myiqlï iemhSu fndfyda wjia:dj, § lekagk
j.lSï f,i mj;S'

7' Rcq nÿ(

lekagkj,g ;ukag u wh;a jQ nÿ wh lr.ekSug o nÿ ;SrKh lsÍug o yelshdj
we;'

lekagkj, jeo.;alu (-

• yels my< u uÜgu f;la n,h mjrd §u ms<sn| isoaOdka;h ^Principle of Subsidiarity& " kS;sh
l%shdjg keÕSug wod< fõ' f*vr,a wdKavqfõ fndfyda kS;s l%shdjg kexfjkafka th úiska
fkdj lekagk úisks'

• fuuÕska lekagkj, jeo.;alu by< uÜgulg f.k f.dia ;sfí' by; uQ,O¾uhg wkqj
yels Wmßu muKska uOHu wdKAvqfõ kS;s l%shdjg kexùu lekagkj,g mjrd §ug isÿ úh'

• iuyr m%;I
s G
a dms; Ndú; uÕska f*vr,a uÜgfï § ;Skÿa .ekSug" n,mEï lsÍug" lekagkj,g
wjia:dj i,id § we;' f*vr,a wdKavqj wNskjfhka kS;s iïmdokh lrk úg ta nj
lekagkj,g okajd isáh hq;= h'

• ta wkqj kS;s ieliSfï § lekagkj, Wmfoia .ekSula isÿ fõ' fï wkqj kS;s iïnkaO
fhdackd f*vr,a jHjia:dodhlh yuqjg taug u;af;ka lekagkaj,g tu l%shdj,sh ms<sn|
n,mEï lsÍfï wjia:dj i,id § we;'

• f*vr,a jHjia:dodhlh uKAv, follska hqla; fõ' tys cd;sl uKav,h ck;dj ksfhdackh
lrk w;r" rdcH iNdj lekagk ksfhdackh lrhs'

• rdcH iNdfõ § lekagkj,g iudk ksfhdackhla ysñ fõ' ta ta uKav,j,g we;af;a

iudk n,;, h'

• flfia kuq;a rdcH iNdj iïnkaOfhka lekagkj,g l< yels n,mEu o iSñ; h'
ukao h;a rdcH iNdfõ iNslhka ffk;slj ne| ;nk wdldrfha Wmfoia §ug
lekagkj,g fkdyels ùu ksid h'

37
 • flfia jqj;a lekagkj,g cd;sl iNdj flfrys jl% n,mEula ue;sjrK l%uh yryd
isÿ l< yels h' ta ksfhdað;hkag kej; f;aÍ m;aùfï § lekagk ck;djf.a
iyfhda.h wjYH ùu ksid h'

cku; úpdrKh iy lekagk (-

• tfia u cku; úpdrK l%uh yryd uOHu wdKavf

q õ md,kh yjq,a ùfï wjia:dj lekagkj,g
Wod lr § we;'

• ta wkqj b,a,Sula we;s jQ úg f*vr,a kS;s o yd jHjia:d ixfYdaOk o cku; úpdrKhlg

md;% l< hq;= h' trg úpdrK mj;ajk wdldr folls'

1' idudkH kS;shla kï cku; úpdrKh úl,amhls' cku; úpdrKh mj;ajkafka

50000l muK mqrjeishka fyda lekagk wgla fyda b,a,d isákafka kï muKs'
ck;djf.ka nyq;rhla wkqu; lrkafka kï kS;s fhdackdj iïu; fõ'

2' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fyda cd;Hka;r .súiqulg t<öu fyda hk
fïjd wksjd¾hfhka u cku; úpdrKhlg ,la l< hq;= h'

• fujeks ;;a;ajhl § oaú;aj nyq;rhla wjYH fõ' oaú;aj nyq;rh hkq" lekagk nyq;rhl
ck;dj iy rfÜ u ck;djf.ka nyq;rhla wkqu; lsÍu h' iuia; ck;djf.ka nyq;rhlg
wu;r j lekagk nyq;rhl Ôj;a jk ck;dj o wkqu; l< hq;= nj ñka woyia flf¾'

iïuq;snoaO m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy lekagka (-

• yjq,a md,khg wod< úêu;a l%uj,g wu;r j uOHu wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sj,g iïnkaO ùug
lekagk i;= fjk;a l%u o mj;S' bka lemS fmfkk úêl%uh jkafka" zziïuq;snoaO
m%cd;ka;j% doh hsZZ ^Consensus Democracy& ñka woyia lrkafka trg kS;s mekùfï § foaYmd,k
mlaI" n,mEï lKavdhï" lekagk yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k kS;s iïmdokfha § ióm j
iïnkaO ù .kq ,nk tlÕ;djl m%;sM, njh' Bg fya;=ldrl ù we;af;a Rcq m%cd;ka;%jd§
Ndú;d h'

• trg úOdhlh iïuq;snoaO m%cd;;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uhg we;s fyd| u WodyrKhls' úOdhlh
y÷kajkafka f*vr,a ljqki
a ,
s h kñks' th iukaú; jkafka ikaëh iNslhka 7 fofkl=f.ks'
tu y;a fokd WNh uKav,j,ska f;dard .efk;s' Tjqyq y;a fokd wud;HdxY yf;a wud;Hjre
fj;s' tu y;a fokdf.ka f*vr,a úOdhl ielfia' th iduQysl úOdhlh hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,efí'

• wdKavqfõ ;SrK .ekSfï § tu y;a fokdg iudk Pkaohla ysñ fõ' bka woyia
flfrkafka tys iNdm;sjrhd iudkhka w;r m%uqLhd muKla jk nj h' tys m%;sM,h
ù we;af;a iïuq;s noaO;dj we;s ùu h'

wêlrKh iy lekagka (-

• lekagk i;= n,h bÈßhg f.k hdug trg wêlrK l%uh o fya;= ù we;' iaúÜi¾,ka;
wêlrK l%uh fjk;a f*vr,a l%uj,ska fjkia fõ'

38
 • fjk;a f*vr,a rdcHj, fuka uOHu wdKAvqfõ lghq;= yd m%dka; wdKavq lghq;=
i|yd fjk fjk u msysgjQ wêlrK oaú;ajhla ke;' tys mj;skafka lekagk úiska
we;s l< Widú fõ' tajdg lekagk kS;s yd f*vr,a kS;s w¾:l:khg iy Ndú;hg
.ekSug n,h ;sfí'
• f*vr,a iqm%Sï Widúh mj;skafka lekagk Widúj,ska meñfKk wNshdpkd i,ld
ne,Sug yd uOHu wdKAvqfõ úIhlafIa;%h .ek we;s jk .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg muKs'
• tfia u iaúÜi¾,ka; f*vr,a iqm%Sï Widúhg f*vr,a wdKAvqj mkjk kS;sj,
jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh úu¾Ykh lsÍug n,h ysñ fkd fõ'

m%dfoaYSh wdKAavq iy iaúia f*vr,a l%uh (-

— iaúia m%dfoaYSh wdKAvq ^Local Goverment& N+f.da,Sh jYfhka yd ck.ykh wkqj tlsfklska
fjkia h' trg mj;sk úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka lekagkj,g fuka u m%dfoaYSh wdKavqj,g
^m<d;a md,k wdh;k& jHjia:dfjka u /ljrKh ysñ lr §uh' tajdg ;u meje;au i|yd
jHjia:dkql+, whs;shla we;s w;r tajdg iajdëk j mej;Sug fyda wka tajd iuÕ tl;= ùug
fyda yels h' tajd lekagk kS;s uÕska fjkia l< fkd yels h' fï wkqj lekagkj,g m<d;a
md,k úIhfhys ixfYdaOk W;a;rdfrdam; s l< fkd yels h' fumßÈ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
lekagkj,ska idfmalaI iajdëk;djla ;sfí'

iaúÜi¾,ka; f*vr,a l%uh f,dalfha fjk;a f*vr,a l%uj,ska fjkia jk

wdldrh (-

— iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavqj ;, ;=klska iukaú; fõ' tkï"

I' uOHu wdKavqj
II' lekagk
III' fldñhqk hkqfjka y÷kajk m<d;a md,k wdh;k'

— tu l%ufha § uOHu wdKavqj f;la my< isg by<g hk iyfhda.s;dj l%ufhka ^wdfrdayK
fyj;a Bottom up& yryd n, yjq,aldß nj we;sjk l%uhla fyj;a moaO;shla we;s fõ' isria
yd ;sria hk iyfhda.s;dj wdKavq ;, ;%s;ajfha u olakg ,efí' fuh n,h fnod ;sfnk
wdldrh wkqj wjfndaO lr .; yels h' tkï"

é fldñhqk hkqfjka y÷kajd we;s m<d;a md,k wdh;k m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï fiajd fnod
yeÍug wod< taldka; n,h orhs' m%dfoaYSh uÜgfuka ck;djf.a tÈfkod Ôú;hg
n,mdk ish¨ lghq;=j, j.lSu tajdg ysñ h'
Wod (- m%dfoaYSh uxudj;a f.dv keÕSu yd iqmßlaIdj" .Eia iy c, iemhqu" wmjyk
fiajd" .=rejreka f;dard .ekSu yd mdi,a f.dv keÕSu'
é lekagk úiska r|jd .kq ,en we;af;a ;u wkkH;djg wod< n,;, yd j.lSïh'
Wod (- ixialD;sh" NdIdj" wOHdmkh yd wd.u" iudc m%;sm;a;s" fi!LH yd iudc
fiajd'
é cd;sl iajdêm;Hhg Rcq j wod< jk iy cd;l jYfhka jeo.;a j.lSï yd n,;,
uOHu wdKavqjg wh;a h'
Wod (- yuqodj" uQ,H m%;sm;a;s" ndysr iïnkaO;d" iudc wdrlaIdj" mßirh" n,Yla;s
yd há;, myiqlï'

— fïjdg wjYH uQ,H myiqlï ta ta wdKavqj,g nÿ wh lr .ekSu uÕska imhd .; yels ùu

iaúÜia¾,ka; l%ufha úfYaI ,laIKhls'

39
 iaúaÜi¾,ka;fha tla tla tall i;= n,;, my; j.=j weiqßka wOHhkh l< yels h'
fldñhqka i;= n,h
f*vr,a iaúia wdKavq lekagka wdKavqj lekagk úiska mekjQ
l%u jHjia:djg wkqj lekagk jHjia:dj wkqj kS;s wkqj

é f*vr,a wêldß é lekagka wêldß é wOHdmk ^fmr mdi,

wdh;k ixúOdkh wdh;k ixúOdk ^;u yd uQ,sl wOHdmkh&
é úfoaY lghq;= jHjia:dj& é wmøjH l<ukdlrKh
é yuqodj yd isú,a é lekagk .Sh yd fldäh' é lekagk iNd mdi,a
wdrlaIdj é ta ta lekagka yryd hk é m%dfoaYSh há;,
é cd;sl uyd ud¾. iyfhda.s;dj myiqlï
é kHIaál n, Yla;sh é fmd,sish é m%dfoaYSh fmd,sish
é ;eme,a yd úÿ,s é ixialD;sh mqrjeis Ndjh
ikafoaY é uyck fi!LHh é kd.ßl whnÿ
é uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh é lekagka uyd ud¾.
é iudc wdrlaIKh é jkdka;r" c,h yd
^úY%du l%u& iajNdj iïm;a
é isú,a yd wmrdO kS;sh é wOHdmkh ^oaú;Shl&
é isú,a yd wmrdO é mdi,a yd úYajúoHd,
l%shdmámdáh é mßir wdrlaIKh
é wOHdmkh yd é iajNdj O¾uh yd
;dlaIKsl úYaj Wreuh wdrlaIdj
úoHd,h é mqrjeis Ndjh
é n,Yla;s m%;sm;a;s é lekagkj,g wh;a nÿ
é mßirh wdrlaIdj
é mqrjeis Ndjh
é fmvr,a nÿ

ks.uk

— iyikaëh l%uhl ,laIKh jkafka ck;djf.ka ,nd .;a n,h iys; iajdêldÍ yd iajdêm;s
zziyiïnkaê; rdcHhkaZZ mej;Su h' tu iyiïnkaê; rdcH ÿ¾j, uOHu wdKavqjlg iSñ;
n,hla mjrd §u isÿ lrhs' tfyhska kHdhsl j n,k úg iaúiag¾,ka; l%uh ;=< iyikaëh
,laIK we;=<;a wdKavql%uhla nj mejish yels h'

— tfia jqj;a wm fuf;la l< idlÉPdfjka meyeÈ,s jkafka iaúÜi¾,ka;h jpkfha mßiudma;
w¾:fhka ikaëh fyda iyikaëh fyda .Khg fkdjefgk nj h' n,h fn§u hk isoO a dka;hg
wod< j i,ld n,k úg f*vr,a yd iyikaëh hk wdKAvq j¾. fol w;r ueo msysá l%uhla
f,i th ie,lsh yels h'

40
02' talSh rdcHj, mßj¾;k (-

1 uyd ì%;dkHh

— ì%;dkHfha we;af;a talSh wdKAvql%uhls' tfy;a th talSh Ndjfhka fjkia jk mßj¾;kj,g

o Ndckh fjñka ;sfnkakls'

— talSh wdKavql%uhl úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka tla uOHu wdKAvqjlska iudcfha il,úO
lafIa;% wdjrKh jk f,i kS;s iïmdokh;a" tajd tlg tl wdlD;shlg wkqj uOHu
wdKavqfõ kshdukhg wkqj l%shdjg keÕSu;a h' ì%;dkH wdKAvq l%ufha fjkia ùï yd
mßj¾;k wjfndaO lr .ekSug tlS wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ iajNdjh ljf¾ ±hs wjfndaO
lr.; hq;= h'

ì%;dkH wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ iajNdjh (-

— f,dj fjk;a rdcHj,g ,sÅ; wdKAvql%u jHjia:djla mj;sk kuqÿ" ì%;dkHhg tjeks md,k
uQ,O¾u we;=<;a jQ jHjia:djla ke;' tjeks ,sÅ; jHjia:djla mj;sk úg fjk;a ish¨ Wm
kS;s tlS ,sÅ; jHjia:djg hg;a fõ' ukao h;a ,sÅ; jHjia:dfõ wka;¾.; jkafka rdcHhg
yd wdKAvqlrKhg wod< uQ,sl uQ,O¾u jk fyhsks'

— ì%;dkHhg ,sÅ; jHjia:djla fkdue;s uq;a tys foaYmd,k moaO;sh" uyck wêldß n,h
Ndú; lsÍu" mqrjeishd iy rdcH w;r iïnkaO;dj yiqrejk Í;s iuQyhla ^Body of Rules&
trg mj;S' §¾> ld,Sk j wkq.ukh lrk ,o isß;a úß;a yd iïm%odh o wdKAvql%ufha fldgia
jYfhka l%shd;aul fõ' tjeks we;eï iïm%odhhkag ffk;sl ms<s.ekSï ,nd § we;'

Wod (- • md¾,sfïka;=fõ OQr ld,h jir 5la ùu ^Parliament Act, 1911&

• /ckf.a wud;Hjreka md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,hg j.lSug
ne£ isàu'

— fï wkqj ì%;dkH wdKAvql%u iïm%odhfha yrh f,i wdKavqfõ l%shdldß;ajh yd mqoa.,hka

fmdÿ uyck wêldÍ wdh;k w;r iïnkaO;djg wod< n,h fufyhùug iy n,.ekaùug
fhdod .efkk iïm%odhj, yd Ndú;j, tl;=j jYfhka y÷kajd Èh yels h'

tfyhska ì%;dkH wdKavql%uhg wod< m%Odk wdh;ksl ixhq;shg(

é md¾,sfïka;=j
é leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhl;ajh we;s wdKAvqj
é Widú
é lsÍgh
é isú,a fiajdj
é iafldÜ,ka;fha" fõ,aifha yd W;=re wh¾,ka;fha foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; lr
we;s wdh;k yd mßmd,k jHQyh wdÈh wh;a fõ'

tfuka u ì%;dkH wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj hkakg n,.;= woyia iy uQ,O¾u iuQyhla o wh;a
fõ' tajd kï"

41
 é kS;sfha wdêm;Hh
é md¾,sfïka;= iajdêm;Hh ^wdKavqlrKh iïnkaO W;a;Í;r n,h md¾,sfïka;=j
flfrys msysgd ;sfnk nj&
é wud;H uKav,fha iduQysl j.lSu hk ixl,am h'

tfuka u ì%;dkH wdKAvql%u wdh;kj, l%shdldß;ajh yiqrejk Í;s yd iïm%odh /ila o fõ'
tkï"

é ffk;sl Í;s
é jHjia:dms; kS;s
é fmdÿ kS;sfhka iïNjh ,enQ iïm%od h'

miqìu - talSh rdcH wdlD;sh (-

• uyd ì%;dkHh f.dv keÕ=fKa fõ,aih o we;=<;a tx.,ka;h iy iafldÜ,ka;h foaYmd,k

jYfhka tl;= ùfuka 1707 § h' 1800 § wh¾,ka;h o uyd ì%;dkHhg tla flßK' 1922 §
wh¾,ka;h ksoyia iuQydKavqjla jQ úg" W;=re wh¾,ka;h uyd ì%;dkHhg b;sß úh'

• idïm%odhsl j" ì%;dkHh i,lkq ,enqfõ talSh rdcHhla jYfhks' talSh rdcHhl ffk;sl
n,h .,d tkafka tl u tl uQ,dY%hhlsks' tjeks l%uhl n,h c;sl wdKavqj ;=< flakaø.;
j mj;S'

• my< ;,j, wdKAvq n,h m%Njh lr .kafka wdKAvql%u jHjia:djlska fkd j uOHu
wdKAvqfjks' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka tu n,h ,efnkafka f*vr,a l%uj, h'

• m%dfoaYSh wdKavq ^m<d;a md,k& mej;sh;a tajd mj;skafka uOHu wdKavqfõ lghq;= lr f.k
hdu msKsi h' tajd uOHu wdKAvqjg hg;a j l%shd;aul jk kej; n,h mjrd .; yels jk
wdldrhg f.dvkeÕS ;sfí'

• talSh wdKAvql%u idudkHfhka mj;skafka ckjd¾.sl" N+f.da,Sh" NdIduh fyda ixialD;sl

jYfhka fn§ï wvq icd;Sh iudcj, h' talSh rdcHh iudc úúO;ajh m%ldY lrkakla fkd
jkafka tneúks'

• ì%;dkHh yd m%xYh hk hqfrdamSh talSh rdcH fol .; fyd;a tajdfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï
lsysmhla ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tkï m%xYhg jvd ì%;dkHfha jd¾.sl yeÕSï ±ä ùu h' fuh
ì%;dkHfha ft;sydisl j úldYkh jQjls' tlai;a rdcOdkSh f.dvkeÕSu i|yd yjq,a lr .;a
rgj, m%dfoaYSh wkkH;d nyq, j olakg ,eîu ksid u th uq, isg u nyqckjd¾.sl
rdcHhla úh' tys mqrjeisfhda iafldÜ,ka;" bx.%Sis" fõ,ai yd whsßIa hk cd;sl wkkH;d o
je,|.;a wh fj;s' Bg fjkia j m%xYh ckjd¾.sl jYfhka icd;Sh h'

• tlai;a rdcOdksfha md¾,sfïka;=j mkjk kS;s iuia; iudchg u wod< jk kuq;a we;eï
kS;s wod< jQfha iafldÜ,ka;hg" fõ,aihg yd W;=re wh¾,ka;hg muKs' 1921-1972 w;r
mekjQ kS;s /ila wod< jQfha W;=re wh¾,ka;hg muKs'

• tlai;a rdcOdkshg" tx.,ka;h" iafldÜ,ka;h" fõ,aih iy W;=re wh¾,ka;h wh;a fõ'

bka úYd,;u tallh jkafka tx.,ka;h hs' tys fnÿïjd§ m%jK;d olakg ke;'

42
• tlai;a rdcOdksh f,iska o y÷kajk uyd ì%;dkHh ft;sydisl jYfhka tlai;a rdcOdkshla
u fkdù h' 1990 .Kka jk ;=re W;=re wh¾,ka;fha fjka ùfï igkla ;sìK' ±kg
iafldÜ,ka;fha fjka ùfï jHdmdrhla ;sfí' fõ,ifha o jd¾.sl wkkH;d foaYmd,kh
Yla;su;a h' ì%;dkHh talSh rdcH wdlD;sfhka neyerg f.dia we;af;a fï miqìu ;=< h'

iafldÜ,ka;h

• ñ,shk 5'1la muK ck.ykhla we;s iafldÜ,ka;hg" trg N+ñ m%udKfhka 1$3la muK
wh;a fõ' 1603 § iafldÜ,ka;h yd tx.,ka;h tl u lsÍghlg hg;a úh'

• 1907 § tlai;a rdcOdksh iuÕ tlaùfï § we;s lr.;a tlÕ;dj wkqj iafldÜiajreka
idx.ñl md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; jk kS;s ms<s.ekSu uQ,sl yd w;HjYH fldkafoaishla f,i
ms<s.;a kuq;a fm%iafnfÜßhka wd.u yd m,a,sh;a fjkia fkdl< hq;= nj m%ldY l<y'
fuf,i uyd ì%;dkHh iuÕ foaYmd,k jYfhka tl;= jQj;a" ;u ixialD;sl wkkH;dj
mj;ajd .ekSug iafldÜjre Wkkaÿ jQy'

• tfia u iafldÜ,ka; wêlrKhg ysñ jrm%ido yd wêldrh wLKav j mej;sh hq;= nj m%ldY
lrk ,È'

• fï wkqj tx.,ka; md¾,sfïka;=jg iafldÜ,ka;fha kS;s fjkia l< yels kuq;a" ta tys
jeishkaf.a hym;g fya;=jk njg iy;sl fjñks' iafldÜ,ka;fha fm!oa.,sl kS;sh fjkia
fkdl< hq;= njg 1907 .súiqfuka tlÕ ù we;'

• 1998 § ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j iïu; l< iafldÜ,ka; mK;ska ^Scotlant Act, 1998& miqj"
tys we;af;a n,h úuOH.; lsÍuls' iafldÜ,ka; jHjia:dodhlh y÷kajkafka zziafldÜ,ka;
md¾,sfïka;=jZZ hkqfjks'

• fï w;r ì%;dkHfhka fjka ù ksoyia rdcHhla njg m;a ùfï iafldÜ,ka; cd;sljd§
jHdmdrh È.g u mj;S' 2014 § fjka ùu ms<sn| cku; úpdrKhla iafldÜ,ka;fha mej;sKs'
tfy;a fjka ùug mlaI jQfha iafldÜ,ka; Pkao odhlhskaf.ka 45] la muKs' iafldÜ,ka;h
uyd ì%;dkHhg iïnkaO j isáh;a" tys Yla;su;a cd;sljd§ jHdmdrhla ;sfí'

fõ,aih

• ì%;dkHfha iuia; N+ñ m%udKfhka 1$12la o" ck.ykfhka 5]la o fõ,aihg wh;a fõ'

• 13 jk ishjfia § tx.,ka; lsÍgh hg;g m;a jQ fõ,aih" 1536 § ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j

mekjQ tal mdlaIsl kS;shlska tx.,ka;fha mßmd,k l%uhg k;= lr.kakd ,È'

• fï wkqj" fõ,aifha md,kh f.k .sfha ta i|yd msysgq jQ fomd¾;fïka;=jlsks' tu

fomd¾;fïka;=j Ndr j wud;Hjrhl= jQ w;r" fõ,aifha fi!LH uKav,h yd wOHdmk
uKav,h jeks wdh;k ta hgf;a msysgqjd ;sìKs'

• fõ,aihg wod< fndfyda mßmd,k lghq;= m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,ska bgq lr.kakd ,§'
fõ,aifha wNs,dI ksfhdackh ùu i|yd cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wju jYfhka wdik 35la
fjka lr ;sìKs'

43
• fõ,aia m%dka;fha § 19 jeks ishjfia mgka m%dfoaYSh iajhx md,kh wruqKq lr.;a cd;sl
jHdmdrhla j¾Okh úh'

• fõ,aihg n,;, úuOH.; lsÍug u;af;ka" ;kslr u fõ,aihg wod< jk mßÈ kS;s
mekùula isÿ jQfha ke;' 1998 § fõ,aifha wdKavq mK; ^Goverment of Wales Act&" mekùfuka
miq fï m%foaYh i|yd fjk u md,k ;ka;%hla msysgqjd ;sfí' th y÷kajkafka Wales
Assembly Government ^fõ,aia wdKavq uKav,h& hk kñks'

W;=re wh¾,ka;h

• fuys N+ñ m%udKh j¾. ie;mqï 50000la o" ck.ykh ñ,shk 1'7la o fõ' th tlai;a
rdcOdksfha ck.ykfhka 2'5]la muK h'

• W;=re wh¾,ka;h 12 jk Y;j¾Ifha isg hï m%udKhlg ì%;dkH lsÍghg k;= j mej;sKs'

iuia; wh¾,ka;h u tlai;a rdcOdksh iuÕ tl;= jQfha l%s'j' 1800 § h'

• wh¾,ka;h ksoyia rdcHhla jQfha 1922 § h' th whsßIa cd;slhka Ôj;a jQ ljqkaá 32 ka 26la
kj rdcHhg tl;= jQy' tfy;a W;=re wh¾,ka;h" ì%;dkHfha u fldgila f,i mej;sKs'
iuQydKavqjg tl;= fkdjQ ljqkaá 06 W;=re wh¾,ka;hg tl;= jQy'

• 1920 § W;=re wh¾,ka;h i|yd fjk u md¾,sfïka;=jla we;s lrk ,§' th 1921 isg 1970
olajd mej;sKs' thska oaúudKav,sl jHjia:dodhlhla iys; n,h úuOH.; l< md,k
l%uhlg u. mdod ;snqKs' tu wdKavql%ufhka uOHu wdKavqj i;= n,;, meyeÈ,s j m%ldY lr
;sìKs' mjrd ÿka n,;, iïnkaOfhka uOHu wdKavj q ueÈy;a fkdùfï m%;m
s ;a;h
s la wkq.ukh
lrk ,È'

• W;=re wh¾,ka; ck.yKh lf;da,sl iy l%sia;shdks fm%df;ia;ka; jYfhka fn§ ;sìKs'

fm%df;ia;ka; ck;djg ì%;dkHh iuÕ tlg isàug wjYHh jQ w;r lf;da,sl ck;djg
ksoyi wjYH úh' flfia jqj;a W;=re wh¾,ka;fha lf;da,sl cd;sljd§ka yd l%sia;shdks
ck;dj w;r mej;s .egqu È.g u mej;sKs' th ksrdlrKh i|yd .;a W;aidyhka o wid¾:l
úh' tu .egqu ksrdlrKh wdrïN jQfha 1980 iy 1990 oYlj, § wh¾,ka; wdKavqj yd
tlai;a rdcOdksh iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu weröu;a iuÕ h'

• 1998 wm%sfh,a 10 od w;aika lrk ,o uy isl=rdod idu .súiqu ^Good Friday Agreenment&
jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1998 § W;=re wh¾,ka; mK; ^Northern
Ireland Act, 1998& iïu; jQ w;r 2002 isg kj W;=re wh¾,ka; md,k l%uh ìys úh' ta uÕska
W;=re wh¾,ka;hg úuOH.; md,k l%uhla ysñ úh'

n,h úuOH.; lsÍug fm<Uùï

• fõ,aia" iafldÜ,ka; yd W;=re wh¾,ka; hk m%dka;j, m%dfoaYsl cd;sljdoj, ke.S tau"

ì%;dkHfha n,;, úuOH.;lrKh i|yd fm<U jQ idOlh fõ'

• n,;, úuOH.; lsÍu ^Devolution& hkafka kHdhsl w¾:h kï rdcHfha uOH n,fha ksYaÑ;
úIh m%udKhla" leue;af;ka mßjdrfha tallj,g mejÍuhs' fuh n,h fnod .ekSfï
udOHhls'

44
• n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï § mj;skafka f*vr,a l%uhg jvd wvq n,h fnod .ekSfï rduqjls'

• 1974 ue;sjrKfha § iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl mlaIfha uka;%Sjre yh fofkl= md¾,sfïka;=jg

f;aÍ m;a ùu" f,an¾ mlaIfha idïm%odhsl mokug wNsfhda.hla úh' t;eka isg n,;,
úuOH.; lsÍfï újdoh n,j;a j bÈßhg meñKsfha h'

• 1990 oYlfha § f,an¾ mlaIfha ;¾lh jQfha" iafldÜ,ka;h tlai;a rdcOdksfhys u r|jd
;nd .ekSug we;s ud¾.h kï" n,;, úuOH.; lsÍu nj h'

• fï jk úg" iafldÜ,ka;h" fõ,aih yd W;=re wh¾,ka;h iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;j

=
wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s wiu;a ùu;a" weu;sjreka fï m%foaYj, ck;dj flfrys wjOdkh
fkd±laùu fyda wvq ùu;a" fya;= fldg f.k ck;djg ;u Ôú; ms<sn| md,kh Tjqkag u lr
.ekSug wjldYh Èh hq;= njg;a ;¾l bÈßm;a úh'

• fï wkqj 1998 § iafldÜ,ka; mK; mekúKs' 1999 § iafldÜ,ka;h i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j

wdrïN úh'

• n,h úuOH.; lsÍu fõ,aihg o m%odkh lrkq ,eìKs' ta 1998 § h' iafldÜ,ka;h i|yd
n,h úuOH.; l< kS;sh iuÕ ii|k úg" fõ,aifha ia:dmkh lr we;af;a wvq n,;,
úuOH.; lsÍula iys; iNdjls ^Assembly&' iafldÜ,ka;fha jHjia:dodhl iNdj y÷kajkafka
zzmd¾,sfïka;=jZZ f,i h'

• 1998 wm%f
s h,a 10 od w;aika lrk ,o zzuyd islr
= dod iïuq;h
s ZZ ^Good Friday Agreement& iuÕ
W;=re wh¾,ka; jHjia:djl iNdj (Norther Ireland ^Assembly&& msysgqjd we;'

• fõ,aifha" W;=re wh¾,ka;fha iy iafldÜ,ka;fha n,;, úuOHh .; lr we;af;a wiuñ;sl

wdldrhlg nj fmfka' fï w;ßka jeä u yd Yla;su;a u n,;, úuOH.;lrKh isÿ j
we;af;a iafldÜ,ka;fha h' th ikaëh tallhlg iudk h'

• ì%;dkHfha ;sfnk fï iqúfYaI ;;a;ajh ksid tys mej;s n,;, uOH.; lrKh l%ufhka
fidaodmd¿jg ,la j we;s nj úpdrlhkaf.a woyi fõ'

úuOH.;lrK mßudj

iafldÜ,ka;hg" fõ,aihg iy W;=re wh¾,ka;hg iajhx-md,k l%uh hgf;a úuOH.;lr we;s

n,;, fufia h'

• iafldÜ,ka;hg mjrd we;s n,;,

« wmrdO kS;sh" wOHdmkh" mßirh" fi!LHh" wêlrK m;a lsÍï" m<d;a md,kh"
fmd,sish" m%jdyKh wdÈh iïnkaO mq¿,a n,;,'
« cd;sl wdodhï nÿ uÜgñka mjqulska mekai ;=kla olajd p,kh jk nÿ whlsÍug
we;s n,h'
« iuyr m%;sm;a;s lafIa;% iïnkaO n,;, fjiaÜñksiag¾ md¾,sfïka;=fjys r|jdf.k
we;'
WodyrK - wdrlaIdj" úfoaY m%;sm;a;s wdÈ n,;,

45
• fõ,aihg mjrd we;s n,;,

« fõ,aifha cd;sl iNdjg ^National Assembly& uq, § mejÍ ;snqfKa oaú;Shl kS;s
mekùfï n,;, h' fuhska cd;sl kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd iúia;r mshjr ud¾.
.ekSu olajd we;'
WodyrK - fõ,aifha cd;sl úIh ud,dfõ wka;¾.;h ksYaph lsÍug
we;s n,h'
« fõ,aifha ^rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl ,laIK we;=<;a uyck fiajd imhk& iajdëk
wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu'
« fõ,aihg fjka lrk uqo,a iïnkaO iïmQ¾K n,h we;'
« thg úp,kh jk nÿ mekùfï n,h ke;'

• W;=re wh¾,ka;hg mjrd we;s n,;,

« fõ,aih iy iafldÜ,ka; n,;, yd n,k úg fï fol" w;rueÈ ;ekl W;=re

wh¾,ka;h msysgqjd ;sfí'
« fi!LHh" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh" mßirh" wOHdmkh" lDIsl¾uh" iudc fiajd" ksjdi"
m<d;a md,kh" m%jdykh" ixialD;sh" l%Svd" wêlrKh" fmd,sia hk úIhhka iïnkaO
mQ¾K jHjia:dodhl n,h we;'
« úp,kh jk nÿ mekùug n,h ke;'

• 2010 cku; úpdrKfhka miq fõ,aifha jHjia:dodhl n,;, jeä lrk ,È' 2011 § we;s
jQ fuu m%;sixialrKh wkqj úuOH.; úIhhka 20g wod< j kS;s meK ùfï n,h we;' ta
i|yd fjiaÜñkaiag¾ md¾,sfïka;=fõ wjirh wjYHh ke;'

• fuu n,;, úuOH.; lsÍfï rgdfjys ,d ì%;dkHfha we;eï m<d;aj, ck;djg ;u

wkd.;h md,kh lr .ekSug jeä n,;, ,nd § we;'

iudf,dapkh

wjidk jYfhka wmg lsj yelafla" ì%;dkHfha ±kg úldYkh jk wdKavql%u udÈ,sh talSh
jHjia:d rduqfjka bj;a ù we;s nj hs' tfy;a th f*vr,a rduqj olajd f.dia ke;' ta fjkqjg
we;af;a uOHfha n,;, ksYaÑ; m%udKhla mßjdrhg nodf.k n,h úuOH.; lsÍu hs'

wjidk jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels jkafka ì%;dkH wdKavql%uh idïm%odhsl m%N+ mka;sh wdrlaId
lsÍu yd m%dfoaYSh wkkH;dj,g .re lsÍu hk iïm%odh wkq.ukh l< miqìul" ks¾udKh
jQjka h hkak hs'

ta wkqj cd;sl foaYmd,k jYfhka ì%;dkHhla o" tys m%dfoaYSh wkkH;djka o tlúg mej;Sug
bv yer ;sfí' tfia jqj;a miq.sh oYl .Kkla uq¿,af,a m%dfoaYSh wkkH;dj bÈßhg meñKs
wdldrh ±l.; yels h' thska ì%;dkHh" f*vr,a iy talSh hk oaúfNaokh ^Binary& w;r folg
foueÈj msysá rdcHhla njg m;a fjñka mj;sk nj fmfka' th fouqyqka ^Hybrid& wdKAvq
l%uhlehs o lsj yels h'

ì%;dkHfha ±ka mj;skafka wiuñ;sl n,h fn§fï l%uhlehs o wmg lsj yels h'

46
II. .%S ,xldj (-

talSh iy uOH.; rdcHhla" n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï rduqjla lrd mßj¾;kh ùu iïnkaO j"
,xldj o ksoiqkla imhhs' fuu mßj¾;kh wdrïN jQfha 1987 § fofjks ckrc jHjia:djg
y÷kajd fok ,o n, úuOH.; lsÍu wruqK lr.;a 13 jeks wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh;a
iuÕ h'

— ,xldfõ kQ;k talSh iy uOH.; rdcH l%uhg jHQyd;aul moku jegqfKa ì%;dkH hg;a
úð; md,k hq.fha § h' 1818 m%ldYkh uÕska Wvrg m%foaYh" ,xldfõ wfkl=;a ì%;dkH
md,k l,dm iuÕ iïnkaO lsÍu" uq¿ Èjhsk u foaYmd,k jYfhka taldnoaO lsÍfï uq,a
mshjr úh' 1833 flda,anDla fldñIka iNd ks¾foaY l%shd;aul lsÍu fj;ska isÿ jQ mßmd,k
iy wêlrK m%;sixialrK uÕska" hg;a úð; uOH.; rdcHfha mßmd,k jHQyhg o moku
jeáK'

— 1931 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK uÕska fuka u" 1947 fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a
o fuu kQ;k uOH.; talSh rdcH jHQyh ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hkq ,eìK'

— fida,anß jHjia:dfjka ,xldfõ rdcHh talSh rdcHhla f,i y÷kajkq fkd,enqK;a" rdcH
jHQyh talSh iy uOH.; tlla úh' th wkq.ukh lr ;snqfKa ì%;dkH talSh jHqyh hs'
,xldfõ rdcHh talSh rdcHhla f,i jHdjia:dms; m%ldYkhla f,i m<uq jrg i|yka jQfha
1972 m<uq jeks ckrc jHjia:dfõ h' tu jHjia:dfõ fojeks j.ka;sh fufia úh' zzY%S
,xld ckrch talSh rdcHhlsZZ' tu j.ka;sh 1978 fojeks ckrc jHjia:dfõ o we;=<;a
flßKs'

— 1987 iïu; lrk ,o 13 jeks wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska msysgqjk ,o m<d;a iNd
l%uh uÕska fuu talSh yd uOH.; rdcH jHQyfha fjkila we;s úh' tu fjki zzn,h
úuOH.; lsÍfïZZ rduqjla ;=< isÿ lrk ,È' n,h úuOH.; lsÍu hkq ikaëh$f*vr,a rdcH
jHQyhla we;s lsÍu u fkdfõ' th ìys lrkafka talSh yd uOH.; l%ufhka fjkia jk
ikaëh$f*vr,a l%uhlg wvq mßudKhlska m%dfoaYSh iajdh;a;;dj we;s lrk" wdKAvql%u
jHQyhls' zzn,h úuOH.; lsÍuZZ ^Devolution& hkq talSh iy ikaëh hk rdcH udÈ,s fol
w;r ueo we;s wdKavql%uhla f.dvkÕk rdcH udÈ,shls' th zzfouqyqka ^Hybrid&ZZ l%uhls'

— Y%S ,xldfõ talSh rdcH jHQyh m%;sixialrKh lsÍug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha øúv ckjd¾.sl
.eg¨j hs' tu .eg¨j foaYmd,k wjê ;=kla Tiafia úldYh jQjls' tu wjê ;=k kï"

^w& 1930 .Kkaj, ueo Nd.fha mgka øúv foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh úiska iu;=,s;
ksfhdackhla b,a,Su" m<uq jeks foaYmd,k wjêh hs' i¾jck Pkao n,h hgf;a"
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ" isxy, nyq;r wdêm;Hhla we;s ùu je<elaùug øúv kdhl;ajh
bÈßm;a l< ;¾lh jQ f ha " jHjia : dodhl iNdfõ ixhq ; s h is x y, nyq ; rfha
ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ishhg 50la jk mßÈ o" ish¨ iq¿;r ck lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh
ishhg mkyla jk mßÈ o iu;=,s; ^Balanced& úh hq;= h hkak hs'

^wd& fofjks wjêh kï" 1952 muK jk úg øúv kdhl;ajh f*vr,a$ikaëh wdKavl
q u
% hla
i|yd b,a,d isàu h'
• talSh rdcHhla ;=< øúv NdIdj l:d lrk iq¿;r m%cdjf.a whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>kh jk njg ;¾l lrñka" øúv foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh lshd isáfha"
øúv NdIdj l:d lrk ck;djf.a nyq;rh jdih lrk W;=re yd kefÕkysr

47
 fom<d;g" m%dfoaYSh iajhx md,khla ,nd Èh hq;= nj hs' f*vr,a mlaIfha
f*vr,a fhdackdfjka woyia jQfha fujeks ikaëh l%uhls'

• l%shd;aul fkdjQj;a" 1957 nKavdrkdhl-fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu iy 1965

fiakdkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu ,xldfõ talSh rdcH jHQyh ixfYdaOkh
lsÍfï foaYmd,k ft;sydisl l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ux i,l=Kq folls' tu
.súiqï foflka u" isxy, iy øúv kdhlhka tlÕ jQfha" ikaëh l%uhg jvd
wvq mßudjl n,h úuOH.; lrk w¨;a jHQyhls' fuu fhdað; m%dfoaYSh
tall y÷kajkq ,enqfõ zzrgiNdZZ hkqfjks' úreoaO mlaIfha iy fjk;a
úfrdaO;d lKavdhïj, ±ä úfrdaOh ksid" fuu wjia:d fol u miqnEug ,la
úh'

^we& ;=ka jeks wjêh kï ckjd¾.sl isú,a hqoaOh hs' th 1983ka miq j W;aikak j" 2009
jir f;la mej;sK' ,xldfõ talSh rdcHh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu i|yd w¿;a mshjr
.kakd ,oafoa fï ;=ka jeks wjêfha h' 1987 msysgqjk ,o m<d;a iNd l%uh fuu
m%;sixialrKfhka y÷kajd fok ,o zzn,h fn§fïZZ kj l%ufha wdh;ksl ixhq;sh
fõ'
• talSh rdcHfha isg isÿ jQ fuu mßj¾;kh i|yd mokï jQfha 1987 cQ,s udifha
,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd;a" bkaÈhdfõ w.ue;sjrhd;a w;aika l< zzbkaÿ ,xld
.súiqu" hZZ ,xldfõ talSh rdcHh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu iïnkaO j tu
.súiqfuka m%ldY jQ m%Odk uQ,O¾u my; mßÈ úh'

^w& ,dxlsl iudch jd¾.sl jYfhka nyqúO iudchla nj ms<s.ekSu'

^wd& fou< NdIdj l:d lrk ckhd nyq, j Ôj;a jk W;=re kefÕkysr
fom<d; fou< l:d lrk ckhdf.a ft;sydisl jdiN+ñh f,i
ms<.
s ekSu'
^we& W;=re kefÕkysr fom<d; ;djld,sl jYfhka taldnoaO lr m<d;a
iNdjla msysgqùu'

• 13 jeks ixfYdaOkh hgf;a isÿ jQfha bkaÿ ,xld .súiqfuka W;=re kefÕkysr
fom<d;g fhdackd jQ m<d;a iNd Èjhsfka wfkla m<d;aj,g o y÷kajd §uhs'

• 13 jeks ixfYdaOkfhka msysgqjk ,o m<d;a iNd ikaëh l%uhlg jvd wvq

mßudjlska n,h úuOH.; lsÍula jqj;a" tu wdKavl
q u
% ixfYdaOkfha jeo.;alu
r|d mj;skafka" ta uÕska ,xldfõ talSh$uOH.; rdcHh" jHqyd;aul
m%;sixialrKhg Ndckh lsÍu wdrïN flreK ksid h'

m<d;a iNd l%uh iy úuOH.; lsÍu'

— 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska uOHu" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh hk uÜgï ;=kl wdKavq

wdh;k y÷kdf.k ;sfí' ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh wdKAvq ^m<d;a md,k wdh;k& jHjia:dkql+,j
y÷kd .ekSu fï jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha w;=re M,hla f,i y÷kd.; yels h'

— m<d;a iNd" uOHu wdKavqj yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k w;r msysá kj wdKavq n, wdh;khls'
m<d;a iNd l%uh wh;a jkafka foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍu hk m%fNaohg h' m<d;a iNd"
wdKavql%ufha fldgila njg jHjia:dj uÕska u m;a lr ;sfí' tfy;a m<d;a iNdjl

48
 ixhq;sh yd l%shd mámdáh ;SrKh lr ;sfnkafka wkqkS;shla fyj;a md¾,sfïka;= mK;la"
uÕsks' ^tkï 1987 wxl 42 ork m<d;a iNd mK;&

— fuhska woyia jkafka m<d;a iNd jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhlska f;dr j wfydais l< fkdyels
uq;a tys l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh lsÍu md¾,sfïka;=fõ ir, nyq;rhlska l< yels nj h' fï
;;a;ajh ksid wfhl= ,xldj w¾O f*vr,a rdcHhla jYfhka y÷kajk w;r" ;j;a wfhla
,xldfõ we;af;a talSh wdlD;shla iys; tfy;a f*vr,a ,laIK we;=<;a md,k l%uhla f,i
i,l;s'

n,h úuOH.; lr we;s wdldrh'

— wm by; i|yka l< mßÈ m<d;a iNd l%uh hgf;a isÿ lr ;sfnkafka foaYmd,k n,h
úuOH.; lrKh hs' th mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍug ^Decentralization& jvd wE;g .sh
l%uhls' ta uÕska úuOH.; lrkafka mßmd,k n,h iy" uOHu rch i;= jHjia:dodhl"
úOdhl iy wêlrK n,fha ksYaÑ; m%udKhka h' úuOH.; lrk ,o n,hg jHjia:dodhl"
úOdhl yd wêlrK hk n,;, we;=<;a fõ' tajd bkaÈhdfõ § fuka ,ehsia;= ;=kla hgf;a
úuOH.; lr we;' tkï"

1' m<d;a iNd ,ehsi;

a j
= ^Provincial Council List&
2' ixjD; ^uOHu& ,ehsia;=j ^Recerved List&
3' iu.dó ,ehsia;=j ^Concurrent List& hkqfjks'

01' m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=j -

• fmd,sis yd uyck iduh"

• m<d;a wd¾Ól ie,iqï"
• m<d;a md,kh"
• m<d;aj, ksjdi yd bÈ lsÍï" ^cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldrfha jHdmD;s yer&
• m<d; ;=< we;s mdrj,a" md,ï iy f;dgqm< ^cd;sl uydud¾.j,g wod< j uOHu
rchg wh;a uydud¾.j, we;s md,ï iy f;dgqm< yer&"
• iudc fiajd yd mqkre;a:dmk"
• m<d; we;=<; m%jdyK fiajh"
• lDIsl¾uh yd f.dúck fiajd"
• .%du ixj¾Okh yd fi!LHh"
• foaYSh ffjoH lghq;="
• m<d;a md,k wdh;k úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk ;dkdhï"
• nvq Wlia .ekSu"
• fj<|fmd,j,a"
• m<d; we;=<; wdydr iemhSu yd fnodyeÍu"
• iuqmldrh"
• bvï" jdßud¾."
• i;a;aj md,kh"
• ixj¾Okh yd l%u iïmdokh"
• pß; fYdaOkd.dr"
• u;a îu ika;lfha ;nd .ekSu" m%jdyKh ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsKSu"
• N+uodk yd N+uodk N+ñ"
• wdodyk yd wdodyk ìï"

49
 • mqia;ld,h yd fl!;=ld.dr"
• fm!rdKsl yd ft;sydisl ia:dk"
• m<d;g iSud jQ wruqKq we;s ixia:d ixia:d.; lsÍu"
• úêu;aa lsÍu" iy wêlrKh úiska .Kka mjrd jid ±óu"
• ixia:d.; fkdl< fj<|" idys;H" úoHd" wd.ñl" iy fjk;a iñ;s iud.ï úêu;a
lsÍu'
• m<d; ;=< /Õ=ï y,a iy rx. Yd,d ix.S;h" iskudy,a" yd úfkdao lghq;='
• l%Svdj yd l%Svd jeäÈhqKq lsÍu"
• TÜgq we,a,Su yd iQÿ l%Svd'
• m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=jg tfrys j lrk jerÈ'
• .dia;= úÿ,s n,h yd n,Yla;s ksmoùu" yd m%j¾Okh
• uqo,a Khg .ekSu
hk mq¿,a n,;, mjrd we;'

• m<d; ;=< ks;Sh yd uyck iduh mj;ajd .ekSfï § my; i|yka úIh we;=<;a fkdfõ' tkï

i' cd;sl wdrlaIdj

ii' cd;sl iqrlaIs;;dj
iii' cd;sl n< weKsj,g wkqhqla; fjk;a hï yuqod fhdod .ekSu'

• m<d;a ;=< kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSfï § m<d;a fmd,Sish o cd;sl fmd,siam;sjrhd hgf;a
yd wëlaIKh hgf;a l%h s d;aul úh hq;= h' m<d;a fmd,sih
s l%h
s d;aul jkafka cd;sl uÜgfuka
oaú;Shkh lrk ,o ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s jrhl= hgf;a iy m<d;a no fmd,Sishg cd;sl
fmd,sisfhka oaú;Shkh lrk ,o ks,Odßkag wu;r j m<d;anoj n|jd .;a m<d;ano iyldr
fmd,sia wêldßjreka we;=¿ ks,OdÍka ud¾.fhks' fï ks,OdÍkag cd;sl uÜgug Wiia ùï
,eìh yels h' ta ld¾hh cd;sl fmd,sia fldñIka iNdfõ j.lSuls'

• m<d; ;=< kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu yd ld¾h uKav, mßmd,kh i|yd m,d;a no
fmd,sia fldñIka iNd msysgqùug jHjia:dj uÕska wfmalaId lr ;sfnk kuq;a" th fuf;la
l%shdjg kÕd ke;' fmd,sia n,;, úuOH.; lsÍu jHjia:djg muKla iSud ù we;'

• bvï o" uOHu wdKavqj yd m<d;a iNd w;r .egqïj,g ;=vq § we;s lreKls' jHjia:dfõ
úêúOdk wkqj ckrch i;= bvï uOHu wdKavqj i;= j mj;S' tfia kuq;a fojk mßYsIagfha
1'1 j.ka;sh wkqj bvï mßyrKh o idOdrK mokulska uOHu wdKavqj yd m<d;a iNd w;r
tlÕ;djla u; isÿ l< hq;= fõ' m<d;a iNdfõ ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i|yd rcfha bvï fjka
lr §u 1'2 j.ka;sh wkqj uOHu rcfha j.lSuls' m<d;a iNd N+ñ m%foaYhl bvï" mqrjeishl=g
fyda ixúOdkhlg fyda mjrd §fï § fyda kshdukh lsÍfï § fyda m<d;a iNd úuish hq;= h'
Wmfoia ms<smeÈh hq;= h'

• uOHu rchg wh;a mdi,a yer fiiq mdi,aj, wëlaIKh yd md,kh o" m<d;a iNdj,g
mjrd § ;sfí' wOHdmkh iïnkaO msßia mßmd,kh kS;sfhka kshu lr we;s iSudj,g hg;a
j m<d;a iNd i;= fõ'

ixjD; ,ehsia;=j

fuu ,ehsia;=jg wh;a jkafka uOHu rch fj; ;nd .kakd my; i|yka n,;, hs'

50
 • rdcH wdrlaIdj yd cd;sl iqrlaIs; Ndjh'
• úfoaY lghq;='
• ;eme,a yd úÿ,s ikafoaY
• .=jka úÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh'
• wêlrKh'
• cd;sl wdodhug wod< lghq;='
• úfoaYSh iy m<d;a w;r fj<|du yd jdKsc lghq;='
• jrdh yd keõ f;dgqm<j,a'
• .=jka .ukd.ukh yd keõ f;dgqm<j,a'
• cd;sl m%jdyKh'
• rcfha bvï Lksc øjH yd m;,a
• wd.uk ú.uk yd mqrjeis Ndjh'
• Pkao úuiSu'
• ck yd ixLHd f,aLk
• jD;a;Sh /lshd iy mqyqKq lsÍï'
• mqrdúoHd;aul lghq;='
• rdcH f,aLkd.dr iy mqrdúoHd;aul N+ñ iy kIagdjfYaI

we;=¿ cd;sl jeo.;alñka hq;a ish¨ lreKq uOHu wdKAvqfõ úIh m:hg wh;a fõ' tfuka
u" ,ehsia;= ;=fkys ksYaÑ; j olajd fkdue;s ´kEu úIhhla ish¨ lreKq uOHu rchg wh;a
fõ'

iu.dó ,ehsia;=j

• iu.dó ,ehsia;=jg wh;a jkafka uOHu wdKAvqj yd m<d;a wdKAvqj hk folg u kS;s mekùu
yd l%shd;aul l< yels úIh h' tjeks úIh 36la jHjia:dfõ olajd ;sfí' fï lreKq .ek
uOHu rchg yd m%dka;j,g yjqf,a kS;s mekúh yels h' hï lreKla iïnkaOfhka m<d;a
iNd kS;shla fyj;a m%{ma;shla uOHu wdKavqfõ kS;shla iuÕ .efÜ kï uOHu wdKAvqfõ
kS;sh n,d;aul fõ'

fuu ,ehsia;=jg my; i|yka n,;, w;r my; i|yka úIhhka wh;a fõ'

• ie,iqï ilia lsÍu

• Wiia wOHdmkh" wOHdmkh yd wOHdmk fiajd
• cd;sl ksjdi bÈ lsÍï
• foam< w;am;a lr.ekSu" n, lr ,nd .ekSu
• fi!LH ie,iqï
• Wmamekak" urK" újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍï
• lDIsl¾uh yd f.dúck fiajd
• mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu
• T!IO" úI j¾. md,kh
• m%jD;a;s m;%" fmd;a" jdr iÕrd uqøKh
• iuqmldr" iuqmldr nexl=
• jdßud¾.
• ëjr lghq;=
• W;aij yd m%o¾Yk meje;aùu

51
 • ixpdrl jHdmdrh
• fiajd kshqla;sh
• ñ, md,kh
• wdydr i,dl yd wdydr f;d. mj;ajdf.k hdu
• k.r yd .ï kej; kï lsÍu
• i;a;aj md,kh
• mqKH lghq;= iy mqKHdh;k
• iuQmldr
• ñ, md,kh

m<d;a iNdfõ jHjia:dodhlh iy úOdhlh'

• 13 jk wdKAvql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka m<d;a iNdj,g mK;a mekùug fyj;a kS;s

mekùug n,h we;ehs fkdlshk uq;a" tajdg m%{ma;s iE§ug n,h ;sfnk nj m%ldY lrhs'
m%{ma;sj,g" kS;sfha n,h we;s nj jHjia:d w¾:l:kj,ska meyeÈ,s h' tfy;a tajd n,d;aul
jkafka wod< m<d;a iNdfõ n, m%foaYh we;=<; muKs'

• m<d;a iNd i;= fï jHjia:dodhl n,h m<df;a uyck ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ieÈ m<d;a iNd
kue;s wdh;kfhka l%shd;aul fjhs' th tal udKav,sl iNdjls' iNslhka m;a jkafka j¾I
myl OQr ld,hla i|yd h' ksfhdað;hka ixLHdj m<df;a cky.kh iy N+ñ m%udKh
ie,ls,a,g f.k cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ksYaph lrkq ,en we;'

• 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd mK; wkqj m<d;a iNdjl úOdhlh iukaú;
jkafka"
1' wdKavqldrjrhd'
2' m%Odk wud;Hjrhd we;=¿ mia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; wud;H uKav,hlsks'

• m<d;a iNdjl wdKavqldrjrhd" ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ksfhdað;jrhd h' Tyq m<d;a úOdhlfha

kdhlhd fõ' Tyq m<d;a wud;H uKav,fha Wmfoia wkqj l%shd;aul jk w;r W;aijdldr
n,;,j,ska Tíng .sh n,;, o wdKavqldr Oqrhg mjrd § ;sfí'

tajd w;rg"

i. m<d;a iNd úiska ksfhdað; m%{ma;s kej; i,ld n,k f,i b,aa,Su
ii. tu m%{ma;sj, jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh úuiSu i|yd fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj;g
fhduq lsÍu
iii. ckdêm;sjrhdf.a woyia úuiSu i|yd fhduq lsÍu
we;=<;a fõ'

• m<d;a iNdjg" wdKAvlq drjrhd iïnkaOfhka mj;sk tlu md,k fuj,u jkafka fkdmeñKs
uka;%Sjreka o we;=¿ j ;=fkka foll n,hlska hq;= j úYajdiNx. fhdackdjla iïu;
lsÍuh'

• m<d;a iNdfõ ienE úOdhl n,h ysñ jkafka m%Odk wud;Hjrhd we;=¿ wud;H uKav,hg
h' m%Odk wud;Hjrhd njg m;a jkafka m<d;a iNdfõ nyq;r uka;%Sjrekaf.a úYAjdih
Èkd.; yels m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjrhd h' tfy;a m%dfhda.sl j isÿ jkafka ch.%dyS foaYmd,k

52
 mlaI kdhlhd úiska m%Odk wud;Hjrhd f;dard .ekSu h' wud;H uKav,hg idudðlhka
m;a lsÍu m%Odk wud;Hjrhdf.a Wmfoia wkqj isÿ l< hq;= h' tfy;a m%dfhda.sl j isÿ jkafka
ch.%dyS mlaIfha kdhlhd úiska f;dard.kq ,nk ;eke;a;ka m%Odk wud;Hjrhd úiska
wud;H uKav,hg kï lsÍu h'

• 13 jk ixfYdaOkh iuÕ ,xldj talSh rdcH wdlD;sfhka bj;g .uka lsÍula olakg ,efí'
ta l%ufhka ikaëh wdKavql%uhl ÈYdjg .uka lrkq olakg ,enqK uq;a" fY%aIaGdêlrKh
uÕska miq.sh ld,fha ,nd ÿka we;eï kvq ;Skaÿj,ska talSh Ndjh /l .ekSug W;aidy lr
;sfí' m<d;a iNdjg wh;a fmd,sia n,;, yd bvï n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍug bv ,ndfokafka
kï" ,xldj bkaÈhdkq n,h fn§fï l%uhg fndfyda fihska iudk ùug bv ;sfí'

03' talSh yd uOH.; rdcH jHQyh

m% x Yh (-

• talSh yd uOH.; rdcH jHQyh y÷kd .ekSfï § m%xY wdKavql%uh fnfyúka u jeo.;a fõ'

• wdKavql%u udÈ,shla jYfhka m%xYh ms<sn| j yeoEÍu ,xldfõ wmg úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ'
thg fya;=j 1978 jHjia:dfjka y÷kajd fok ,o úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh m%xYfha miajeks
iuQydKavq jHjia:djg wkqj ilia lrk ,oaola ùu hs'

• m%xYh kQ;k f,dalfha ìys jQ m%:u m%cd;ka;%jd§ iuQydKavqj o fjhs' 1789 úma,jh;a iuÕ
rdcdKavqj ì| jegqKq miq" m%xYh m%cd;ka;%jd§ iuQydKavqjla njg m;a úh' tys m%Odk igka
mdGh jQfha ksoyi" idudk;ajh iy ifydaor;ajh hs' th ksoyi yd iudk;ajh mokï
lr.kakd wdKavq l%uhla o úh'

• m%xYh w;sYhska u n,h flakaø.; talSh rdcHhls' talSh rdcHhl úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka
tla uOHu wêldrhla úiska md,k n,h bis,Su h'

• m%xYh ie,eflkafka n,j;a uOHu wdKavj

q la úiska m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ;SrK ks¾udKh
lrkq ,nk l%uhla iys; rdcHhla f,isks'

• talSh l%uh jvd;a fyd¢ka l%shd;aul jkafka zixialD;sl úúO;d wvq cd;sl rdcHj, hZ
hkak ms<s.;a woyils' tfia u ta i|yd mqrjeishkag ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ cd;sl wNsudkh
o wjYH h' Yla;su;a talSh uOH.; rdcH jHQyhla i|yd uOH.; mßmd,k l%uhla o" rg mqrd
me;sreKq .ukd.uk iy ikaksfõok l%uhla meje;au o wjYH fõ'

• tneúka talSh l%uh l=vd cd;sl rdcHj,g .e<fmk l%uhlehs ckm%sh u;hla mj;S' tfy;a
talSh uOH.; l%uh nyq úO;d iys; úYd, rdcHj, l%shd;aul fkdúh hq;= njla bka woyia
fkdflf¾'

• nyqúO iudchl talSh uOH.; l%uhla l%shd;aul jk úg uOHu wdKavqj" m<d;a md,k
wdh;k u; ;u idrO¾u yd m%;spdr wdfrdamKh lrkq we;' tjeks ;;a;ajhl § Wmcd;sl
tallj,g iajdëk j kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s we;s lr.; fkdyels w;r m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
hï hï oE bgq lrk f,ig n,mEï lsÍug o yelshdj mj;S'

53
• fujeks ;;a;ajhla uOHfha m%xYfha talSh yd uOH.; wdKavql%u udÈ,sfha iqúfYaI;dj
y÷kd.ekSug u;af;ka tys ft;sydisl úldYh ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

j;auka talSh yd uOH.; jHQyhg fmr m%xYh (-

• 1879 úma,jh;a iuÕ m%xYfha rdcdKavql%uh ì|jeà m%cd;ka;%jd§ iuQydKavql%uhla ìys úh'
rdcH udÈ,shla yeáhg iuQydKavql%ufha m%Odk ,laIKh jkafka rdcH kdhlhd f,i
ckdêm;sjrhd uyck Pkaofhka f;drd m;a lr .ekSu hs'

• 1789 m%xY úma,jfhka miqld,Sk foaYmd,k b;sydih ;=< m%xYfha iuQydKavl q u% myla ks¾udKh
ù we;' fuu ish¨ u wdKAvql%u tla;rd ÿrlg m%pKavldÍ f,i n,h udre ùï ^Violent
transition of power& f,i o y÷kd.; yels fõ' fï tla tla wdKavq l%uhla m%xYfha y÷kajkafka
iuQydKavq ^m<uqjeks" fojeks wd§ f,i& jYfhks'

• m<uq iuQydKavq l%uh 1792 § XVI jk ¨ùf.a ì|jeàu;a iuÕ wdrïN ù 1804 kefmda,shka
fndkmd¾Ü m%xY wêrdchd ^Emperor of the First French Empire& f,i n,hg m;a ùfuka
wjidk jQfha h' kefmda,shdkq n,h msßySug m;aùfuka miq j ;djld,sl rdcdKavq lsysmhla
u biau;= jQ kuq;a" 1848 § isÿ jQ foaYmd,k fjki;a iuÕ m<uq iuQydKavqfõ wjidkh
igyka jQfha h'

• bka wk;=re j 1848 § fojk iuQydKavq l%uhg moku ±ñKs' tys ckdêm;s f,i f;aÍ m;a jQ
¨ù kefmda,shka 1852 § m%xY rdcdKavql%uh kej; msysgqjd ;ud wêrdchd f,i m%ldY lsÍu;a
iuÕ fojeks iuQydKavqj ì| jeáKs' 1870 § c¾uksh ^tjlg m%Yshdj& iuÕ isÿ l< hqoaOfhka
m%xYh mrdch ùu;a iuÕ" III jeks ¨ù kefmda,shka 1852 § msysgqjd .;a fojeks m%xY wêrdcHh
o ì| jeáKs'

• bka wk;=re j 1870 § ìys jQ ;=ka jk iuQydKAvq l%uh idfmalaI jYfhka §¾> ld,hla
l%shd;aul jQ kuq;a" th mQ¾K foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla lrd m%xYh Tijd ;nkakg wiu;a
jQfha h' fï iuQydKavqj ;=< 1929 - 39 f;la jQ oYlfha § muKla wdKavq 18la we;s ù ì| jeàu
WodyrK f,i ±la úh yels h' 1940 § c¾uksh úiska m%xYh wdl%uKh lsÍu ;=ka jk
iuQydKavqfõ ì|jeàu igyka lf<a h'

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha ksudj;a iuÕ 1946 § isjq jk iuQydKavq l%uh ia:dms; úh' isjq jk
iuQydKavq l%uh ;=ka jk iuQydKavqfõ u foaYmd,k È.=jla hhs lSu ksjerÈ h' tneúka ;=ka
jk iuQydKAvql%uh uqyqK ÿka foaYmd,k .eg¨ tf,iska u isjq jk iuQydKavq l%uh ;=< o
olakg ,eìKs'

• f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j f,dal m¾hdfhys ,d isÿ jQ hg;a úð; yrKh" m%xY hg;a úð;
wêrdch h ì| jeàu igyka jQfha h' tys foaYmd,k jHdl=,;d isjq jk iuQydKAvj
q foaYmd,k
jYfhka n,j;a ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhlg m;a lf<a h'

• ta flfia fj;;a isjq jk iuQydKAvq l%uh m%xYh uqyqK ÿka nrm;< wd¾Ól .rd jeàfuka hï
;rulska uqojd .ekSug iu;a úh' tfy;a th wêrdcH jdofhka t<sm;a;g meñKs m%xYfha
foaYmd,kh wia:djr;ajh iuyka lsÍug ;rï Yla;su;a fkdù h' úfYaIfhka m%xYhg wh;a
we,aÔßhdj wdY%s;j mek keÕ=Kq .eg¨ ksid isjq jk iuQydKAvqj foaYmd,k jYfhka
wia:djr;ajhg weo jeáK'

54
 • j¾;udk mia jk iuQydKavq l%uh fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j m%xYfha f.dv kefÕk
foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól w¾nqoj,g úi÷ula f,i;a" tfia u §¾>ld,Sk j úldYkh jQ foaYmd,k
wia:djr;ajhg úi÷ula o iuÕska bÈßhg wdfha h'

• ta wkqj 1958 § mej;s jHjia:dodhlh úiqrejd yeßKs' ta iuÕ u mej;s jHjia:dfõ wod<
Ndjh o ì| jeáKs' foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg m;a pd,aia äf.da,af.a rch kj jHjia:djla
ks¾udKh lsÍu wdrïN lf<a h' 1958 iema;eïn¾ 28 kj jHjia:dj úYd, nyq;rhlska
iïu; jQ w;r th m%xYfha mia jk iuQydKAvqfõ foaYmd,k iïNjh igyka lf<a h'

• 1957 f;la u mej;s wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k wjq,a iajNdjh ksud lrñka mia jk wdKavql%uh
pd,aia äf.da,a w;ska ks¾udKh jQfha m%xYh ;=< Yla;su;a uOH.; talSh wdKAvql%uhla f.dv
kxjñks'

• fujeks uOH.; wdKavql%uhla iïmdokh lsÍug m%xYfha mej;s my; i|yka ft;sydisl
idOl o fya;= mdol úh'

é wd¾Ól" nqoê
a uh yd ixialD;sl jYfhka m%xYfha meßia w. k.rh ;=< mej;s wdêm;Hh'

é m%xYfha foaYmd,k Ôú;h md,kh lf<a meßisfha foaYmd,k flakaøh ùu'

é m%xYh ndysr i;=rkaf.ka yd wNHka;r úreoaO jd§kaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSfï ud¾.h

jYfhka uOH.;lrKh wjYH ùu'

é by; wjldY fya;= fldgf.k cd;sfha ;Skÿa .ekSfï l%h

s dj,sh meßia flakøa h
S uOH.;
md,hkla njg m;a úh' th wfNaokSh" talSh iy uOH.; iuQydKavqjls'

m%xY wdKavql%ufha uQ,sl ,laIK - äf.da,ajd§ l%uh ^Gaullist System& (-

I ckdêm;sOqrh -

miajk iuQydKavqfõ jHjia:dj äf.da,ajd§ l%uhla hehs o ye¢ka fõ' fckrd,a pd,aia äf.da,af.a
foaYmd,k iy mqoa.,sl wNs,dIhkag wkqj" tla mqoa.,hl= jgd n,h flakaø.;jk f,i m%xY
wdKavq l%uh ilia lsÍu thg fya;=j hs'

mia jk iuQydKAvq l%ufha y÷kajd §ï weiqfrka m%xY wdKavq l%ufha uQ,sl ,laIK y÷kd.; yels
h'

• III yd IV iuQydKAvq l%uj, m%Odk;u ÿ¾j,;dj jQfha b;d ÿ¾j, úOdhlhla ks¾udKh ù
;sîu iy foaYmd,k mlaI b;d ,sys,a f,i ixúOdkh ù ;sîu h' tksid u tu ÿ¾j,;d
uÕyrjñka mia jk iuQydKavql%uh;a" tys wdKavql%u jHjia:dj;a ks¾udKh flßKs'

• ta wkqj mQ¾K n,e;s úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrhla ia:dms; flßK' ta uÕska Bg fmr meje;s
md¾,sfïka;= l%uh úOdhlhg fojeks ;;a;ajhg m;a lrk ,§'

55
 • kj jHjia:dfõ iqúfYaI u ks¾udKh f,i fuu mQ¾K n,e;s úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh m%xY
iuQydKAvqfõ by< u ia:dkh f,i ks¾udKh flßK' úOdhlh jHjia:dodhlhg by<ska
Tijd ;eîu tys uQ,sl ,laIKhls'

• tys § Rcq uyck Pkaofhka m;ajk ;k;=rl we;s wia:djr Ndjh wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd Pkao
úoHd,hhla uÕska f;aÍ m;a jk ckdêm;s Oqrhla fhdackd jQfha h'

• tfy;a 1962 § isÿ jQ cku; úpdrKh uÕska ckdêm;sjrhd oaú Pkao l%uh u; Rcq uyck
Pkaofhka f;dardm;a lr .ekSu ks¾foaY úh' ta wkqj m<uq ue;sjrKfha § lsiÿs wfmalI
a lhl=g
wjYH nyq;rh fkd,eî we;s úgl i;s follska fojk ue;sjrKhla mj;ajd ckdêm;sjrhd
f;dard .; hq;=h' tu fojeks ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a lrkafka m<uq ue;sjrKfha § jeä u Pkao
,nd .;a fofokd muKs' fuh ye¢kafjkafka oaú-Pkao l%uh ^Dual Voting& f,i h'

• ckdêm;sjrhdg ysñjk ks, ld,h jir 05ls'

• uOH.;jd§ m%jK;dj Yla;su;a lrñka mia jk iuQydKAvqj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg mjrd §

we;s n,;, fufia h'

i idïm%odhsl n,;, (-
rdcH kdhlhd f,i idïm%odhsl j ysñjk n,;,

i foaYmd,k jYfhka n, .ekajQ ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug wod< n,;, (-

ckdêm;sjrhd cd;sfha tlai;alu ms<sn| ixfla;h hs' Tyq mlaI foaYmd,khg iy
iudcfha we;s foaYmd,k fn§ïj,g by<ska isákafkls' äf.da,a we,aÔßhdkq w¾nqoh
wjia:dfõ iy 1976 wd¾Ól yd uQ,H w¾nqo wjia:dfõ ckdêm;s .siald foia;Ex
^Giscard d Estaing& l%shd l< wdldrh óg ksoiqka fõ'

iii yÈis wjia:d n,;, (-

iuQydKavqjg" cd;sfha ksoyig" fN!ñl wLKav;djg" cd;Hka;r iïuq;s ms<sme§ug"
uyck wêldß wdh;kj,g ndOd t,a, ù we;s wjia:dj, yÈis wjia:d m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍug ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h ysñ fõ'

II w.ue;s iy leìkÜ uKav,hla ia:dms; lsÍu'

• fuu wdh;k md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,hg ±ä f,i wkdjrKh fkdjqK wdldrfhka ia:dmkh

lr we;'

• w.ue;sjrhd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk w;r" wud;Hjreka w.ue;sjrhd ;SrKh
lsÍfuka miq j ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nkafka h' wud;Hjre jHjia:d odhlfha
idudðlfhda fkdfj;s' tneúka leìkÜ uKav,hg jHjia:dodhlfhka idfmalI
a iajdëk;djla
,efí' w.ue;sjrhd cd;sl uka;%K iNdfõ idudðlhl= ùu iudkH isß; jqj;a" th wjYH
u ke;' w.ue;s Oqrhg m;a jQ miq cd;sl uka;%K iNdfõ nyq;r leue;a; ,nd .ekSu o
wjYHh ke;' wjYH jkafka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a úiajdih muKs' cd;sl uka;%K iNdjg
w.ue;s fyda leìkÜ weu;sjreka" úiajdi Nx. fhdackdjlska bj;a l< fkdyels o fõ'
w.ue;sjrhd cd;sl uka;%K iNdfõ leue;a; ksfhdackh lsÍu o wjYH ke;'

56
III oaú udKav,sl jHjia:dodhlhla y÷kajd §u'

• m%xYfha jHjia:dodhlh md¾,sfïka;=j fõ'

i fuys m%:u uKav,h cd;sl uka;%K iNdj ^National Assembly&
ii fojk uKav,h fifkÜ iNdj fõ'

• cd;sl uka;%K iNdfõ ksfhdað;hka 577la jk w;r Tjqyq flaj, Pkao fldÜGdi moku yd
oaú Pkao l%uh mokï j tu wruqKq ks, ld,hlg f;dard .efk;s'

• fifkÜ iNdj ksfhdað;hka 32 fokl= f.ka hqla; fõ' bka 1$3la jir 3lg jrla w¨;ska
Pkao úoHd,hhla uÕska f;dard .efk;s'

• ks, ld,h jir 7la fõ'

• m%xY jHjia:dodhlh f,dalfha fiiq jHjia:dodhlhkag idfmalaI j n,;, w;ska wvq

uÜgul msysgqjd we;' w¾nqoldÍ foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhl § md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍfï n,h
ckdêm;s j rhd i;= lr we;' th n,j;a úOdhls k a iy idfma l a I jYfhka ÿ¾j,
jHjia:dodhlhlska iukaú; wdKavq l%uhls'

IV wêlrKh iy ckdêm;s

• wdKavl
q u
% jHjia:dfõ 64 j.ka;h
s g wkqj wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId fldg mj;ajdf.k
hdfï Ndrlre ckdêm;sjrhd h'

m%xYfha n,h úuOH.;lrKh (-

I foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍu ^Devolution& m%xY wKavql%ufha fkdue;'

• foaYmd,k n,h uOHu foaYmd,k flakaøfhka mßêh f;la" tkï m<d;a md,k fyda m<d;a
md,k tall f;la úuOH.; lsÍu" foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍula f,i y÷kd.; yels
h' fuhg mgyeks j m%xYfha we;af;a mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu hs'

II mßmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍu ^Decentralization&

• mßmd,k n,h úuOH.;lrKfha § m%dfoaYSh tallj,g foaYmd,k iajdëk;dj ke;'

• ta uÕska wdKAvq l%ufha talSh iajNdjh wjOdrKh fõ' Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqj úiska"
wdKavqfõ mßmd,k ;ka;%h uOHfha md,khg hg;a j mßêh f;la úuOH.; lsÍula ñka
woyia fõ'

• uQ,sl jYfhka m%xYfha miajeks iuQydKavq l%u jHjia:dj úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;af;a
foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍula fkdj mßmd,k úuOH.; lsÍuls' foaYmd,k n,h
uOH.; lsÍfï m%Odk wdh;kh ckdêm;s Oqrh hs' m%xY wdKavql%uh jkdyS ckdêm;sjrhd
iy úOdhlhg jvd rdcH n,h uOH.; lrk ,o wdKavqjls'

57
m%xYfha mßmd,k n,h úuOH.; lsÍu

mßmd,k úuOH.; jHqyhka

m%xY m<d;a md,kh ^Wmcd;sl uÜgu& (-

— m%xY wdKavqj" Wmcd;sl uÜgïj, iuia; md,kh we;s jk wdldrhg f.dv ke.+ n,.;=
uOHu wdKavqjls' Wmcd;sl wdKAvq ;, 3la hgf;a ixúOdkh lr ;sfí' tajd kï"
I' l,dm - ^Regions&
II' fomd¾;fïka;= ^l,dmj, l=vd m%dfoaYSh tall&
III' fldñhqk ^m%cd tall& fyj;a m<d;a md,k wdh;k'
hk fïjd h'

— m%xYh l,dm 22lska iy fomd¾;fïka;= 96 lska hqla; h' tajd Arrondissements hk Wm tall
320lg iy legkagka 3530lg fnod we;' fldñhqk 36383la o fõ'

— fmdÿ ;Skaÿ .ekSu by; ;, 3 § isÿ flf¾' tajdfha ;Skaÿ .kakd wdh;k ldKav 4 lg fnod
±laúh yels h'
I' ksfhdað; iNd'
II' m%sf*laÜ wêldÍka
III' uOHu wdKAvqfõ m%dfoaYSh lafIa;% ld¾hd,'
IV' jD;a;Sh ix.ï yd n,mEï lKavdhï'

fï wkqj uyck ksfhdað;fhda" uOHu rcfha ks,OdÍyq iy m%dfoaYSh isú,a iudch ;SrK
.ekSfï l%shdj,shg iïnkaO fj;s'

ksfhdað; iNd'

• ksfhdað; iNd ieu uÜgul u olakg ,efí' l,dm uÜgfï § jl% j f;dard.;a iNd
folla we;' tkï l,dm uKav,h yd wd¾Ól yd iudc lñgqj hs' fomd¾;fïka;=
uÜgfï § fomd¾;fïka;= uKav, olakg ,efí' fldñhqk uÜgfï § l%shd;aul
jkafka kd.ßl iNd h'

• 22la muK jQ l,dm ieliS we;af;a fomd¾;fïka;=j,sks' tys m%Odk j.lSu jkafka
l,dmSh ixj¾Okhg m¾fhaIK fhdackd uÕska fyda fjk;a wdldrj,ska fyda odhl
ùu h' l,dm úOdhl ks,Odßhd m%sf*laÜjrhd h' Tyqg iyhg l,dm iNdj yd
wd¾Ól yd iudc lñgqj msysgd ;sfí' l,dm iNdj ksfhdað; lKavdhï ;=klska
iukaú; h'

I' l,dmfhka f;aßm;a jQ uOHu jHjia:dodhlfha WNh uKav,j,

ksfhdað;hka'
II' fomd¾;fïka;= ljqkais, ksfhdað;fhda
III' fldñhqka iNdj, ksfhdað;fhda

• l,dm ljqkais,fha j.lSu jkafka l,dm whjeh iïu; lsÍu h' wd¾Ól yd iudc
lñgqfõ ld¾hNdrh WmfoaYd;aul tlls' thg jD;a;Sh yd wNs,dI lKavdhï we;=<;a
h'

58
 • ta ta m<d;ano fomd¾;fïka;j= ,g" fomd¾;fïka;= iNd msyg
s j
q d ;sfí' tajdfha ksfhdað;
ixLHdj 17-109 f;la fjkia fõ' fïjdfha iNslfhda i¾jck Pkaofhka iudkqmd;sl
l%uhg j¾I 6lg f;dard .efk;s' iNslhka f.ka 1$2 iEu j¾I 3lg jrla f;dard
.efkhs' tys úOdhl m%Odkshd jQfha fomd¾;fïka;= uÜgug m;a lr isák m%f s *laÜjrhd
h' tys kHdh m;%h" ld, igyk" whjeh ilikafka Tyq h' fuh fomd¾;fïka;=
uOHu rchg fiajd imhk tackais wdh;khla f,i l%shd;aul fjhs' tkï ud¾."
mdi,a yd iqNidOk fiajd iïmdokh lsÍu h' kS;sfhka wjysr lr fkdue;s ;dla ÿrg
tajdg ish m%;sm;a;s m%drïNkh l< yels h'

• zfldñhqkZ hkq m%xYfha ish¨ k.r iNdj,g Ndú; lrk fmdÿ jpkh hs' fldñhqkfha
m%udKh u; fjkia jk ue;sjrK l%uhlg wkqj i¾jck Pkaofhka f;dard .kq
,nk k.r iNd fldñhqk uÜgfï § l%shd;aul fõ' fldñhqkfha uyck ksfhdack
iNdj jkafka k.r iNdj hs' úOdhl ks,OdÍhd jkafka k.rdêm;s hs' tajdfha m%Odk
j.lSï kï"

I' uOHu wdKAvqj úiska mjrd fok ,o j.lSï bgq lsÍu' th fiajd iemhSu
fjkqfjka wh lsÍï lrk w;r fiajd iemhSu m%uqL ld¾hh f,i bgq lrhs'

II' ;u ;=,H;dj u; ks;sfhka ;ykï fkdlrk ,o lghq;= lsÍu" th ;=,s;

whjehla bÈßm;a lsÍug ne£ we;'

m%sf*laÜ wêldÍyq (-

• m%sf*laÜ lKavdhï hkq m%xY mßmd,kfha uOHu wdKavqj ksfhdackh lrñka m%dfoaYSh
j fiajh lrk yd uOHu wdKavqfõ ta ta wud;HxYj, ld¾hhka m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï §
iïnkaëlrKh lrk yd wdKavqfõ ixfla;h jYfhka m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï § fmkS
isák ks,Odß lKavdhu hs' Tjqka
I' l,dm m%sf*laÜjrhd'
II' fomd¾;fïka;= m%sf*laÜjrhd
III' Wm m%sf*laÜjrhd hk uÜgïj,ska ±l.; yels h'

m%xYfha uOH.; rdcHhg tfrys j t,a, ù we;s úfõpk (-

01' m<d;a no ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï § uOHfha wjirh ,nd .; hq;= ùu'

02' mßmd,k úflakaøKh i|yd l< ksfhda." mßmd,k l%shdmámdá ixlS¾K ùu' th ld¾h mud
ùu yd mßmd,k úhoï by< hdug fya;= ùu'
03' fuu l%uh m%dfoaYSh wjYH;dj,g ixfõ§ fkdùu' uOH.; rdcHh" Í;s" fr.=,dis" fufyhùï
Wmfoia frluodre lsÍï yd wk;=re yeÕùï lrkafka taldlD;sl rgdjlg h' tneúka tajd
wkuH fõ" m<d;ano iqúfYaI;d ie,ls,a,g .; fkdyels fõ'
04' fuu l%uh m%dfoaYSh m%Yak m%dfoaYShj úi|d .ekSug ork m%drïNk wjia:d iSud lrhs'
05' fuu l%uh m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdfõ' m%dfoaYSh m<d;a md,k tall ks,OdÍ jdohg hg;a j we;'

— by; i|yka l< úfõpk yuqfõ m%xY talSh uOH.; rdcHh" 1980 oYlfha isg m%;sixialrK
y÷kajd foñka mj;S' tneúka ta ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

59
fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' my; i|yka ud;Dld .fõIKh lr jd¾;djla ilikak'

• wefußldj
• iaúÜi¾,ka;h
• bkaÈhdj
• m%xYh
• uyd ì%;dkHh
• Y%S ,xldj
hk rdcHhkays wdKavql%u udÈ,sj,"

i' wdrïNl ld, jljdkq yd úldYkh

ii' wdKavql%ufha ,laIK yd iajNdjh
iii' Wmqgd.; yels wdo¾Y
iv' j;auka m%jK;d
hk f;aud ta i|yd fhdod.kak

wdY%s; .%ka:

01. fl%diauka' ã'tÉ'tia'" ^2014&" wdKavql%u yd rgjeishd" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

02. N.jdka' Y%S' úIaKq" ^2014&" f,dal wdKavql%u jHjia:d" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

03. Chakrabarty, Bidyut and Rajendra Kumar Pandey, (2004), Indian Government and Politics,
New Delhi: SAGE.

04. Church, Clive, (2004), The Politics and Government of Switzerland, London: Palgrave
Macmillan.

05. Kingdom, John, (2003), Government and Politics in Britain, An Introduction, Cambridge:
Polity Press.

06. Knapp, Andrew and Vincent Wright (2006), Government and Politics in France, London &
New York: Routledge.

07. Singh, Robert, (2003), American Government and Politics: A Concise Introduction,
London and New Delhi: SAGE.

60
 11' rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh

ksmqK;dj 11 (- rdcH m%;sm;a;s foaYmd,k l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla h hk wjfndaOh

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 20 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
11'1' foaYmd,kh iy rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO lrk l%shdj,sh úia;r lrhs'
11'2' rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO j foaYmd,k mlaI iy isú,a iudcfha ld¾hNdrh
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
11'3' rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%shdj,sfhys ,d ks,n, l%ufha N+ñldj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ zrdcH m%;sm;a;shZ ks¾jpkh lrhs'
Ÿ rdcH m%;sm;a;s yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ÿ rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj ú.%y
lrhs'
Ÿ rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka isú,a iudc iy foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾hNdrh
úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy ks,n,l%uh w;r iïnkaO;dj fmkajd fohs'

ye¢kaùu (-
zrdcH m%;sm;a;shZ ms<sn| j Èh yels ksYaÑ; iy ms<s.;a w¾:l:khla olakg fkdue;s
w;r foaYmd,k úoHd{hka fï iïnkaO j bÈßm;a lr we;s úúO w¾:l:k Tiafia
rdcH m%;sm;a;sh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula oehs wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
• ta wkqj rdcH m%;sm;a;sh" foaYmd,k l%shdj,shls' bka i,ld n,kafka fmdÿ
fyj;a ieug wod< m%Yak h'
• rdcH m%;sm;a;shla hkq ls%hdoduhls' yqfola m%;sm;a;s f,aLkhla u fkdfõ'
• rdcH m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍu" l%shdjg kexùu" iy we.hSug ,la lsÍu isÿ
lrkafkda foaYmd,k moaO;shl isák wêldÍyq h'
• rdcH m%;sm;a;s uÕska idlÉPd lrk fmdÿ .eg¨ ;:H ^ienE& fyda mßl,ams;
^is;d.;a& tajd fyda úh yels h'
• tfyhska rdcH m%;m s ;a;h
s l wdlD;sh" wka;¾.;h yd l%hs djg kexùug wkq.ukh
lrk l%shd mámdáh" m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrk wêldß wdh;k i;= j mj;sk
f;dr;=rej,g wkqj ljr fyda fudfyd;l fjkia úh yels nj o wjOdrKh
l< hq;= h'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

11'1' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk lsysmhla'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sh hkq" wdKavqj lrkafka l=ula o@ ^What Goverments do?& wdKavqj tajd bgq
lrkafka wehs@ ^Why do they do it?& yd thska l=uk fjkila we;s flf¾ o@ ^What difference
does it make?& hkak hs'
- f;dauia wd¾ vhs ^Thomas. R. Dye&

61
 • wdKavqfõ jev igykl jHdmD;s .; fkdfyd;a wfmalaId iy.; wNsu;d¾:" idrO¾u yd
Ndú;" ^Projected Programme Goals, Values and Practices& rdcH m%;sm;a;sh f,i w¾:l:kh
flf¾'
- yer,aâ ,iafj,a'

• uyck wjOdkhg ,la j we;s .eg¨jla ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd ksis n,OdÍ l%shdldßhl=
fyda ls%hdldÍka /ila fyda ifÉ;ksl j wkq.ukh lrk l%shdoduhla rdcH m%;sm;a;sh fõ'
- fÊïia wekav¾ika

— rdcH m%;sm;a;s yeoEÍfï miqìu'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sh Ydia;%Sh j yeoEÍu wdrïN jQfha wefußldkq ikao¾Nhl§ h'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s wOHhkhg we;af;a ióm w;S;hls' fuh fuk u úIhhla jYfhka yeoEÍug
n,mEfõ wdKavq úiska uy;a Wkkaÿfjka wkq.ukh l< jevigyka wid¾:l ùu fya;=fjks'
weußld tlai;a ckmoh 1930 iy 1940 hk oYlj,;a bka miqj;a uy;a Wkkaÿjlska wkq.ukh
l< we;eï jevigyka wid¾:l ùu fï .ek Wkkaÿj we;s lsÍug ;=vq ÿkafka h' tneúka
weußldkq iudc úoHd{hska fï kj yeoEÍïj, mqfrda.dóka jYfhka ie,fla' foaYmd,k
yeoEÍu iïnkaOfhka úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ idïm%odhsl foaYmd,ksl úoHd{hska iajlSh
úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lf<a rdcH m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk iqúfYaI ixia:duh moku
úuid ne,Su i|yd h' wfkla w;g rdcH mßmd,kh yeoEÍï lf<da ;u úfYaI wjOdkh
fhduq lf<a rdcH mßmd,kfha miqìï idOl yd mßmd,k hdka;%Kh ixj¾Okh lsÍu
flfrys muKs' flfia fj;;a j¾;udkfha § m%;m s ;a;u
s h m%foaYhlska foaYmd,kh yodrkafkda
wdKavqfõ l%shdldß;ajh iudch u; l=uk n,mEula we;slrkafka ±hs yeoEÍug Wkkaÿ fj;s'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ks¾udKh lsÍu foaYmd,k{hdf.a ld¾h Ndrh nj;a" th l%shdjg kexùu
mßmd,lhdf.a ld¾h Ndrh jk nj;a idïm%odhsl j ms<s.eksK' ta wkqj m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg
kexùu ;dlaIKsl Ys,amSh l%shdj,shla f,i ie,lsKs' tneúka mßmd,khg foaYmd,lhkaf.a
yd uyck;djf.a n,mEï t,a, fkdúh hq;= hhs uq, § ms<s.eksKs'

• flfia fj;;a" fmdÿ lafIa;%fha .eg¨ ^Wod(- ú/lshdj& ksrdlrKh i|yd bÈßm;a l<
m%;sm;a;sj,ska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, fkd,efnk nj o m%;HlaI ù ;sfí'

• tfyhska" rdcH m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍu kï jQ foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh;a" m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg

kexùu kï jQ mßmd,k ^Ys,m a h
S & l%h
s dj,sh;a w;r w;a yereKq iïnkaO;dj ^Missing Link& h<s
fidhd .ekSug 1960 oYlfha muK foaYmd,k úoHd{fhda W;aiql jQy'

• tys m%;sM,hla f,i foaYmd,k úoHdfõ WmlafIa;%hla f,i rdcH m%;sm;a;sh yeoEÍu bÈßhg
meñKsK's

• tu yeoEÍï fo wdldr iajNdjhla .kS'

I m%;sm;a;sh iïnkaOfhka lrk yeoEÍï (- ^Studies 'of'' policy&

rdcH m%;sm;a;shla id¾:l ùug fyda wid¾:l ùug fyda n,mdk fldkafoais fudkjd
o@ m%;m
s ;a;s .eg¨ mek kÕskf
a ka flfia o@ tajd foaYmd,k kHdh m;%hg meñfKkafka
flfia o@ jeks lreKq Ydia;%Sh wNsu;d¾: fmr±ß j yeoEÍu ñka woyia flf¾'

62
 II rdcH m%;ms ;a;s ;=< lrk yeoEÍï (- ^Studies 'in' policy& fulS wOHhkh fhduqj we;af;a
m%;sm;a;shla id¾:l j l%shdjg kexùu Wfoid l< hq;af;a fudkjd ±hs fidhd
ne,Sug h'

rdcH m%;sm;a;sh iïnkaOfhka jQ wOHhk úuid n,k úg fï wOHhk foj¾.h w;r ióm
iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

— rdcH m%;sm;a;sh yeoEßh hq;af;a wehs@

1' úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKhlska lsj fyd;a - rdcH m%;sm;a;shg n,mdk fya;= yd m%;sM, wjfndaO
lr f.k yeoEÍfuka jvd;a m%Yia; jQ wdKavq l%shdldß;ajhlg yd ld¾h idM,Hh M, ,nd
.ekSug wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug tuÕska úfYaI{hskag yelshdj ,nd fok neúks'

2' foaYmd,k oDIaáfldaKhlska lsj fyd;a - rdcH m%;sm;a;s yeoEÍfuka l=uk uÜgfï wdKavqjla
^tkï cd;sl" m%dka; fyda m%dfoaYSh& fmdÿ .eg¨ ksrdlrKfha § id¾:l ù we;a ±hs y÷kd .;
yels h'

3' m%dfhda.l
s m¾hdjf,dalkhlska n,kafka kï - m%;m
s ;a;h
S .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍug mqrjeishka
f,i ueÈy;a ùfï j.lSula uyck;djg ;sfí' mqrjeishka f,i m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh .ek
wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfia ke;fyd;a" foaYmd,k l%uhl .kakd ;Skaÿj, yd tajdfha
m%;sm;a;sj, fyd| fyda krl fyda ms<sn| ks.ukhlg taug uyck;djg fkdyels fõ'

— rdcH m%;sm;a;sh yd ne÷Kq ixl,am'

rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g wod< ixl,am ;=kla B<Õg wms y÷kd .ksuq'

• m%;m
s ;a;s úYaf,aIKh ^Policy Analysis& - ñka woyia lrkafka wdKavf
q õ l%h
s dldß;ajhg n,mdk
fya;= yd bka we;s jk m%;sM, úia;r lsÍu yd meyeÈ,s lsÍu h' m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIKfha
ld¾hNdrh jkafka m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh yd l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn|j WmkHdi f.dv kÕñka
fï lafIa;%fha kj wOHhk lsÍu hs'

• m%;sm;a;s WmfoaYkh ^Policy Advice& - fuh foaYmd,k l%shdjls' mj;sk ;;a;ajh fjkia
lrñka jvd;a hym;a ;;a;ajhla f.dv keÕSu i|yd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ks¾foaY lrñka
rdcHfha wêldß wdh;k fufyhùu" n,mEï lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k jYfhka cd, f.dvk.d
.ekSu fuhg wh;a fõ' foaYmd,k{fhda" mßmd,lfhda" ckudOH" isú,a ixúOdk" jD;a;Sh
iñ;s yd foaYmd,k mlaI jeks nyq úO ld¾hOrfhda fï ld¾hfhys ksr; j isá;s'

• m%;sm;a;s kdhl;ajh ^Policy Leadership& - m%;sm;a;s kdhl;ajh ìys jkafka mqoa.,hl= fyda
mqoa., lKavdhula fyda úiska fmdÿ .eg¨jla flfrys wdKavqfõ wjOdkh fhduq lrjd
.ekSfuks' fmdÿ .eg¨j wdKavqfõ kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a lrjd .kafka m%;sm;a;s kdhl;ajh
uÕsk's

— m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh ^Policy Process&'

rdcH m%;sm;a;s ielfikafka w;S; w;a±lSï u; mokï j wdKavqfõ w;S; l%shdldrlïj,ska

j¾;udk fmdÿ .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùfï m%;spdr fj;sks' tu j¾;udk .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug
h;ak ±Íu jvd;a hym;a jQ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd orkq ,nk wkd.;jd§

63
 wNHdihls' m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh" wjê lSmhlska iukaú; pl%hls ^Policy Cycle&' wdh;khl
ld¾h uKav,hlska m%;m s ;a;hs la l%h
s djg kxjd .ekSu" m%;m
s ;a;f
s ha m%;M
s , we.hSu" m%;m
s ;a;f
s ha
fjkialï we;s lsÍu" yd wEjr lsÍu hk mshjr fï pl%hg wh;a fõ'

fmdÿ .eg¨

VI mshjr
m%;sm;a;s wEjr lsÍu I mshjr
kHdh m;%h ilia lsÍu

V mshjr II mshjr
m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu m%;sm;a;s ieliSu

IV mshjr
m%;sm;a;s we.hSu III mshjr
m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu

uQ,dY%h (- James Lester, Joseph Stewart. JR. 2000 P.5

• m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh pl%hla f,i ±laùu ixlS¾K l%shdj,shla ir, lr ±laùuls'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKfha § isÿjkafka foaYmd,k l%uhl wêldß wdh;k úiska fmdÿ
.eg¿jla ksrdlrKh i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= fohg u. fmkaùuls'
• m%;sm;a;s kHdh m;%h ^Policy Agenda& fuys § jeo.;a h' bka woyia lrkafka fok ,o
ksfïIhl § rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq j we;s úIh fyda .eg¨ fyda ,ehsia;=j hs'
• m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh hkq w;S; .eg¨jla ksrdlrKh msKsi fyda wkd.; wys;lr ;;;ajhla
j<ld,kq msKsi fyda kS;s mekùu hs'
• m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu ^Policy Implementation& hkq" mk;a flgqï m;la kS;shla njg m;a
ùfuka miq isÿjk foa h'
• m%;sm;a;s we.hSu ^Policy Evaluation& hkq" rdcH m%;sm;a;shla ksid we;s jkafka l=ula ±hs
ie,ls,su;a ùu h' tuÕska m%;sm;a;shl ienE n,mEu yd m%;sm;a;sfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ oE
bgqjQfha ±hs i,ld nef,a'
• m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu ^Policy Revision& hkq m%;sm;a;s we.hSfuka miq ksis fjkialï
we;s lr .ekSu h'
• m%;sm;a;s wEjr lsÍu ^Terminate& hkq h,a mek .sh fyda m%;sixialrKh l< fkdyels fyda
m%;sm;a;s w;yer ±óu hs'

11'2' rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy foaYmd,k wêldßh'

• m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhl mqrjeishka úiska hï wdh;khla fyda wdh;k moaO;shla fyda fmdÿ
.eg¨ ksrdlrKfhys ,d m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh" m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexùu yd m%;sm;a;Sh .eg¨

64
 .ek úksYaph lrhs o" tajdg tjeks n,hla ,eîu idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; fõ ±hs l,amkd
lrhs o tjeks wdh;k foaYmd,k wêldß wdh;k ^Political Authority& fõ'
• uyck .eg¨ ksrdlrKfhys ,d tjeks úêu;a wêldß n,h iys; wdh;k ;%s;ajhla y÷kd.;
yels h'
I jHjia:dodhlh'
II foaYmd,k úOdhlh'
III wêlrKh'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy jHjia:dodhlfha ld¾hNdrh'

jHjia:dodhlh - fmdÿ .eg¨ ksrdlrKfhys ,d ck;d ksfhdað;hka uÕska n,h ,nd
uyck iajdêm;Hh" rdcHfha iajdêm;s n,h iuÕ uqiq lrñka kS;s iïmdokh lrkafka
fuu wdh;kh hs'
å ck;d ksfhdað;fhda kHdhsl j" fmdÿ .eg¨ ke; fyd;a iudc moaO;sfha mj;sk
b,a,Sï jHjia:dodhl l%shdj,shla yryd wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùfï l%shdj,sh m%drïNkh
lr;s'
å fmdÿ .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍfï § wjYH lrk l%shd mßmdáh i|yd m%;smdok fjka
lsÍfï n,h ysñ jkafka jHjia:dodhlh fj; hs'
å tfy;a j¾;udkfha rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dodhlh i;= n,h YS>%fhka
lmamdÿ fjñka mj;S' Bg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla fõ' tkï-
I foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha j¾Okh - foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha j¾Okh;a iuÕ
Pkao odhlhka ish Pkao m%ldY lrkafka hï ksYaÑ; jev ms<sfj<lg h' hï
mlaIhla ue;sjrKhl § jHjia:dodhlfha nyq;r n,h ,nd .kS o" tys
wNsu;hg jHjia:dodhlh k;= ùfï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí'
II iudÔh m%Yak ixlS¾K ùu yuqfõ jHjia:dodhlhg tajd ksrdlrKh lsÍug
jev ms<f
s j< ieliSfï yelshdj wju fjñka mj;S' tneúka" j¾;udk f,dalfha
rdcH m%;sm;a;sj, iajNdjh jkafka úfYaI{hka iys; ld¾hd, fyj;a
mßmd,k ;ka;%hla m%drïNkh lrkq ,nk rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqu;sh ,nd
fok rn¾ uqød njg jHjia:dodhlhka m;aùu hs'
III m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhg fyj;a jHjia:dodhlhg l< yelafla o< m%;sm;a;s yqjd
±laùu muKs' we;a;g u m%;sm;a;sh jkafka wjidk jYfhka l%shdjg kÕd
we;af;a l=ula o hkak hs'

fï wkqj m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu iïnkaOfhka iúia;r l%shdud¾. .kakd ks,n,

;ka;f
% ha l%h
s dldß;ajh uÕska m%;m
s ;a;f
s ha iajrEmh yev .efik nj wdkqNúl wOHhk
uÕska fy<s lr ;sfí'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sh iy úOdhlfha ld¾hNdrh (-

å foaYmd,k kHdhhg wkqj rdcH m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùu iïnkaOfhka ksis n,OdÍ
wdh;kh jkafka foaYmd,k úOdhlh hs' tkï wud;H uKav,h hs'
å ukao h;a" foaYmd,k úOdhlh ck;djg j. lsj hq;= h' ck;djg j.lSu hkq
jHjia:dodhlhg;a" jHjia:dodhlh uÕska ck;djg;a j. ùu h" W;a;r §u h' ta
md¾,sfïka;= iïm%odhfha foaYmd,k úOdhlj, Í;sh hs'
å ckdêm;s wdKavq l%uhla iïnkaOfhka jqj o foaYmd,k úOdhlh" m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg
kexùu iïnkaOfhka kdhl;ajh Èh hq;= h' tu kdhl;ajh §u m%cd;ka;%jd§
m%;sudKj,g wkqj isÿ fkdjkafka kï th bj;a lsÍfï yelshdj jHjia:dodhlh
i;= jqj o" foaYmd,k úOdhlhg o j¾;udk ixlS¾K iudcfha § m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg

65
 kexùu i|yd b;d mq¿,a" iaÓr f,i l%shd;aul jk isú,a fiajdj u; hemSug isÿ j
;sfí'
å tfy;a fndfyda rdcHj," rdcH m%;m
s ;a;s ms<n
s | m%drïNlhka bÈßhg tkafka foaYmd,k
úOdhlh yryd h' md¾,sfïka;= iïm%odhfha wdKavql%uj, § leìkÜ uKav,hg
jHjia:dodhlfha kHdh m;%h ilia l< yels h'
å tneúka rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdok l%shdj,sfhys ,d jHjia:dodhlh wìnjd foaYmd,k
úOdhlh keÕS isàu úfYaI ,laIKhla ù we;'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sh iy wêlrKfha ld¾hNdrh (-

å rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh ;=< ks;r wjOdkh fhduq fkdjk tfy;a ta iïnkaO j
jeo.;a wdh;khla f,i wêlrKh ye¢kaúh yels h'
å m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO ffk;sl .eg¨ we;s jQ úg tajd w¾:l:kh lrkafka;a" tajdfha
jHjia:dkql+, nj mÍlaId lrkafka;a wêlrKh hs'
å tneúka rdcH m%;m s ;a;s l%h
s dodufhys ,d wêlrKhg o" m%;m
s ;a;s odhl;ajh yd l%h
s dj,sh
;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d ie,lsh hq;= wêldß n,hla ysñ fõ'
å hï kS;shla rfÜ uQ,sl jHjia:djg wkql+, fkdfõ hehs wêlrKh ;SrKh l<fyd;a
m%;sm;a;sh tf;lska wjika fõ' fï n,h wêlrKhg ysñ jkafka wêlrK úu¾Yk
n,h ysñ j ;sfí kï muKs' tfia u we;eï rdcHj, wêlrKhg" mk;a flgqï m;a
wjia:dfõ § m%;sm;a;sfha wdlD;sh yev.eiaùfuys ,d WmfoaYd;aul n,hla ysñ j
;sfí' ksoiqka - Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=j mekùug wfmalaId lrk mK;la" flgqïm;a
wjia:dfõ § wNsfhda.hg ,la l<fyd;a th jHjia:dkql, + ùu i|yd l< hq;= ixfYdaOk
ms<sn| uÕ fmkaùu ±laúh yels h' ;j;a iuyr wjia:dj, § m%;sm;a;sfha kshñ;
l%shdmßmdáh wkq.ukh lr fkdue;af;a kï" Bg úreoaO j l%shdud¾. .ekSu yd
m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu ksjerÈ lsÍu i|yd wêlrKh i;= ßÜ ksfhda. hk úfYaI
jQ fuj,u Ndú; l< yels h'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy iaÓr úOdhlh (-

å iaÓr úOdhlh hkq wLKav mokulska rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu i|yd iuld,Sk
f,dalh úiska ks¾udKh lr.kq ,enQ wdh;khls' th iukaú; jkafka ks,Or
;ka;%fhks'
å tu wdh;kh foaYmd,k uOHia: Ndjhlska yd úfYaI{;djlska hq;a wdh;khla
f,i ie,fla'
å wdKavq fjkia jqj o" iaÓr úOdhlh fjkia fkdfõ' th È.g u l%shd;aul fõ' tys
m%uqL ld¾h jkafka wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu hs' th foaYmd,k úOdhlfha
kdhl;ajhg hg;a j iajdëk j l%shdlrk wdh;khls'
å thg idïm%odhsl rdcH mßmd,k kHdhh wkqj m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï n,hla ,eî
fkdue;' tfy;a iudc m%Yka ixlS¾K ùu" m%;m s ;a;s ms<ns | iúia;r l%h
s dud¾. ks.ukh
lsÍug jHjia:dodhlh wfmdfydi;a ùu" iaÓr ks,n,lrejka i;= jQ ±kqu yd f;dr;=re
rdcH m%;sm;a;s iún, .ekaùu ksid m%dfhda.sl jYfhka foaYmd,k wdh;k wìnjd
mßmd,khg keÕS isàug bvla i,id § ;sfí hehs úYajdihla mj;S'
å we;eï úpdrlhkaf.a woyi jkafka f,dalfha ienE m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka njg m;a
j ;sfnkafka mßmd,k ks,OdÍka jk nj h' tneúka fuh foaYmd,kh ks,n,lrKhg
,la ùu f,i y÷kajd § we;'
å rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdok ls%hdj,sfha j¾;udk m%jK;dj f,i ck;d m%Yak jvd;a
id¾:l j yd ld¾hlaIu j ksrdlrKh lsÍfï l%ufõohla f,i n,h úuOH.;
lsÍfï l%h
s dj,sh bÈßhg meñK ;sfí' f*vr,a wdKavl q u % j, uOH wdKavjq g iudka;r

66
 j hk m%dka; wdKavq l%shd;aul fõ' tajdfhys o jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrKh iy
iaÓr úOdhlh hk ixia:dj, l%shdldß;ajh ±l.; yels h'
å Bg wu;r j my< u uÜgfï § m<d;a md,k wdh;k fyj;a m%dfoaYSh wdKavq o"
m%dfoaYSh j fmdÿ .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka l%shd lrk wêldß wdh;k f,i l%shd;aul
fjhs'

11'3' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh iy foaYmd,k mlaI'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdodufha ieu wÈhrl § u foaYmd,k mlaI jeo.;a fõ' foaYmd,k kHdh
m;%h yd m%;sm;a;s kHdh m;%h ìys lsÍfuys ,d foaYmd,k mlaI jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla bgq
lr;s'
• foaYmd,k kHdh m;%h ilia lsÍu hkq" wdKavqj úiska wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lafIa;% .ek
uyck wjldYfhys ,d l;sld ks¾udKh yd tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH foaYmd,k
iyfhda.h f.dv keÕSu h'
• m%;sm;a;s kHdh m;%h hkq" uyck wjldYfha f.dv keÕS we;s m%Yak ksrdlrKh i|yd
wdKavqfõ wjOdkhg úêu;a mßÈ fhduq lrùu h'
• m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl uyck wjYH;d yd wdKavqj úiska wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Yak
wdlD;s .; lrkq ,nkafka foaYmd,k mlaI úisks'
• uyck wjYH;d fyj;a wNs,dI tlg tl;= lr tajdg iyfhda.s;d f.dv kÕk foaYmd,k
mlaI" tu ldrK jgd f.dv kÕk uyck n,h yryd wdKavq n,h w,a,d .ks;s' bka miq tajd
úi£u i|yd kS;s fyj;a m%;sm;a;s ili;s' mj;akd m%;sm;a;sj, idOkSh yd ksfIaOkSh wxY
.ek ck;dj ±kqïj;a lr;s' thska foaYmd,k kHdh m;%h m%;sfmdaIKh fõ' fumßÈ kQ;k
ixlS¾K iudcj, m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduhg foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh /f.k tafï m%Odk udOHh
njg foaYmd,k mlaI m;a j ;sfí'

11'4' rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy isú,a iudch'

• uyck;dj yeáhg wmf.a Ôú; jiï ;=kl l%shd;aul fõ'

I fmdÿ jiu ^Public Sphere& - fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajd iïmdokhg wod< j rdcHh yd
wdKavqj l%shd;aul jk jiu fõ' fuys ,laIK jkafka fmdÿ nj yd újD; Ndjh hs'
II fm!oa.,sl jiu ^Private Sphere& - ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hka jYfhka .kqfokq lrk jiu
fõ' th iSñ; yd wdjD; fyj;a ryiH tlla f,i ie,fla' thg mjq, yd ñ;%
lKavdhï hk iSñ; jmißhla mj;S' fj<|m< hkq ;ks ;ks j mqoa., wdYd ;Dma;su;a
lr .ekSu i|yd ta ta ;eke;a;ka uqK .efik biõj hs'
III isú,a jiu ^Civil Sphere& - by;ska ±lajQ folg w;rueÈ jiula f,i kQ;k foaYmd,k
yd iudc Ñka;lfhda y÷kd.ks;s' fï jifuys fm!oa.,sl jifï ,laIK fuka u
fmdÿ jifï ,laIK o olakg ,efí' mqoa.,hka iajleue;af;ka u fmdÿ hym;
fjkqfjka yeisfrk wjia:d fndfyda h' rdcHfhka yd fj<|fmdf<ka mßndysr fï
jiu isú,a iudch hehs lshkq ,efí'

• isú,a iudc ixúOdk hkq ñksiqka tlsfkld uqK .efik" fmdÿ m%Yak l:d lrk yd úi÷ï
fidhk biõj h' fuys l%shd;aul jk mqrjeis ixúOdkj,g isú,a ixúOdk hhs lshkq ,efí'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdodufha jeo.;a ld¾hOdßhl= njg fï ixúOdk m;a j we;s w;r tajd
m%;sm;a;s pl%fha ieu wjia:djlg u iyNd.s fjhs'

67
 • rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdodufhys isú,a ixúOdk bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh'
I' iudcfha mj;sk m%YakldÍ .eg¨j,g foaYmd,k kHdh m;%fha yd m%;sm;a;s kHdh
m;%fha wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'
II' .eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd wod< fldgialrejka yd ±kque;a;ka" mqoa.,hka iy wdh;k
uqK.eiaùu'
III' m%;sm;a;s úl,am yd ls%hdldß;ajhg iqÿiq úl,am w;r tlÕ;d f.dv kexùu'
IV' m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùfï § l%shdldß;ajh yd .;sl;dj mj;ajd .ekSu'

• isú,a iudcfha ixúOdk m%;sm;a;s WmfoaYkh" myiqlï iemhSu yd úu¾Ykhg muKla iSud
ù we;s whqre by; lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
• tfy;a miq.sh oYl lsysmfha w;a±lSï uÕska bka Tíng .sh l%shdldß;ajhla fï wdh;k bgq
lrk nj meyeÈ,s ù we;' ta wkqj isú,a iudc ixúOdk m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùfï Rcq
ksfhdað;hl= njg o m;a ù we;'
• j¾;udkfha we;eï wdKavq ;u m%;sm;a;s bgq lr .ekSu isú,a iudcfha wdKavq fkdjk
wdh;kj,g ^NGOS& mjrd § we;' wdKavqj yd isú,a iudc ixúOdk w;r iyfhda.s;dj
f.dv keÕSu È<s÷lu msgq±lSu jeks lafIa;%j, mkakhla njg m;a j we;'
• foaYmd,k m%jdyfhka neyer lr ;sfnk we;eï iudc lKavdhïj,g fmdÿ jiu újD;
jkafka isú,a iudc ixúOdk yryd h' ÿ.S ck;dj" ia;%Ska" mSä; l=, m%cdj WodyrKhs' rdcH
m%;sm;a;shg weu;sh fkdyels f.da,Sh mßudK .eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd m%cdj iún, .kajkq
,nkafka o fï ixúOdk úisks'

11'5' rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy ks,n, l%uh'

• ks,n, l%uh hk isxy, mohg bx.%Sis NdIdfõ we;s moh jkafka Bureaucracy hkak hs' tu
moh Bureau + Krutos hk moj,ska iEÿKls' Bureau hkq ks,Odßhdh' Krutos hkq md,kh
fõ' fï wkqj ks,n, l%uhla hkq ks,n,lrejka úiska f.k hkq ,nk mßmd,k l%uhla
ye¢kaùu i|yd fhfokakls'

• wm fuys § ks,n, l%uh hkafkka woyia lrkafka rdcH m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùu i|yd
Ndú;hg .efkk ks,Odß mka;sh hs'

• ks,n, l%uh ms<sn| iïNdjH kHdh bÈßm;a lf<a c¾uka cd;sl iudc úoHd{hl= jQ uelaia
fjn¾ ^Max Weber& h' fjn¾ ^1864-1920& úNd. l< m%Yakh jQfha ukqIHhka n,hg wjk;
jkafka uka o@ hkak h' Tyqf.a ms<s;=r jQfha n,h msgqmi ;sfnk wêldr n,h ^Authority&
ksid h hkak hs' uelaia fjn¾ úúO iudc l%uj, mj;sk wêldß l%u ;=kla y÷kdf.k we;'
tkï
i' idïm%odhsl wêldß l%uh'
ii' wkqyia fyj;a leßiaud wêldß l%uh'
iii' ffk;sl ;d¾lsl hk tajd h'

• úfYaIfhka mQ¾j-kQ;k iudcj, wêldß n,h ysñ jkafka iïm%odhhka uÕsk's ;j;a iudchl
lsishï mqoa.,hl= i;= iqúfYaI .=Kdx. ksid we;s jk wêldß l%u mj;S' th mqoa., wkqyi
fj;ska mek kef.k leßiaud tajd idïm%odhsl;ajh iy kQ;k;ajh w;r mj;sk iudcj,
±lsh yels h'

68
• kQ;k fyj;a kùldr;ajhg m;a jQ iudc jdis msßjeh .Kkh fldg jvd;a fyd| u l%uh
f;dard.ks;ehs o" tjeks l%uhl wêldß n,h ysñ jkafka hï ixúOdkhl hï ;eke;a;l=
ork ;k;=r" tu ;k;=rg kS;s Í;sj,ska yd fr.=,disj,ska ,efnk wêldß n,h wkqj hhs
o lshkq ,efí'

• ;k;=rg wod< jev lghq;= bgq lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a n,hla ysñ lr fokafka kS;sfhks'
tjeks ixúOdkhl mqoa.,hdf.a p¾hdj md,kh flfrkafka o kS;sfhks' fujeks ffk;sl
;d¾lsl wêldß l%uhl iM,odhl;ajh" ld¾hlaIu;dj yd msßueiqïodhl;ajh we;s jk nj
m%ldY flf¾'

• fjn¾ i|yka lrk wdldrhg mrudro¾YS ks,n, l%uhlg wkqj f.dvkÕd we;s ks,n,
ixúOdkhl my; i|yka ,laIK olakg ,efí'

i. Oqrdj,sh ^Hierarchy& -
ks,n, l%u ixúOdkhl ;k;=re by< isg my<g .,d hk f,i f.dvkÕd ;sfí'
fï wkqj my< uÜgfï ;k;=re ork ;eke;af;da by< uÜgfï ;k;=re ork
ks,OdÍkaf.a wëlaIKhg md;% fj;s' fï wkqj ks,n, ixúOdkfha yeu ;k;=rla u
md,khg hg;a fõ'

ii' Y%u úNckh ^Division of Labour& -

ks,n,ldÍ ixúOdkfha lD;Hhka úNckh lr ;sfí' ta úfYaI{Ndjh ^Specialization&
keue;s isoaOdka;h mokï fldgf.k h' fï wkqj Y%u úNckh uÕska hï hï
ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|yd ksYÑ
a ; j.lSï lafIa;h
% la we;s fl¾' ixúOdkfha hï ;k;=rla
ork ;eke;a;d ;k;=rg wod< lghq;= fjkqfjka j.lsj hq;= fõ' tuÕska hï ;k;=rla
ork whl=g tajd bgq lsÍu i|yd wêldß n,h ,nd fohs' uyd mßudK ixúOdkj,
mßmd,k mka;shla mj;S' Tjqkaf.a j.lSu jkafka ixúOdkfha úúO ;k;=re w;r
iïnkaëlrKh we;s lsÍu h'

• tfia u ixúOdkfha fiajlfhda jegqma ,nkafkda fj;s' ixúOdkfha mj;sk kS;sÍ;s wkqj
Tjqkaf.a Oqr ld,h ;SrKh fõ' /lshdjg f;dard .kafka wOHdmk yd Ys,amSh l=Y,;d mokï
lrf.k h'

• ixúOdkh fm!oa.,sl j fiajlhka lsisjl=g wh;a fkdjk w;r Tjqka w;r mj;skafka
fm!oa.,sl fkdjQ fyj;a wfm!oa.,sl iïnkaO;d hs'

• fudjqyq isß;la f,i ;u ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ,sÅ; j f;dr;=re ;nd .ks;s'

• ks,n, l%uhl ks,Odßhd foaYmd,k wêldßhg kdhl;ajhg wjk; j lghq;= l< hq;= h'
fjn¾ W;aidy lf<a f,dalfha j¾Okh fjñka mej;s ks,Odßjd§ l%u yryd f.k hkq ,nk
md,k l%uj, uQ,sl ,laIK .%yKh lr.; yels mrudo¾YS wdlD;shla bÈßm;a lsÍug h'

• fukhska" j¾;udk f,dalfha rdcH ;u jevlghq;= fyj;a rdcH m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd Ndú;hg f.k we;s ks,n, l%uj, idudkHfhka my; ,laIK olakg ,efí'
• hï hï ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï j.lSu yd n,h mejreKq ks, ;k;=re ld¾hd,h l%uhla
mej;Su'
• tu l%uh ;=< Y%u úNckh wkqj ld¾h fldgia lr ;sîu'

69
 • Ydia;%Sh jHjydrfha § Oqrdj,sh hkqfjka y÷kajk" ta ta ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu i|yd
by< isg my< f;la úysÿKq ;k;=re moaO;shla ixúOdk.; lr ;sîu'
• ta ta ;k;=rej,g mejÍ we;s j.lSï bgq lsÍu i|yd n,h kS;sfhka u ,nd § ;sîu'
• ta ta ;k;=re ,dNSka w;r iïnkaO;dj wfm!oa.,sl tlla ùu fyj;a ks, iïnkaO;djla
ùu'
• foaYmd,k wêldßhg hg;a j l%shd;aul jk foaYmd,k jYfhka uOHia: l%uhla
ùu'

fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' iólaIK - fï hgf;a rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh jk wdldrh ms<sn| jd¾;djla bÈßm;a
lrkak'

2' iólaIK - uE; ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ iïmdokh l< m%;sm;a;shla fyda lsysmhla fyda
f;dardf.k tuÕska" mqrjeishka fj; ,nd§ug wfmalaIs;" iqNidOkfhys"
hym;a yd whym;a ,laIK olajñka j¾;djla bÈßm;a lrkak'

3' ks¾udK - rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kxjk ixúOdkhl ks,n, l%u Oqrdj,sh
f.dvkeÕs we;s wdldrh ixúOdk Ñ;%hla wdY%hfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka:

01. wfír;ak" Wmq,a" ^2015&" rdcH mßmd,k úoHd m%fõYh" uQ,sl ixl,am yd kHdh'
.ïfmd<" is;añK bkag¾keIk,a mí,sIa'

02. ì,õ' mSg¾' weï'" ^2009&" kùk iudch yd ks,n, l%uh' wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'

03. Altshuler, Alam a and Norman C Thomas, The Politics of the Federal Bureaucracy
New York: Hurper and Row.

04. Anderson James E (2010), Public Poicy Making (Seventh Edition), Boston:
Houghton Miffin.

05. Forman. F.N. and N.D.Baldwin, (2007), Marstoring British Politic, New York:
Palagrare Mucmillan.

06. Griffith, ANN, L and Kawl Nerenbary (eds) Form of Federation, London.

07. Karane Dale, (2007), Democracy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

08. Lester, James, P and Joseph Steward, JR (2000), Public Policy; An Evolutioary
Approch, Belmont.Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

09. Mc Cool, Daniel C., (2014), Public Policy Theories, Models and Concepts An
Anthology: Prentice Hall, Englewood Ctiffs.

10. Woll, Peter, (1986), Debating American Government, Canada: Little Brown Ltd.

70
 12' 1978 fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

ksmqK;dj 12 (- 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a we;s jQ wdKAvql%ufha jHQyd;aul ,laIK" wdh;ksl

ixhq;sh iy n,;=,kh y÷kdf.k meyeÈ,s lrhs'

^ld,Éfþo 70 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
12'1' 1978 jHjia:dfjka msyg
s j
q k ,o wdKAvl
q u
% jHQyh" n, flakøa Kh iy wdh;ksl
ixhq;sh ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrhs'
12'2' 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ jHQyd;aul iajNdjh fjkia l< ixfYdaOkj,
miqìu y÷kd .kshs'
12'3' 1978 jHjia:dfõ m%Odk ixfYdAOkj,ska wdKAvql%uhg we;s l< fjkialïj,
iajNdjh y÷kd.kshs' ^13" 17" 18 iy 19 jk ixfYdaOk&

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhlfha iajNdjh" n,;, iy ld¾hhka ú.%y
lrhs'
Ÿ jHjia:dodhlfha iajNdjh" n,;, iy ld¾hhka ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ jHjiA:dodhlh iy úOdhlh w;r iïnkaOh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ÿ wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| kHdhh iy Ndú;h úuid n,hs'
Ÿ úOdhlh iy rdcH fiajh w;r iïnkaO;dj yd th rdcH fiajhg n,mE
wdldrh ms<sn| woyia m< lrhs'
Ÿ úOdhlh fj; n,h flakaø.; ù we;s wdldrh yd tys m%;sM, meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ÿ Tïnqâiaukajrhd" uQ,l
s whs;j
s dislï iy wêlrKh" ms<n
s | jHjia:d úêúOdk
úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ úúO ue;sjrK l%u iy uyck m%;spdr ;=,kd;aul j úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ wdKAvql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOk uÕska isÿ jQ fjkialï yd m%;sM, meyeÈ,s
lrhs'

ye¢kaùu (-
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hkq rgl l%shd;aul jk" ms<s.;a W;a;Í;r kS;s moaO;sh hs' 1978
§ Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj mßÉýkak fldg
ta fjkqjg fjk;a wdKavql%u jHjia:djla mkjk ,È'

foaYmd,k úoHdj úIh yodrk YsIH-YsIHdjka j;auka wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn|

j ±kqj;a Ndjhlska hq;a mqoa.,hka f,i iudc .; lsÍu fuu tallfhka wfmalaId
flf¾'

1978 § f.dv kÕkq ,enQ fojk ckrc wdKavql%ufha jHQyd;aul ,laIK" wdh;ksl
ixhq;sh iy n,;=,kh wOHhkh lsÍug fuuÕska wjia:dj i,id we;' j;auka
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj jk fuys uQ,sl jHQyd;aul yd wdh;ksl ,laIK ms<sn| j
l%udkql+, wOHhkhlg bv m%ia;dj imhñka úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh" iy ta fol
w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj o" wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh" úOdhlh yd rdcH fiajh o"
úOdhlh iy n, flakaøKh o ms<sn| j yeoEÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' tfuka u
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka we;s lrk ,o kj uqyqKqjr o wêlrKh ms<sn| j
o wOHhkh lsÍu wfmalaIs; h'

71
 tfia u fuu jHjia:dfjka ue;sjrK l%ufhys isÿ l< kj y÷kajd§ï §¾> j
idlÉPd l< hq;= j mj;S' Tïnqâiauka Oqrh yd cku; úpdrKh hk kj y÷kajd§ï
ms<sn| j o YsIH m%cdj ±kqïj;a úh hq;= h' jHjia:dj l%shd;aul ùfï mgka fï jk
f;la isÿ jQ ixfYdaOk w;=ßka iqúfYaI fldg y÷kd.;a 13" 17" 18 iy 19 jk
wdKAvql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkj, miqìu iy 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ jHQyhg
tajdhska jQ n,mEu ir, j YsIH YsIHdjkag wjfndaO lrùu o fuys uqLH mrud¾:h
hs'

iudc wjYH;d mokï lr.ksñka wdKAvql%u jHjia:djla ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSfï

jeo.;alu ms<sn| j wkd.; mqrjeishka ±kqïj;a lsÍfï wdrïNhla jYfhka o fuu
tallh b;d wk¾> fufyhla lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl jHQyd;aul ,laIK'

• fuu fldgiska m<uq j i,ld n,kafka 1978 wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl jHQyd;aul
,laIK y÷kd .ekSu h' ta wkqj fuu jHjia:dfjka ks¾udKh lrk ,o
• úOdhlh"
• jHjia:dodhlh"
• jHjia:dodhlh iy úOdhlh w;r iïnkaO;dj"
• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| kHdh iy Ndú;h"
• úOdhlh iy rdcH fiajh"
• úOdhlh iy n, flakaøh"
• uQ,sl whs;sjdislï"
• wêlrKh"
• Tïnqâiauka"
• ue;sjrK l%u"
• cku; úpdrKh

ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'

• fojkq j fuu ud;Dldj hgf;a i,ld n,kafka fuu jHjia:djg isÿ l< ixfYdaOk w;=ßka
b;d jeo.;a ixfYdaOk jk 13" 17" 18 iy 19 jk ixfYdaOkj, miqìu idlÉPdjg ,la
lrñka tajdhska wdKAvql%u jHjia:d jHQyhg isÿ l< fjkialï iy tajdfha m%;sM, h'

1' úOdhlh ^19 jeks ixfYdaOkhg fmr&

• 1978 wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj uÕska f.dv kÕk ,o wdKAvql%uh" ckdêm;s wdKAvql%ufha

,laIKj,ska o md¾,sfïka;= wdKAvql%ufha ,laIKj,ska o iukaú; h' tneúka fuu
wdKAvql%ufha foaYmd,k úOdhlh oaú;aj úOdhl iajrEmhla .kS'

• ta wkqj fuu wdKAvql%uh hgf;a foaYmd,k úOdhlh" ck;djf.a Rcq Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a
jk ckdêmjrhl=f.ka iy md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhlska miq md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r mlaIh
fyda lKavdhfuka fyda m;a lr.kq ,nk w.ue;sjrhl=f.ka iy wud;H uKav,hlska
iukaú; fõ' fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks, ld,h jir ihls' fojrlg
jvd ckdêm;s Oqrh ±ßh fkdyels úh'

72
• jHjia:dfõ 30 jk j.ka;shg wkqj rcfha m%Odkshd jkafka o" úOdhlfha m%Odkshd jkafka
o" wdKAvf
q õ m%Odkshd jkafka o ikakoaO fiakdjkays fiakdêkdhlhd jkafka o" ckdêm;sjrhd
h' úOdhlfha kdhlhd jYfhka ckdêm;s Oqrfha iqúfYaI;ajh r|d mj;skqfha Tyq iy
leìkÜ uKav,h w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj wkqj h'

• cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍfï iy l%shdjg kexùfï j.lSï orkq ,nk uOH.; fufyhqï
wêldrh jkafka ckdêm;sjrhd iy leìkÜ uKav,h hs' ckdêm;sjrhd leìkÜ uKav,fha
idudðlhl= fuka u" tys m%Odkshd o fõ' leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhd
w.ue;sjrhd m;a lrhs' ckdêm;sjrhd ksfhdackh lrk foaYmd,k mlaIhg md¾,sfïka;=j
;=< nyq;r n,hla mj;sk úfgl" md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlhka w;=ßka w.ue;s ;k;=rg
flfkl= m;a lsÍfï wNsu;dkqidÍ n,hla N=l; a s ú¢h yels h' leìkÜ uKav,fha idudðlhka
ixLHdj o" wud;HdxY ixLHdj o" wud;Hjrekag mjrkq ,nk úIhhka yd ld¾hhka o
ksYaph lrkafka ckdêm;sjrhd h' tfia ksYaph flfrk wud;HdxY Ndr j l%shd lsÍu i|yd
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhka w;=ßka wud;Hjreka m;a lrkq ,nkafka o ckdêm;sjrhd úisks'
fida,anß jHjia:dj iy m%:u ckrc jHjia:dj iuÕ ii|k úg 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a
ckdêm;sjrhd leìkÜ weue;sjreka m;a lsÍfï § jeä ksoyila N=la;s ú¢hs'

• ckdêm;sjrhdg wjYH ljr fyda wjia:djl leìkÜ uKav,fha ixhq;sh muKla fkdj
leìkÜ wud;Hjreka fj; mjrk ,o úIhhka yd ld¾hhka o fjkia l< yels úh' leìkÜ
/iaùï le|jkq ,nkafka ckdêm;sjrhd úisks'

• fï jHjia:dj hgf;a foaYmd,k úOdhlfha tla wxYhla jk leìkÜ weu;sjre md¾,sfïka;j = g

j.lSug fuka u W;a;r §ug o ne£ isá;s' tfia jqj o" leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhlhd jk
ckdêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lSug ñi W;a;r §ug ne£ ke;' tfuka u fuu jHjia:dj
hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhlhd jqj o" jHjia:dodhlh úiska wdKAvqjg
tfrys j bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk úYajdi Nx.hla Tyq flfrys n,mdkafka ke;' fï yer
md¾,sfïka;=j úiska wdKAvqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh fyda úi¾ck flgqïm; fyda m%;slafIam
lsÍu fya;= fldg f.k leìkÜ uKav,h úisr .sh o" ckdêm;s ;j ÿrg;a ish Oqrh orhs'

• fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odkshd ckdêm;sjrhd jk neúka" w.ue;sjrhdg

fmr mej;s jHjia:dj, w.ue;sjrekag fuka ;u i.hka fufyhùfï" wëlaIKh lsÍfï
iy Tjqkg wK §fï n,h fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a w.ue;sjrhdg ysñ jkafka ke;' fuu
;;a;ajh ksid w.ue;sjrhd leìkÜ uKAv,fha fiiq idudðlhka w;r ;j;a i.hl= ñi
m%Odksfhla fkdfõ' fuh fjiañksig
a ¾ wdlD;sh hgf;a w.ue;sjrhd i;= flakøSh ;;a;j
a fhka
imqrd fjkiaùuls'

fuu jHjia:dj w.ue;sjrhd ms<n

s | j hï úfYaI;ajhla ±lajf
Q ha lreKq y;rla iïnkaOfhks'
tajd kï"

1' jHjia:dfõ 43 jk j.ka;shg wkqj hï uka;%Sjrfhl= flfrys md¾,sfïka;=fõ

úYajdih Wmßu muKska we;ehs ckdêm;sjrhd l,amkd lrhs o ckdêm;sjrhd úiska
ta uka;%Sjrhd w.%dud;H OQrhg m;a lsÍu'

73
 2' jHjia:dfõ 44" 45 iy 46 j.ka;sj,g wkqj wud;H uKav,fha ixhq;sh" mjrk
úIhhka yd ld¾hhka ;SrKh lrk úgl ckdêm;sjrhdg ta iïnkaOfhka
w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia me;sh yels h ^tjeks Wmfoia me;Su wksjd¾h ke;&'

3' jHjia:dfõ 49 ^1& jk j.ka;sfhys ±lafjkafka w.ue;sjrhd Oqrfhka bj;a lrkq

,eîfuka" b,a,d wia ùfuka fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska fyda w.ue;s Oqrh ±Íu k;r jQ
úgl leìkÜ uKav,h o úisr hk nj hs'

4' jHjia:dfjka we;eï ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ckdêm;s Oqrfha jev ne,Su w.ue;s fj;
mejÍug úúOdldr úê úOdk i,iajd ;sfí' fï wkqj frda.d;=r ùu ksid fyda Y%S
,xldfjka neyer j isàu ksid fyda fjk hï fya;=jla ksid fyda ckdêm;sjrhdf.a
ks,hg wh;a n,;, yd ld¾hhka l%hs djg kexùug fkdyels fõ hehs ckdêm;sjrhdg
yefÕa kï ta ld, iSudj ;=< ckdêm;s Oqrfha n,;, yd ld¾hhka l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd ckdêm;sjrhdg w.ue;sjrhd m;a l< yels h'

• fojk ckrc jHjia:dj uÕska w.ue;sjrhdf.a m%;r

s Emh kxjd .ekSug lsis ÿ úfYAI wkqn,hla
jHjia:dfjka ,nd ÿkafka ke;' tfia jqj o ckdêm;sjrhdf.a mlaIhg m%;súreoaO mlaIhla
md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r n,h ysñ lr f.k we;s wjia:djl § ta ;;a;ajh w.ue;sjrhdg
jdisodhl wdldrhg fjkia úh yels h' tjeks ;;a;ajhla ksid foaYmd,k úOdhlfha §
w.ue;sjrhdf.a N+ñldj fjkia iajrEmhla .; yels úh' fuh 2001 foieïn¾ md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKfhka t'cd'mh ch .;a úg isÿ jQ ;;a;ajhla úh'

• fujeks jHjia:duh iSudlï ;sìh §;a" Yla;u

s ;a pß;hla we;s w.ue;sjrfhl=g" ;u mqo.
a ,sl;ajh
mokï fldgf.k ;rula n,j;a j ke.S isàug o yels nj 1978-1988 oYlfha w;a ±lSfuka
fmfka'

2' jHjia:dodhlh

• 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a uOHu wdKavqfõ jHjia:dodhlh md¾,sfïka;=j kñka y÷kajkq

,nk w;r uka;%Sjreka foish úismia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; h' md¾,sfïka;=j tal uKav,Sh
iNdjla jk w;r tys ks, ld,h jir ihls'

• ue;sjrKhlska miq j md¾,sfïka;=j m<uq jrg /ia jQ úg tys idudðlhka w;=ßka l:dkdhl"
ksfhdacH l:dkdhl iy ksfhdacH ldrl iNdm;s hk moú ;=kg ;sfofkl= f;dard m;a lr
.ekSug kshñ; h' md¾,sfïka;=fõ uq,iqk orkafka l:dkdhljrhd h'

• md¾,sfïka;=j le|jkq ,nkafka o tys jdr wjidk lrkq ,nkafka o" th úiqrejd yßkq
,nkafka o ckdêm;sjrhd úisks' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska ieu jirlg jrla j;a th le|úh
hq;= h' ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ksfõokhla uÕska md¾,sfïka;= jdrh wjika lrkq ,nhs' tf,i
jdrh wjika lrk m%ldYkfha B<Õ jdrh mgka .ekSu i|yd Èkhla i|yka l< hq;= h' ta
Èkh m%ldYkfha Èkfha isg udi folla fkdblauúh hq;= h'

• md¾,sfïka;=fõ /iaùï meje;aùu i|yd ;sìh hq;= .KmQrKh úiails' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
wkHdldr úêúOdk i,iajd we;s wjia:dj, § yer md¾,sfïka;=fõ wkqu;sh i|yd bÈßm;a
lrkq ,nk ieu m%Yakhla u uka;%Sjrekaf.a nyq;r Pkaofhka ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'

74
l:dkdhljrhd Pkaoh fkdÈh hq;= kuq;a lsishï Pkao úuiqul § mlaI iy úmlaI Pkao
ixLHdj iu jqjfyd;a Tyqg ;Srl Pkaohla ysñ jkq we;'

— md¾,sfïka;=fõ jHjia:dodhl n,;,j, iajNdjh

• fojk ckrc jHjia:dj hgf;a ck;djf.a mrudêm;H n,h l%shd;aul lrk tl

u wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j muKla fkdfõ' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj jHjia:dodhl
n,h ck;dj úiska f;dard m;a lrkq ,nk uka;%Sjrekaf.ka iukaú; md¾,sfïka;=j
úiska o" cku; úpdrKhl § ck;dj úiska o" l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'

75 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj md¾,sfïka;=j i;= jHjia:dodhl n,hg

^w&' w;S;hg n,mdk
^wd&' wdKavlq u
% jHjia:dfõ ljr fyda úêúOdkhla mßÉýkak lrk fyda ixfYdaOkh
lrk'
^we&' wdKavql%u jHjia:djg hï úêúOdkhla tl;= lrk kS;s mekùfï n,h
wh;a fõ'

• flfia jqj o
^w&' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ fyda tys hï fldgil fyda l%shdldß;ajh w;aysgqjkakd
jQ kS;shla fyda
^wd&' kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla mkjkq ,nkafka kï ñi wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
uq¿jkska u mßÉýkak lrkakd jQ kS;shla fyda mekúh fkdyels h'

• rdcH jHQyh iïnkaO j md¾,sfïka;=j i;= ia:dkh ms<sn| j 1972 iy 1978 jHjia:d
w;r jeo.;a fjkila ;sfí' 1972 jHjia:dfõ 5 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj cd;sl rdcH
iNdj" tkï md¾,sfïka;=j zzckrcfha rdcH n,h iïnkaO W;a;Í;r wdh;kh
fjhsZZ zzck;djf.a jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK n,hZZ talrdYS ù ;sfnkafka
cd;sl rdcH iNdfjys h' tfy;a 1978 jHjia:djg wkqj" ck;djf.a úOdhl n,h
mj;afka md¾,sfïka;=j i;=j fkdfõ' ckdêm;sjrhd i;=j h' tfuka u zzckrcfha
W;a;Í;r rdcH wdh;khZZ hk ;;a;ajh 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=jg ysñ
fkdfõ' thg fya;=j" 1978 jHjia:djg wkqj rdcH jHQyfha flakaøSh ia:dkh ysñ
jkafka úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhdg ksid h'

• ieu mk;a flgqïm;la u md¾,sfïka;=fõ kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a lsÍug wju jYfhka
i;shlg fmr .eiÜ m;%fha m< l< hq;=h' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,o ieu
mk;a flgqïm;la u l:dkdhljrhd úiska Tyqf.a w;aik fhdod iy;sl l< hq;= h'
hï mk;a flgqïm;la iïu; lsÍu i|yd úfYaI nyq;r Pkaohla wjYH jk wjia:djl
§ ta mk;a flgqïm; l:dkdhljrhd úiska iy;sl l< hq;af;a th md¾,sfïka;=fõ
nyq;r Pkaofhka iïu; ù we;akï muKs'

• md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,o mk;a flgqïm;la l:dkdhljrhdf.a iy;slh

Tyqf.a wiaik iuÕ igyka lrkq ,enQ úg" th kS;h
s la njg m;a fõ' mk;a flgqïm;la
fyda tys hï úê úOdkhla fyda cku; úpdrKhl § ck;dj úiska wkqu; lsÍu
wjYH jk wjia:djl § th kS;shla njg m;a fkdúh hq;= nj o" ta iy;slfha i|yka
úh hq;= fõ' hï mk;a flgqïm;la ck;dj úiska cku; úpdrKhl § ksis mßÈ

75
 wkqu; lrkq ,en we;s nj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska iy;sl lrkq ,enQ úfgl muKla
ta mk;a flgqïm; kS;shla njg m;a fõ'

• md¾,sfïka;=fjka jeä Pkaofhka iïu; lrkq ,enQ mK;g l:dkdhljrhdf.a

iy;slh ,enqKq miq tu kS;sfha j,x.=;dj m%ySk l< fkdyels nj o 1978 jHjia:dj
lshhs' 80^3& j.ka;shg wkqj" tfia iy;sl lrk ,o lsisÿ mK;l j,x.=;dj
ljrdldrhlska fyda m%Yak lsÍug lsisÿ wêlrKhlg fyda wêlrK wdh;khlg
fyda n,h ke;' md¾,sfïka;=fõ zzjHjia:dhl mrudêm;HhZZ hk ixl,amh .eí
lr.;a fuu j.ka;sh uq,ska u y÷kajdfok ,oafoa 1972 jHjia:dj u.sks' fï j.ka;sh
úiska 1972 iy 1978 jHjia:d fol u.ska lrk ,oafoa mK;a wêlrK úu¾Ykhg ,la
lsÍu" ke;fyd;a kS;s ms<n
s | wêlrK úu¾Ykh ^Judicia Review of Legislation&' ,xldfõ
wdKavql%u jHjia:d kS;sfhka bj;a lsÍu hs'

3' ckdêm;sjrhd" kS;s iïmdok l%shdj,sh iy md¾,sfïka;=j'

• 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhlfha m%Odkshd jk ckdêm;sjrhd jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlhl=

jkafka ke;' tfia jqj o" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úêúOdk uÕska ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ,nd
§ we;s mq¿,a n,;, jHjia:dodhl lghq;= yd iïnkaO fõ'

• weu;s uKav,fha m%Odkshd iy tys idudðlhl= jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;=j fj;

bÈßm;a lrk mk;a flgqïm;a ms<sfh< lsÍug iïnkaO fõ' ieneúka u mk;a flgqïm;a
ms<sfh< lsÍug uq, mqrkafka ckdêm;sjrhd h' tfuka u md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug
kshñ; mk;a flgqïm;aj, jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj;
fhduq l< hq;= mk;a flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a lrkafka o ckdêm;sjrhd h'
mk;a flgqïm;la md¾,sfïka;=fõ újdohg fhduq l< úg ta mk;a flgqïm; fjkqfjka
újdohg iyNd.s ùug o ckdêm;sjrhdg yels h'

• mk;a flgqïm;la cku; úpdrKhla uÕska ck;dj fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug n,h we;s tl u
mqoa.,hd jkafka o ckdêm;sjrhd h' fï wkqj my; ±lafjk mk;a flgqïm;a iy fhdackd
cku; úpdrKhg fhduq lsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd fj; mj;S'
1' md¾,sfïka;=fõ 2$3l Pkaofhka muKla fkdj cku; úpdrKhl § ck;djf.a
wkqu;sfhka o iïu; l< hq;= nj ±lafjk mk;a flgqïm;a"
2' wdKAvql%u jHjia:dfõ ixfYdaOkh fkdlrk wdldrfha ljr fyda mk;a flgqïm;la
md¾,sfïka;=fjka m%;slafIam jQ úfgl tjeks mk;a flgqïm;la"
3' ckdêm;sjrhdf.a u;h wkqj cd;sl jeo.;alula we;s ljr fyda lreKla"

• fï wdldrhg cku; úpdrK úêúOdk uÕska md¾,sfïka;=j WmdhYS,S j uÕ yer hñka

ckdêm;sjrhdg Tyqf.a m%;sm;a;suh lreKq wrNhd ck;djf.a wkqu;sh fiúh yels úh'
fuh kS;s iïmdokh úIhfhys § ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,h j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jkakla
fuka u W;a;Í;r kS;s iïmdok wdh;khla jYfhka l%shd;aul úh hq;= md¾,sfïka;=fõ
wêldßhg wNsfhda.hla o fõ'

• fï jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg ljr fyda wjia:djl md¾,sfïka;=jg meñKSug;a th

weu;Sug;a" thg ikafoaY bÈßm;a lsÍug;a n,h ;sfí' fuys § Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍu yer
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhl= N=la;s ú¢k ish¨ jrm%ido" uqla;s iy n,;,j,g ckdêm;sjrhd
ysñlï ,nhs'

76
 • fï yer md¾,sfïka;=fõ tla tla iNdjdr wdrïNfha § thg meñK wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s
m%ldYkh bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" md¾,sfïka;f= õ ux., /iaùïj, uq,iqk ±Íug;a" ckdêm;sjrhdg
n,h ;sfí' ckdêm;sjrhdg l,ska l, md¾,sfïka;=j le|ùug;a" tys jdr wjidk lsÍug;a"
th úiqrejd yeÍug;a yelshdj we;' tfia jqj o ckdêm;sjrhd fuu n,;, l%shdjg kexúh
hq;af;a jHjia:dfõ olajd we;s we;eï iSudj,g hg;a j h'

• ckdêm;sjrhdg lsis ÿ iSudjlska f;dr j md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka weu;sjreka jYfhka m;a

lsÍug we;s n,h tla w;lska ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,h Yla;su;a lsÍug;a" ;j;a w;lska
md¾,sfïka;=fõ Yla;sh ÿ¾j, lsÍug;a fya;= ù we;' fï wkqj weu;sjreka m;a lsÍu uÕska
md¾,sfïka;=fõ iydh ;uka fj; ;nd .ekSu i|yd weu;sjreka m;a lsÍug ;sfnk n,h
ckdêm;sjreka úiska miq.sh ld,h ;=< l%shdjg kxjkq ,en ;sfí'

• fuf,i 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg md¾,sfïka;=j md,kh lsÍfï yelshdj

;snqK o" md¾,sfïka;=jg ckdêm;sjrhd md,kh lsÍfï yelshdj fkdù h' jHjia:dkql+,
úê úOdk hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd Oqrfhka bj;a lsÍu i|yd mj;sk tl u l%uh jkqfha
fodaIdNsfhda. l%shdj,sh hs' fuh ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, ixjrKh lsÍug fhdod .; yels
úêúOdkhla f,i fmkS .sh o" th l%shdjg kexùug wkq.ukh l< hq;= j ;sfnk ÿIalr
úêúOdk moaO;sh tjekaklg ndOdjla j mj;S'

• fumßÈ" ckdêm;sjrhd iy md¾,sfïka;=j" ke;fyd;a úOdhlh iy jHjia:dodhlh w;r

iïnkaOh" 1978 jHjia:dfõ ixl,amh.; lr ;sfnkafka ckdêm;s OQrh md¾,fïka;=jg
jvd W;a;Í;r iy n,iïmkak ;;a;ajhlg m;a lrñks' fuh 19 jeks ixfYdaOkh hgf;a
fuu iïnkaO;djfha ;=,H;djhla we;s lrñka ixfYdaOkh lr we;'

4. wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| kHdh iy Ndú;h'

• wêlrKfha wmlaImd;s;ajh ms<sn| j uyck úYajdih we;s l< yelafla;a" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh
mj;ajd .; yelafla;a" wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh uÕsks' wêlrKh iajdëk úh hq;= w;r th
fmfkkakg o ;sìh hq;= hs'

• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh nyqudkSh ixl,amhls' tneúka th fldkafoais lsysmhlska iukaú;

fjhs' fï w;ßka m%Odk fldkafoais lsysmhls' tkï"

1' úksiqrejka m;a lrk wdldrh

2' OQrfha iqrlaIs;;d mj;ajd f.k hEu
3' úOdhlfha whq;= n,mEïj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdu
4' wêlrKfha j.lSu

• fuhska fmfkk mßÈ" wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh hk md¾Yj ;=kl iyNd.S;ajfhka wdrlaId

l< hq;= uQ,O¾uhls' tu md¾Yaj ;=k kï(

^w& wdKavqj iy foaYmd,{hska

^wd& wêlrKh iy úksYaphldrjreka
^we& uyck;dj iy mqrjeishka

77
 wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍfï úê úOdk m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g
idudkHfhka we;=<;a lr ;sfí' tfy;a wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ j.ka;s ;sîu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ'

• 1978 jHjia:dj l%shd;aul jQ ld,h ;=< ,xldfõ wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn|j we;s
jd¾;dj ñY% iy ixlS¾K tlls' foaYmd,k ueÈy;a ùu ksid" idïm%odhsl jYfhka iajdëk"
iy ks¾NS; wdh;khlaj meje;s wêlrKfha f.!rjhg ydks meñKs wjia:d ;sfí' tajd
,xldfõ uE;ld,Sk foaYmd,k l;sldfõ f;audjla o ù ;sìK' ta w;r" miqnEï uOHfha mjd
;u wdh;ksl f.!rjh iy iajdëk;ajh /l .ekSug ,xldfõ wêlrKh iy úksYp a hlrejka
o iu;a ù we;'

• fojk iuQydKavq jHjia:dj hgf;a wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrk úg

by; i|yka fldkafoais fld;rï ÿrg wdrlaId jQfha o hkak i,ld n,uq'

• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iïnkaOfhka n,k úg wêlrK l%uh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍug

moku ilia l< 1978 jHjia:dfjys 163 jk j.ka;sh jeo.;a h' fuu j.ka;sfhys i|yka
jkafka jHjia:dj n,d;aul ùu;a iuÕ ta jk f;la fY%aIaGdêlrKfha iy uydêlrKfha
Oqr orñka isák ish¨ u úksiqrejkaf.a Oqr wfydais jk nj hs' tneúka fuu j.ka;sh by<
wêlrKj, úksiqrejkaf.a Oqrj, iqrlaIs;;djh flfrys whym;a f,i n,mEfõ h'

• by< wêlrKj,g úksiqrejka m;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka nkaOkj,ska ksoyia jQ wNsu;hla

ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dfjka ,nd §u iuÕ ta uÕska wêlrK l%uh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍug
l%shd lsÍu ksid wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ì| jeàug mgka .ekSu wdrïN úh'

• wdrïNfha §u jHjia:dj hgf;a msyg

s j
q k ,o wêlrK l%ufhys by< wêlrKj,g úksir
q ejka
m;a l< wdldrh uÕska wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrïNfha §u m%n, f,i W,a,x>kh úh'

• w.úksiqrejrhd m;a lsÍfï § fY%aIaGdêlrKfha fcHIaG úksiqrejka w;=ßka flfkl= m;a

lsÍfï iïm%odhh wkq.ukh fkdflßKs' fiiq úksiqrejka m;a lsÍfï § o ms<s.;a idrO¾u
yd iïm%odhhka wkqj th isÿ lf<a ke;'

• fï w;r tf;la fY%aIaGdêlrKfha Oqr orñka isá úksiqrejka w;=ßka wg fofkl= kj

fY%aIaGdêlrKhg fyda fjk;a wêlrKhlg fyda m;a fkdflßKs' fuh" tu úksiqrejka
fiajfhka my lsÍug iudk úh'

• merKs fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksiqrejka w;=ßka i;r fofkla wNshdpkdêlrKhg m;a lrk

,oy'

• 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg ;u wNsu;hg wkqj úksiqrejka m;a lsßug ,nd È
;snqKq n,h ys;=jlaldß f,iska Ndú; lsÍu wêlrK l%uh m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu i|yd bÈßhg
.;a jev ms<sfj<g muKla iSud jQfha ke;'

WodyrK"
• 1988 jif¾ § w.úksiqre ;k;=r mqrmamdvq jQ úg B<Õg isá fcHIaG úksiqrejrhd jQ
wd¾' tia jkiqkaor uy;d m;a fkdfldg mdßkao rKisxy uy;d m;a lsÍu"

78
 • 1999 jif¾ § w.úksiqre cS' mS' tia o is,ajd uy;d úY%du hEfuka miq j fcHIaG;u
úksiqrejrhd jQ udla m%kdkaÿ uy;d fkdi,ld yer kS;sm;s ir;a tka' is,ajd uy;d
m;a lsÍu"
• uyskao rdcmlaI md,k ld,h ;< YsrdKs nKavdrkdhl uy;añh w.úksiqre Oqrfhka
my fldg fudydka mSÍia uy;d tu ;r;=rg m;a lsÍu'
• fujeks wjia:dj, ;u iajdëk;ajh ms<sn|j úksYaphldrjrekq;a" wdh;khla f,i
wêlrKh;a uqyqK fokafka ixlS¾K wNsfhda.j,g h'

• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh flfrys úksiqrejkaf.a OQrfha iqrlaIs;;dj m%n, n,mEula lrhs'

by< wêlrKj, úksiqrejka Oqrj,ska bj;a lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd ms<sfj;
jHjia:dfjys olajd we;'

• 1978 jHjia:djg wkqj" by< wêlrKj, úksiqrejka Oqrfhka bj;a l< yelafla Tmamq ù we;s
úIu meje;au fyda wn,;dj mokï lr f.k h' fï wkqj l:dkdhljrhd fj; bÈßm;a l<
hq;= fujeks fhdackdjl Bg mokï jk fya;= iúia;r j ±laúh hq;= h' md¾,sfïka;=fõ uqM
idudðlhkaf.ka 1$3la thg wiaika fldg ;sìh hq;= h' wod< úksYaphldrjrhd bj;a l<
yelafla md¾,sfïka;f
= õ uqM idudðlhka w;=ßka nyq;rhla úiska iïu; lrk ,o fhdackdjla
ckdêm;sjrhd fj; bÈßm;a lsÍfuks'

• 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a úksiqrejkaf.a Oqrfha iqrlaIs;djg ;¾ck t,a, jQ wjia:d lsysmhla
u ;sfí'

• my< wêlrKj, úksiqrejkaf.a OQrj, iqrlaIs;;dj wdrlaId lrñka Tjqkaf.a úkh md,kh
lrñka iajdëk wêlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSfï j.lSu Ndr jkafka wêlrK fiajd fldñIka
iNdj fj; h' th iukaú; úh hq;= jkafka fcHIaG úksiqrejkaf.ks' fuu wdh;kh
ms<sn|j o úfõpkd;aul l;sldjla iudcfha f.dv ke.sK'

• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iyiy;sl ùu i|yd úksYaphldrjreka iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh

w;r ;sìh hq;fa ;a ÿria;r iïnkaO;djhls' úksYpa hldrjrekaf.a wmlaImd;s;j
a h ^Neutrality&
ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh iy;sl lsßug th w;HjYH h' tfy;a wdKavqfõ kdhlhska iuÕ meje;ajQ
lsÜgq iïnkaO;d ksid" w.% úksYaphldrjrekaf.a mjd p¾hdj wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajhg
ydks jQ wjia:d ms<sn| ksoiqka uE; ld,fha § olakg ,eìK' tfuka u" úksYaphldrjreka
foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha Woyig ,laùu ksid o wêlrKfha wdh;ksl f.!rjhg .eg¨iy.;
wjia:d Wod ù ;sìK'

• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd jQ tla jeo.;a mQ¾j fldkafoaishla jkafka
wêlrKfha f.!rjh" lS¾;sh" wmlaImd;s;ajh iy uyck úYajdihg ydks jk wdldrfha
m%ldY lsÍfuka fyda l%shd lsÍfuka fyda úOdhlh iïmQ¾Kfhka u je<lS isàuhs' 1978
jHjia:dj l%shd;aul jQ ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< fuu uQ,O¾uh W,a,x>kh jQ wjia:d .Kkdjla
u ;sfí' úfYaIfhka udkj whs;sjdislï kvq;Skaÿj,ska rchg wjdis jQ wjia:dj, úOdhlh
±la jQ ksfYaOkSh m%;spdr" wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh fkd;ld lrkq ,enQ
tajd úh'

• fï w;ru ,xldfõ isÿjk jeo.;a fohla kï" fï ms<sn| újrK iy m%n, uyck l;sldjla
o mej;Suhs'

79
 • wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug bjy,a jk we;eï úêúOdk 19 jk wdKavql%u
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg we;=<;a h' th wm rfÜ wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn|j f.dv
ke.=Kq uyck l;sldfõ m%;sM,hls'

^fuu úê úOdk mka;sfha § meyeÈ,s lsÍu .=reNj;=kag l< yels h' ta iu. u ,xldfõ w;a
±lSïj,ska fmfkk mßÈ" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úê úOdk ;sîu muKla" wêlrKfha
iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug m%udKj;a fkdjk nj o" WodyrK iys;j meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h'&

4. úOdhlh iy rdcH fiajh

• 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska tu jHjia:dfõ úêúOdkj,g hg;a j rcfha ks,Odßka m;a
lsÍu" udre lsÍu" fiajfhka my lsÍu iy úkh md,kh wud;H uKav,h fyj;a foaYmd,k
úOdhlh hg;g m;a lrk ,È'

• tmuKla o fkdj rcfha ks,Odßka n|jd .ekSfï mámdá kshu lsÍu iy rcfha ks,Odßkaf.a
meje;au ms<sn| Í;s ud,d kshu lsÍu o Wiia lsÍu iy udre lsÍu isÿ lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l<
hq;= m%;sm;a;s kshu lsÍu o we;=M rcfha ks,Odßkag wod< ish¨ lreKq ms<sn| j úêúOdk
ie,eiaùu o jHjia:dfjka wud;H uKav,hg mjrk ,È'

• jHjia:djg wkqj fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshka iïnkaOfhka wud;H uKav,h i;= m;a lsÍfï"
udre lsÍfï" fiajfhka my lsÍfï iy úkh md,k n,;, wud;H uKav,h úiska l%shd;aul
l< hq;= úh' bka woyia flrefKa tu n,;, fjk;a lsis ÿ wdh;khlg fyda mqoa.,hl=g
wud;H uKav,h úiska mjrd fkdÈh hq;= nj hs'

• tfia jqj o" fiiq rcfha ks,Odßka iïnkaOfhka wud;H uKav,h i;= m;a lsÍfï" udre
lsÍfï" fiajfhka my lsÍfï iy úkh md,kfha n,;, wud;H uKav,h úiska fuu
jHjia:dj hgf;a msysgqjk ,o rdcH fiajd fldñiug mjrd §ug yelshdj ;sìKs'

• 1978 fojk iuQydKavq jHjia:dj uÕska rdcH fiajd fldñIula msysgqjd ;snqK o" th 1947
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a mej;s rdcH fiajd fldñIu fuka iajdëk wdh;kkhla fkdù
h' 1978 jHjia:dfjka rdcH fiajd fldñIu msysgqjk ,oafoa leìkÜ uKav,hg hg;a jQ
wdh;khla f,i h'

• fuu fldñIu idudðlhka mia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh' Tjqkf a .a jegqma taldnoaO wruqo,g
jeh nrla f,i f.ùug úêúOdk i,ik ,o w;r Oqr ld,h ;=< idudðlhkaf.a jegqma wvq
l< fkdyels úh' tfukau lsishï flfkl= rdcH fiajd fldñifï lghq;=j,g whq;=
f,iska ueÈy;a ùu fyda ueÈy;a ùug W;aidy lsÍu fyda ±ä ovqjïj,g fya;= jk njg
úêúOdk fhdok ,È' fuu úêúOdk uÕska rdcH fiajd fldñIfï iajdëk;ajh lsishï
m%udKhlg wdrlaId lsÍug mshjr f.k ;snqK o" th lsis f,ilska j;a rdcH ks,Odßka
iïnkaOfhka n,;, iys; iajdëk wdh;khla jQfha ke;'

• rcfha ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" udre lsÍu" fiajfhka my lsÍu fyda Tjqkaf.a úkh md,kh
iïnkaOfhka fldñIka iNdj fyda tys lñgqjla i;= n,;, wud;H uKav,fha kshuhkag
hg;a j rcfha ks,Odßhl= fj; mjrd §fï n,h fldñiug ;sìKs' tfia jqj o jHjia:dfõ
59 jk j.ka;sfhka b;d meyeÈ,s f,iska oelajQfha rdcH fiajd fldñIfï iy tys l=uk fyda
lñgqfjl ;SrKhla fjkia lsÍug" wuq;= lsÍug fyda wj,x.= lsÍug fyda wud;H uKav,hg

80
 n,h mj;sk nj hs' fuuÕska wdKavqfõ wNs,dIhkag mgyeKs f,i fyda úreoaO j l%shd lrk
rdcH fiajd fldñIu ksIal%Sh wdh;khla njg m;a lsÍug wud;H uKav,hg yelshdj
;sìKs'

• weu;s uKav,h úiska ;nd f.k we;s n,;, ,ehsia;=j iy wod< úúO wu;HdxYj,
f,alïjrekag mjrd we;s n,;, fuka u ckdêm;s f,alïg mjrd we;s n,;, ,ehsia;=j
uÕska meyeÈ,s jk fohla kï mßmd,k fiajdjkays ienE flakaøia:dkh mjrd ;sfnkafka
foaYmd,k úOdhlfha md,kh hg;g nj hs' wud;HdxY Ndr f,alïjreka Tjqkf a .a foaYmd,k
m%OdkSkag hg;a fldg ;sìKs' rdcH fiajfha udreùï fndfyda wjia:dj, isÿ lrk ,oafoa
ieneúka u mßmd,k myiqj i|yd fkdj wud;Hjrekaf.a foaYmd,k n,mEï u; fyda
foaYmd,k mlaI.%dys fya;=j,g fyda hg;a j h' fujeks ie,eiqï wmlaImd;s rdcH fiajh
ms<sn| ixl,amhg ie,elsh hq;= wdldrfha wys;lr n,mEula isÿ lf<a h'

• úis jk ishjfia ;=ka jk ld¾;=fõ isg rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka läkï lsÍu i|yd;a"
wkjYH mudùï je<elaùu i|yd;a" uOHia:Ndjh iy wmlaImd;s;ajh hk ks¾Kdhl ;j
ÿrg;a jvd;a fyd| ks¾Kdhlhka jkafka ke;' tfia jqj o" m;a lsÍï" udre lsÍï" my lsßï
iy úkh md,kh iïnkaOfhka whq;= foaYmd,k n,mEïj,g iy ueÈy;a ùïj,g hg
fkdjk hï ksYaÑ; kshuhka ;sîu wjYH h'

6' úOdhlh iy n, flakaøKh

• fojk ckrc jHjia:dj uÕska ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ish¨ úOdhl n,;, talrdYs lr we;s
w;r" ta n,;, ksoyfia l%shdjg kxjkq msKsi wjYH lrk jHjia:dkql+, jgmsgdj jHjia:d
úêúOdk uÕska i,id § ;sìKs'

• Pkaofhka f;aßm;a jQ jHjia:dodhlfha reÑ-wreÑlïj,g ,la fkdjQ Yla;su;a úOdhlhla

njg ckdêm;s OQrh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska m;a lr ;sìKs'

• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka rdcHfha kdhl;ajh" wdKavqfõ kdhl;ajh" úOdhlfha kdhl;ajh

iy ikakoaO n<ldhj, fiakdêkdhl;ajh ckdêm;sjrhd fj; mjrd § ;sìK' tajdg wh;a
n,;, yd ld¾hhka l%shdjg kexùfï § Tyq lsis ÿ ixjrKhlg ,la fldg fkd;sìKs'

• óg w;sf¾l j" úOdhlhg hg;a jQ jHjia:dodhlhla fuu jHjia:dfjka ks¾udKh lrk

,È' WodyrKhla jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhdg i;=re jQ md¾,sfïka;=jla mj;sk úgl tjeks
md¾,sfïka;=jlska wdrlaId ùu i|yd cku; úpdrK meje;aùfï n,h ,nd fok ,È' fï
hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=j úiska m%;slafIam lrk ,o wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh fkdlrk
wdldrfha mk;a flgqïm;a cku; úpdrKhla Tiafia uyck;djf.ka iïu; fldg l%shdjg
kexùfï yelshdj ckdêm;sg ;sìKs'

• fujeks jHjia:dkql+, úêúOdk Tiafia tla w;lska md¾,sfïka;=j yE,a¨jg ,la lrk ,o
w;r ;j;a w;lska tjeks úêúOdk Tiafia ckdêm;sjrhd ;jÿrg;a n,j;a flßKs' tneúka
1978 jHjia:dj uÕska f.dv k.k ,o wdKavql%u jHQyh ;=< m%uqL;u yd n,j;a u wdh;kh
jQfha ckdêm;s Oqrh hs'

81
7' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï" wêlrKh iy Tïnqâiauka

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

• 1978 jHjia:dfjka ck;d mrudêm;Hfha m%ldYkhla f,i uQ,sl whs;sjdislïj,g

,nd § we;af;a jHjia:dodhl n,h" úOdhl n,h" wêlrK n,h iy Pkao n,h
fuka tl iudk ms<s.ekSuls' fuu jHjia:dfõ 111 jk mßÉfPaofha 10 jk j.ka;sfha
isg 16 jk j.ka;sh f;la we;s j.ka;s uÕska whs;sjdislï olajd we;'

• jHjia:dfõ 10 jk j.ka;shg wkqj ieu mqoa.,hl=g u iS;sfï ksoyi" leu;s wd.ula

weoySfï fyda je,| .ekSfï fyda ksoyi iy yDoh idlaIHfha ysñlï we;'

• 11 jk j.ka;shg wkqj lsis ÿ ;eke;a;l= joysxidj,g fyda l%Er wudkqIsl wjuka

iy.; ie,ls,a,lg fyda o~qjulg fyda ,la fkdl< hq;= h'

• jHjia:dfõ 12 jk j.ka;sh uÕska i¾j idOdrK;ajfha whs;sjdislu ,nd fohs'

• 13 jk j.ka;sfhka w;a;fkdau;sl f,i isrNdrhg .ekSfuka r|jd ;nd .ekSfuka

iy ovqjï lsÍfuka ksoyia j isàug ;sfnk whs;sh m%ldY flf¾' tfuka u w;S;hg
n,mdk kS;s mekùu ;ykï lrhs'

• 14 jk j.ka;sh uÕska ieu mqrjeishl=f.a u l;d lsÍfï ksoyi" /iaùfï ksoyi"

iud.ufha ksoyi" jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgqùfï iy tajdg ne£fï ksoyi" wd.ñl ksoyi"
ixialD;sl iy NdId ksoyi" /lshdfõ ksoyi iy ,xldj ;=< hEu Bfï ksoyi
iy;sl lrk nj olajd ;sfí'

• by; i|yka whs;sjdislï w;=ßka 10"11"12 ^1&" 12^3& iy 13 hk j.ka;s uÕska iy;sl
lrk ,o whs;sjdislï ish¨ mqoa.,hkag u wh;a fõ'

• 12 ^2& iy 14 hk j.ka;sj, i|yka whs;sjdislï ysñ jkafka mqrjeishkag muKs' ;j

o" 10 jk j.ka;sfha fuka u 11 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jk whs;sjdislï mru fyj;a
taldka; whs;sjdislïj,g wh;a fõ'

• ta wkqj fï whs;sjdislï wysñ lsÍu fyda lsis ÿ wdldrhlska iSud lsÍu fyda fkdl<
hq;= h'

• 1978 jHjia:dfõ i|yka jk whs;j s dislï 1972 jHjia:dfõ whs;j

s dislïj,g idfmalI
a
j jvd mqM,a wdldrhg ilia lr ;sfnk w;r ta flfrys mj;sk iSudjka bj;a lr
;sfí' tfuka u whs;sjdislï l%shdjg kexùu i|yd hdka;%Khla o msysgqjd ;sfí'

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iy wêlrKh

• uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd iïnkaO j fuu jHjia:dfõ mj;sk úfYaI ,laIKhla kï

tu whs;sjdislï wêlrKh uÕska l%shd;aul lrjd .; yels nj jHjia:dfjys i|yka
lr ;sîu hs' jHjia:dfõ 126 jk j.ka;shg wkqj tu jHjia:dfõ i\yka jk
whs;sjdislï lv ùug wod< m%Yakhla úNd. fldg ;Skaÿ §fï ;ks yd wkkH n,h
we;af;a fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; h' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lv ùu iïnkaOfhka iyk

82
 m;d fjk;a wêlrKhla fj; fm;aiula bÈßm;a lsßfï yelshdjla ke;' fï wkqj
fY%aIaGdêlrKh l%shd;aul jkafka uQ,sl whsjdislïj, wdrlaIlhd f,i h'

• úOdhl fyda mrsmd,k fyda l%shdjla uÕska lsishï mqoa.,hl=f.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>kh ù ;sfnk úg fyda W,a,x>kh ùug wdikak j mj;sk úgl fyda ta
iïnkaOfhka iyk ,nd .ekSu i|yd fY%aIaGdêlrKhg fm;aiula bÈßm;a lsßfï
whs;sh ,nd § ;sfí'

• jHjia:dfõ 17 iy 126 jk j.ka;s uÕska uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh ùulg

tfrys j blauka iy m%;HlaI ms<shï ,nd .ekSu i|yd úêúOdk fhdod ;sfí' fï
wkqj uQ,sl whs;sjdislula W,a,x>kh ùfuka udihla we;=<; ta iïnkaO ,sÅ;
fm;aiula fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' ta fm;aiu úNd.hg .ekSug
wjir fokjd o keoao hkak tu wêlrKfha úksYaphlrejka fofofkl=g fkdwvq
ixLHdjla úiska ;Skaÿ lrkq ,efí' fm;aiu úNd.hg .ekSug ;Skaÿ l<fyd;a" úNd.
lsÍfuka wk;=rej ;Skaÿj udi folla we;=<; Èh hq;= fõ' fujeks fm;aiula bÈßm;a
jQ úgl jHjia:dfõ 126 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a wêlrKh úiska ish n,;, hgf;a
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh ù we;a o@ W,a,x>kh ùug wdikakj ù we;a o @
hkak ;Skaÿ l< hq;= h'

Tïnqâiauka

• 1978 jHjia:dfõ i|yka jk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd we;s lrk ,o
hdka;%Khg tu jHjia:fjka msysgqjk ,o Tïnqâiauka OQrh wh;a fõ'

• ckdêm;sjrhd úiska Tïnqâiaukajrhd m;a lrkq ,nk w;r tfia m;a jk ;eke;a;d
h:d meje;afuka isák ;dla OQrh orkq we;ehs jHjia:dfõ i|yka fõ'

• Tïnqâiaukajrhdg wh;a uQ,sl ld¾h jkafka rcfha ks,Odßka úiska iy rdcH

ixia:dj," m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, iy tjeks fjk;a wdh;kj, ks,Odßka úiska
isÿ lrkq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍï iy fjk;a widOdrK l%shd
iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a jk meñKs,s úNd. fldg jd¾;d lsÍu hs'

• Tïnqâiaukajrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o fm;aiula Ndr .; yels ;;a;ajhl ;sfí

hehs woyia lrkafka kï mÍlaIK lghq;= Tyq úiska wdrïN l< hq;= w;r Tyq úiska
ta nj md¾,sfïka;=fõ uyck fm;aiï ldrl iNdj fj; ±kqï Èh hq;= fõ'

• ta w;r Tïnqâiauka fj; hï meñKs,a,la bÈßm;a jQ úg ta ms<sn| j mÍlaIKhla

meje;aùug ;uka woyia lrk nj fpdaokdjg ,la jk wdh;kfha m%Odkshd fj; o
flduidßiajrhd úiska ±kqï Èh hq;= fõ'

• Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska fm;aiug wod< j mÍlaId lrk úg my; i|yka lreKq

flfrys wjOdkh ,la l< hq;= h'

1' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lv lr ;sfí o@ fkdtfia kï lv lrkq ,eîug bv ;sfí

o@
2' lrk ,o l%shdj kS;shg mgyeKs jQfha o@
3' lrk ,o l%shdj ioaNdjfhka fyda wioaNdjfhka fyda lr ;sfí o@

83
 • fm;aiula úNd. lsÍfuka miq Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska ;ukaf.a ;SrKh yd Bg mokï
jQ fya;= wod< wdh;kfha m%Odkshdg" wod< wdh;kh Ndr wud;Hjrhd fj; tk"
uyck fm;aiï ldrl iNdjg jd¾;d l< hq;= h' mÍlaIKfhka miq fpdaokd Tmamq
jqks kï Tïnqâiaukajrhdg ;ukag iqÿiq hehs isf;k ks¾foaY ish jd¾;dj uÕska
bÈßm;a l< yels h' ta wkqj"

1' ldrKh kej; i,ld n,k f,i"

2' fkd;ld yeÍu ksjerÈ lrk f,i"

3' ;SrKh wj,x.= lrk f,i fyda fjkia lrk f,i"

4' ;SrKh" ks¾foaYh" l%shdj fyda fkd lr yeÍu i|yd mokï jQ idOlh fyda
idOl fyda fjkia lrk f,i"

5' ;SrKh" ks¾foaYh" l%shdj ke;fyd;a fkd lr yeÍu iïnkaOfhka fya;=

olajk f,i"

wd§ jYfhka ks¾foaY bÈßm;a l< yels h'

• Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska kshu lrkq ld, iSudj ;=< Tyqg iqÿiq hehs isf;k lsis ÿ
l%shd ud¾.hla wdh;k m%Odkshd úiska .kq fkd,enqjfyd;a ta ms<sn| jd¾;djla
Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska ckdêm;sjrhdg iy md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a h'

8' ue;sjrK l%u

• fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a jHjia:dodhlh iy úOdhlh ^ckdêm;sjrhd& f;dardm;a lr.kq
,nkafka tlsfklg fjkia ue;sjrK l%u folla uÕsks'

• 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlhka f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nkafka f,dalfha

mj;sk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%u w;=ßka tla l%uhla hgf;a h' b;d,sfha" Tiaá%hdfõ iy
fn,aðhfï l%shd;aul jk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uj, we;eï wx.j, tl;=fjka ,xldfõ
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh ilia ù we;'

• fuu ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a uqM rg u nyq uka;%S ue;sjrK fldÜGdi 22lg fnok ,È' fuu
ld¾h mejÍ ;snqfKa ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,o iajdëk iSud ks¾Kh fldñika
iNdjla fj; h' jHjia:dfõ 95 jk j.ka;shg wkqj iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdj m;a
lrkq ,nkafka o th l%shd;aul lrkq ,nkafka o tla jrla muKs'

• iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdj úiska jHjia:dfõ úêúOdkj,g wkqj uqM rg u ue;sjrK
fldÜGdi 20lg fkdwvq jQo 24lg fkdjeä jQ o ixLHdjlg fnÈh hq;= úh' ^y;a jk
wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska 24lg fkdjeä jQ o hkakg 25lg fkdjeä jQ hkak
wdfoaY lrk ,È'& ue;sjrK fldÜGdi fnod fjka lsÍfï § tla tla m<d; fjka fjka j
.ksñka Pkao fldÜGdi we;s l< hq;= úh'

• 1978 jif¾ fkdjeïn¾ ui 29 jk Èk m;a lrk ,o iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdj úiska
,xldj ;=< ue;sjrK fldÜGdi 22la msysgqjk ,È' fï Pkao fldÜGdi 22ka 21la msysgqjk

84
 ,oafoa ,xldfõ mßmd,k Èia;%slal Pkao fldÜGdi njg m;a lsÍfuka h' wfkla ue;sjrK
fldÜGdih ^jkaks ue;sjrK fldÜGdih& msysgqjk ,oafoa W;=re m<df;a ukakdru" jõkshdj
iy uq,;sõ hk mßmd,k Èia;%slal ;=k taldnoaO lsÍfuks'

• 1978 uq,a jHjia:djg we;=<;a lr ;snqKq úêúOdk hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjre ixLHdj
196 jk nj i|yka lr ;sìKs' miq j 14 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka idudðlhka
225l f.ka hq;a md¾,sfïka;=jla ia:dms; lsÍug úêúOdk fhdod ;sìKs' ñka 196la Èia;%sla
uÜgñka ck;d Pkaofhka f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk uka;%Syq h' b;sß 29 fokd cd;sl ,ehsia;=
l%uh hgf;a f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk uka;%Syq h'

• ck;d Pkaofhka f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk uka;j

S% reka 196 fokdf.ka 36la ue;sjrK fldÜGdY
w;r fnod yßkafka m<d;a uQ,O¾uh hgf;a h' tkï jHjia:dfõ 96^4& jk j.ka;shg wkqj
iSud ks¾Kh lsÍfï fldñika iNdj úiska uka;%S Oqr 36 la m<d; ;=< we;s ue;sjrK
fldÜGdi w;r idOdrK whqßka fnod yeßh hq;= fõ' fuh iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdjg
wh;a ld¾hhla úh'

• tfia jqj o" 160la jk b;sß uka;%S OQr ixLHdj ,shdmÈxÑ Pkao odhlhkaf.a ixLHdjg wkqmd;
jk wdldrhg ue;sjrK fldÜGdij,g fnod yeÍfï ld¾hh mejÍ we;af;a ue;sjrK
flduidßiajrhd fj; h' jd¾Isl j isÿ lrkq ,nk Pkao ysñ kdu f,aLk m%;sixfYdaOkfhka
miq j uka;%S OQr 160la jQ ixLHdj tla tla ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha ,shdmÈxÑ Pkao ixLHdjg
wkqmd; jk f,i jirla mdid fjka l< hq;= nj 98 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka fõ' fï i|yd
fhdod .kq ,nk ñkqï mßñ; ixLHdj hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fuh ilid .kq ,nkafka Y%S
,xldfõ uqM Pkao odhl ixLHdj 160ka fn§fuks' tla tla ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha Pkao
odhl ixLHdj mßñ; Pkao ixLHdfjka fn¥ úg ,efnk mQ¾K ixLHdjg iudk uka;%S OQr
ixLHdjla Pkao fldÜGdihg ,efnkq we;'

• by; lS ixfYdaOk m%ldr j Y%S ,xldfõ iudkqmd;sl Pkao l%uh hgf;a Pkaoodhlhl=g tla
Pkaohla ,efí' Bg wu;r j ;u Pkaoh m%ldY l< mlaIfha fyda iajdëk lKavdhfï fyda
wfmalaIlhka w;=ßka ;sfofkl=g fkdjeä ixLHdjlg ukdm m%ldY lsÍfï wjia:dj o ,nd
§ ;sfí'

• fuu ue;sjrK l%uh hgf;a md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhl § Pkao úuiSfuka miq j Pkao .Kka
lr uka;%Sjreka m;a lr.ekSu mshjr lsysmhla Tiafia isÿ flf¾'

I' ue;sjrK fldÜGdihl jeä u Pkao ixLHdj ,nd .;a foaYmd,k mlaIhg
fyda iajdëk lKavdhug fyda m%ido wdik msßkukq ,efí'
II' ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha uqM Pkao ixLHdfjka lvhsï m%;sY;h jk 1$20lg
wvq Pkao ixLHdjla ,nd.;a mlaI yd iajdëk lKavdhï ^ke;fyd;a 1$20
fkd,enQ úg& .Kka lsÍfï l%shdj,sfhka bj;a flf¾'
III' iqÿiqlï fkd ,enQ foaYmd,k mlaI yd lKavdhï ,nd.;a Pkao ixLHdj Pkao
fldÜGdifha fok ,o uqM Pkao ixLHdfjka bj;a lrkq ,efí' túg ,efnk
Pkao ixLHdj wod< Pkao ixLHdj hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'
IV' iïm%hqla; Pkao ixLHdj fidhd .ekSu ó<. mshjr hs' fuh fidhd .kq
,nkafka wod< Pkao ixLHdj ue;sjrK fldÜGdihg ysñ uka;%S OQr ixLHdjg
tlla wvq ixLHdfjka fn§fuks'

85
 V' ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha iqÿiqlï ,o tla tla foaYmd,k mlaI iy iajdëk
lKavdhï ,nd.;a Pkao m%udKh fjka fjka j iïm%hqla; ixLHdfjka
fn§fuka tu mlaI iy lKavdhïj,g ysñ uka;%S OQr ixLHdj ,nd .; yels
h' m%ido wdik wfkl=;a wdik m%udKh iïmQ¾K fkdjk úgl mlaI w;r
fnod yeÍfuka miq j uka;%S OQrh jeä u fYaIhla ysñ mlaIhg fyda iajdëk
lKavdhug fyda msßkukq ,efí'

• ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.ekSfï l%uh

• fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nkafka ck;djf.a iDcq

Pkaofhks' ta i|yd wdKavl
q u
% jHjia:dfõ mj;sk úêúOdk mÍlaId lrk úg uekúka
meyeÈ,s jkafka fuu f;dard .ekSfï l%uh nyq;aj l%uhg (majoritarian system) wh;a
jk w;sf¾l Pkao m%ldY lsÍfï l%uh (supplementary vote) u; mokï jk nj hs'

• fuu Pkao l%uh" flaj, idudðl Pkao fldÜGdihla (a single –member constituency)
mokï lr .ksñka ;ks wfmalaIlhl= f;dardm;a lr .ekSu flakaø lr.;a Pkao
l%uhls' Pkaoodhlhka úiska wfmalaIlhka yg ;u jrKh m%ldY lsÍfï l%uhla
mj;S' fï wkqj Pkaoodhlhkayg wvq u jYfhka tla wfmalaIlhl=g iy jeä u
jqjfyd;a wfmalaIlhka fofofkl= yg ;u jrKh m%ldY l< yels h' tkï
ckaoodhlhdg ish leue;a;g wkqj Pkao wfmalaIlhka 1" 2 jYfhka fm< .eiaúh
yels h' Pkao .Kka lsÍfï l%shdj,sfha uq,a jgfha § tkï m%:u jrKh .Kka lsÍfï
§ u lsishï wfmalaIlhl= ksh; nyq;rhla (an absolute majority) ,ndf.k we;akï
Tyq fyda weh fyda ch.%dys wfmalaIlhd jYfhka ksrdhdifhka u f;dard m;a lr .kS'

• m%:u jgfha § lsis ÿ wfmalaIlhl=g ksh; nyq;rhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jQfha
kï" jeä u Pkao ,nd.;a wfmalaIlhka fofokd yer fiiq wh ;r.fhka bj;a
flr;s' tfia bj;a lrk ,o wfmalaIlhkag ,nd § we;s fojk leue;a; bka miq j
ch.%dylhd ;SrKh lsÍug wjYH ksh; nyq;rh ,nd .ekSu i|yd m<uq yd fojk
;ek ysñ lr .;a wfmalaIlhka w;r kej; fnod yeÍu uÕska ch.%dyS wfmalaIlhd
f;dard m;a lr .efka' fuys woyi ch.%dyS wfmalaIlhd m%ldYs; j,x.= Pkaoj,ska
50% la ,nd.; hq;= nj hs'

• fuu ue;sjrK l%uh m<uq jrg ´iafÜ%,shfõ laùkaia,ka; m%dka;fha Ndú; l<
w;r bka miq j 1915 isg 1931 f;la ld,h ;=< we,ndudfõ Ndú; flßKs' j¾;udkfha
,kavkfha k.rdêm;sjrhd we;=M we;eï rgj, k.rdêm;sjreka f;dardm;a lsÍu
i|yd o Y%S ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr .ekSu i|yd o fhdod .efka'

• Y%S ,xldfõ j¾;udk jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.ekSu i|yd

Ndú; lsÍfï § by;ska olajd we;s w;sf¾l Pkao l%uh iqM fjkilg ,la lr we;'
fï wkqj by; l%uh hgf;a Pkaoodhlhl=g wfmalaIlhka i|yd ukdm folla
wkqms<sfj<ska ±laúh yels jqj o" Y%S ,xldfõ wkq.ukh lrk l%uh hgf;a
ckaoodhlfhl=g wfmalaIlhka ;sfofkl=g jvd ;r. lrk úgl" wkqms<sfj<ska
ukdm ;=kla jqj o m%ldY lsÍug yelshdj mj;S' Pkaoodhlhkaf.a m<uq leue;af;ka
lsis o wfmalaIlhl= ksh; nyq;rh ,nd f.k fkdue;s kï bj;a lrk ,o
wfmalIa lhkaf.a fojk yd f;jk ukdm o jeä u Pkao ixLHd ,nd .;a wfmalIa lhka
fofokd w;r ksh; nyq;rh flfkl=g ,efnk ;=re fnod yef¾'

86
• Y%S ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.ekSu i|yd fuu l%uh fhdod .ekSfuka
jHjia:d iïmdolhka wfmalaId l< wruqKq folla ;sìKs'

i' Pkaoodhlhkaf.ka ksh; nyq;rhlf.a iydh f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk

ckdêm;sjrhdg ;sìh hq;= nj hs'
ii' ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.eksfï § iqM;r lKavdhïj,g w¾:dkaú;
N+ñldjla ;sìh hq;= nj hs'

• ta wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lsÍu nyq;rfha iydhfhka isÿ úh hq;= nj fuhska

iy;sl flfrhs' thg wu;r j fuu Pkao l%uh uÕska Pkao wfmalaIlhka yg
;ukaf.a u foaYmd,k mlaI iy ;uka wh;a ckj¾.fha" Pkaoodhlhkaf.ka Tíng
f.dia iqM;r mlaI iy lKavdhï foi ne,Su Èßu;a lrhs' l=ula ksid o h;a we;eï
úg m%Odk mlaIhl wfmalaIlhl=g fojk iy f;jk ukdm ,nd .ekSug isÿ jk
neúks' fuu Pkao l%uh (STV) hgf;a fï olajd Y%S ,xldj ckdêm;sjrK y;la
ms<sfj<ska 1982" 1988" 1994" 1999" 2005" 2010 iy 2015 hk jirj, mj;ajd we;'

• fuu iEu ckdêm;sjrKhl § u m%ldYs; j,x.= Pkaoj,ska ksh; nyq;r m<uq jgfha
§u ch.%dys wfmalaIlhka ,nd .ekSug iu;a úh' tneúka ukdm mejÍu u; r|d
mej;Sug lsis ÿ wfmalaIlhl=g isÿ jQfha ke;'

• tfia jqj o" we;eï W.;=ka ;¾l lrkafka ch.%dys wfmalaIlhka fojk iy f;jk
ukdm u; r|d mej;Sug isÿ fõ kï" m<uq jgfha § isÿjQjdg jvd foaYmd,k
l%shdOrhka jvd jeä wjOdkhla iq¿;r lKavdhï flfrys ±laùug fuu l%uh uÕska
yelshdjla ,efnk nj hs' WodyrKhla jYfhka 1994 ckdêm;sjrKfha § ch.%dyS
wfmalIa l
s dj jQ pkaøl
s d l=udrK;=x. uy;añh Y%S ,xld uqi,
a ï
s fldx.%ih iuÕ iNd.hla
we;s lr.;a;d h' Bg w;sf¾lj ckjd¾.sl m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka wehf.a ueoy;a
m%fõYh ,dxlsl fou< iy bkaÈhdkq fou< m%cdjka ksfhdackh lrk mlaIj,
iydh o wehg ,nd .ekSug fya;= úh'

• fuu l%ufha jdis lsysmhla mj;S'

i' th flaj, uka;%S nyq;aj l%uh (single-member plurality) (smp) iuÕ ii|k
úg Pkao wmf;a hkafka wvq jYfhka ùu'
ii' ch.%dys wfmalaIlhd wvq u jYfhka Pkaoodhlhkaf.ka 50% lf.a iydh
/l.; hq;= jk neúka iudcfha mq¿,a mrdihl woyia iy u; ue;sjrKfha
wjika m%;sM,h i|yd n,mdkq ,eìh yels ùu'
iii' ch.%dyS wfmalaIlhd wvq u jYfhka 50% l iydh w;alr .; hq;= jqj;a ;ks
mlaI nyq;r wdKavqjla we;s jkafka ke;'

• fuu ue;sjrK l%ufha wjdis o mj;S'

i' fuu l%uh l=vd mlaIj,g we;s bv wiqrd,ñka ;j ÿrg;a úYd, mlaIj,g
jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s lsÍu'
ii' ch.%dyS wfmalaIlhd Pkaoodhlhkaf.a m<uq leue;af;ka u muKla fkdj
w;sf¾l Pkao kej; fnod yeÍfï iydhfhka o m;a úh yels ùu' Pkaoodhlhka
^ck;dj& w;r ckm%sh fkdjk ch.%dyS wfmalaIlhl= o úh yels ùu'

87
09' cku; úpdrKh
• cku; úpdrK l%uh m<uq jrg ,xldjg y÷kajd fok ,oafoa 1978 jHjia:dj uÕsks'
jHjia:dfõ 13 jk mßÉfþofha 83 jk j.ka;shg wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ we;eï
j.ka;s fjkia lsÍu i|yd fkdmeñKs uka;%Sjreka o we;=M j md¾,sfïka;=fõ uqM
idudðlhkaf.ka 2$3l leue;a;g wu;r j cku; úpdrKhl § ck;djf.a nyq;rfha
wkqu;sh o wjYH fõ' tu j.ka;sj,g jHjia:dfõ 1" 2" 3" 6" 7" 8" 9" 1" 11' 30^2&" 60^2& hk
j.ka;s wh;a fõ' fuu j.ka;sj, we;=<;a úêúOdkj,g w;sf¾l j my; i|yka flgqïm;a
o cku; úpdrKhla i|yd fhduq lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ' tkï

i' cku; úpdrKhla uÕska ck;dj fj; bÈßm;a lsßu i|yd leìkÜ uKav,h úiska
iy;sl fldg we;s ljr fyda flgqïm;la ke;fyd;a flgqïm;l úêúOdkhla

ii' cku; úpdrKhl § ck;djf.a wkque;sh wjYH hehs fYa%IaGdêlrKh úiska ;SrKh
fldg we;s ljr fyda mk;a flgqïm;la ke;fyd;a tjeks mk;a flgqïm;l
úêúOdkhla

• fï yer my; i|yka ldrK hgf;a o ckdêm;sjrhdg ;u leue;a; u; cku; úpdrKhla

meje;aúh yels h

1' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska m%;slafIam lrk ,o ;ukaf.a mK;a flgqïm;a ^ fï mK;a

flgqïm;aj,g jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh fyda mßÉýkak fyda fkdlrk" wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg tl;= lsÍula fkdlrk fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:djg mgyeKs fkdjk
fyda tajd wh;a h&

2' cd;sl jeo.;alula we;ehs ckdêm;sjrhd l,amkd lrkakd jQ fjk;a ljr fyda
lreKla' cku; úpdrKhl § Pkao m%ldY l< uqM ixLHdfjka ksh; nyq;rhla
mk;a flgqïm;g fyda fhdackdjg fyda mlaI j Pkao m%ldY lr we;akï ta flgqïm;g
fyda fhdackdjg ck;djf.a wkqu;sh ,enqKd fia i,lkq ,efí'

• tfia jqj o" cku; úpdrKhl § Pkao m%ldY lr we;s ixLHdj ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s uqM
ixLHdfjka 2$3lg jvd wvq wjia:djl § mk;a flgqïm; iïu; ùu i|yd Bg
mlaIj m%ldY lr we;s uqM Pkao ixLHdfjka 1$3la ,nd ;sîu m%udKj;a h'

12'2' 13" 17" 18 iy 19 wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkj, miqìu iy 1978

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ jHQyhg isÿ l< fjkialï iy tajdfha m%;sM,
n,mEu

— oy;=ka jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh

• fo jk ckrc wdKaavql%u jHjia:djg 1987 jif¾ § 13 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh
f.k tk ,oafoa tu jif¾ § bkaÈhdkq wdKavqj ,xld wdKavqj iuÕ we;s lr .kakd ,o bkaÿ
,xld idu .súiqfï iDcq m%;sM,hla f,i h'

• fhdað; ixfYdaOkfhka Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg úi÷ula f,i fou< iq¿;rfha
uQ,sl b,a,Sï folla jQ iudk NdId whs;sjdislï iy;sl lsÍug;a mqM,a n,h fnod yeÍfï
l%uhla y÷kajd §ug;a wfmalaId flßKs'

88
• ta wkqj iudk NdId whs;sjdislï hgf;a fou< NdIdj rdcH NdIdjla njg m;a lsÍug;a
n,h fnod yeÍfï l%uhla jYfhka bkaÈhdkq fmvr,a wdlD;shg o< jYfhka iudk jQ m<d;a
iNd hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk kj wdh;ksl jHqyhla we;s lsÍug;a fhdackd lrkq ,eìKs'
n,h fnod yeÍfï l%uhla f,i m<d;a iNd l%uhla we;s lsÍug mshjr .ekSu óg fmr Y%S
,xldfõ wdKavq lem ù isá úuOH.;lrK l%shdj,sfhka ;SrKd;aul f,iska fjkaj hdula
f,iska ie<lsh yels h' tfukau th fmfkk úÈhg talh S moku Èhdre lsÍula (undercutting)
f,iska o i,lkq ,eìKs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,iska talSh rdcH iy;sl lrk fojk j.ka;sh
fukau ck;djf.a iajdêm;H ;yjqre lrk f;jk j.ka;sh o nqoaOd.ug m%uqL;ajh ,nd
fok kujk j.ka;sh o W,a,x>Kh lsÍula jYfhka o we;eï md¾Yjhka úiska i,lkq
,eìKs' tneúka oy;ka jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOk fhdackdj we;eï msßia úiska jHjia:dkql+,
f,iska yd foaYmd,ksl f,iska wNsfhda.hg ,la lrkq ,eìKs'

• oy;=ka jk ixfYdaOk mk;a flgqïmf;a jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh mÍlaId lsÍu wrNhd tl,
ckdêm;sjrhd jYfhka l%shd l< iy fuu jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha mqfrda.dñhd jQ fca' wd¾'
chj¾Ok ckdêm;sjrhd úiska tu flgqïm; fYa%aIaGdêlrKhg bÈßm;a lrk ,È' ta w;r
úúO ixúOdk iy mqoa.,hka úiska o 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOk mk;a flgqïm; wNsfhda.hg
,la lrñka o ;j;a wh thg iydh m< lrñka o fYa%IaGdêlrKh fj; fm;aiï bÈßm;a
lrkq ,eìKs'

• fuu mk;a flgqïm; fYa%IaGdêlrKfhys úksiqrejka kj fofkl=f.ka ieÿï,;a mQ¾K

wêlrK uKav,hla úiska úNd.hg .kq ,eìKs' tu ixfYdaOkh iïnkaOfhka fnÿKq
;Skaÿjla fYa%aIaGdêlrKh úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìKs' úksiqrejka mia fofkl=f.a ^w.úksiqre
Y¾jdkkao" m¾is fld,ska f;daï" rKisxy" w;=fldar< iy ;ïnhshd& u;h jQfha fuu ixfYdaOk
mk;a flgqïm; uÕska YS% ,xld rdcHfha talSh iajNdjh fjkia fkdjk nj h' fiiq
úksiqrejka i;r fokdf.a ^jkiqkaor" t,a' tÉ' o w,aúia" fifkúr;ak iy tÉ' ta' cS' o
is,ajd& u;h jQfha fuu ixfYdaOkfhkaa rdcHfha talSh iajNdjh W,aa,x>kh jk nj hs'

• tfuka u nqoaOd.ug ,nd § ;snQ mQuqLia:dkhg n,mEula we;s lrk nj h' tneúka fuu
ixfYdaOkh lsÍu i|yd cku;úpdrKhla uÕska ck;djf.a wkqu;sh o Bg ,nd .; hq;= nj
miq j i|yka l< úksiqrejkaf.a u;h úh' nyq;rh iukaú; jk úksiqrejka mia fokdf.a
;SrKh jQfha fuu ixfYdaOkfhka fn!oaOd.ug jHjia:dfjka ,nd § we;s m%uqL;ajhg fyda
rdcHfha talSh iajNdjhg wys;lr n,mEula we;s fkdjk nj hs'

• fïjd i,lkq ,nkafka jHjia:dkql, + wkkH;djfha (constitutional identity) m%Odk uQ,l

s dx.
f,i h (Jocobsohn 2010). m<d;a iNd fhdacs; talSh rdcHfha iSudj ;=<g wh;ajk nj;a ta
ksid u 13 jk ixfYdaOkh rdcHfha talSh iajNdjh flfrys tu m<d;a iNd n, fkdmdk
nj;a h' Tjqkaf.a ;SrKh jQfha m<d;a iNd hkq iaffjÍ jHjia:dodhl n,;, l%shd;aul
fkdlrk iy md¾,sfïka;=jg hg;a j iSñ; jHjia:dodhl n,;, l%shdjg kxjk wm%Odk
wdh;k iuQyhla muKla nj h' Tjqka ;j ÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a 13 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a
md¾,sfïka;=j th i;= jHjia:dodhl n,;, w;ayeÍu fyda lsis ÿ wdldrhlska mjrd §ula
fyda wkai;= lsÍula fyda isÿ fkdlr n,h fnod yeÍfuka n,mEï we;s fkdjk nj hs'

• Tyq talSh rdcH hkqfjka ye|skajQfha uOHu wdKavqfõ md¾,sfïka;=fõ W;a;Í;r;ajh ysñ lr
.kakd iy oaú;Shsl iajdêm;s wdh;k fkdue;s rdcHhka h' Y%S ,xld rdcHfha talSh iajNdjh
fY%aIaGdêlrfha ;Skaÿ j uÕska kej; ;yjqre l< w;r 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha

89
 jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh j,x.= lrk ,È' ieneúka u fuu ixfYdaOkfhka isÿ jQfha rdcHfha
merKs iajrEmfhka fjkaùula$wm.ukhla muKs'

— oy;=ka jk ixfYdaOkfha uQ,sl ,laIK

• by;ska i|yka l< mßÈ 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha w;suQ,sl wx.h jkafka fjk;a wx.
w;r m<d;a iNd msysgq ùu wrNhd jHjia:dms; yd ffk;sl m%;smdok iemhSu hs' fuu
m%;m
s dok hgf;a m<d;a iNd Tiafia m<d;a uÜgñka n,h fnod yeÍu i|yd Èjhsfka m<d;aj,g
m%:u jrg jHjia:dms; ;;a;ajh fyj;a jHjia:dms; ms<s.ekSu ,nd ÿKs' fuh úfYaI
,laIKhls'

• óg fmr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ,xldfõ mßmd,k Èia;%slalj,g jHjia:dms; ;;a;ajh

,nd § ;snqK o m<d;a flfrys wjOdkhla olajd ;snqfKa ke;' fuu ixfYdaOkfhka tla tla
m<d; i|yd tla m<d;a iNdjla msysgq ùug;a Èjhsfka fiiq m<d;a i|yd tla m<d;lg tla
m<d;a iNdjla ne.ska m<d;a iNd msysgq ùug fhdackd lrkq ,eìKs'

• m<d;a iNdjla hkq iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a ck;djf.a Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk
uka ; % K iNdjls k a o m% O dk wud;Hjrhl= iys ; m<d;a wud;H uKa v ,hls k a o
wdKavqldrjrhl=f.ka o fjk;a md,k wdh;k lsysmhlska o iukaú; Wm cd;sl md,k
jHqyhls'

• fuu m<d;a iNd wdh;k úOdhl iy jHjia:dodhl n,;, l%shd;aul l< yels md,k
jHqyhka h'

• 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka fufia msysgq jk m<d;a iNd iy uOHu wdKavqj w;r

foaYmd,k n,h fn§ hk wkaou meyeÈ,s lrhs' th ±lafjkafka tu ixfYdaOkfha 9 jk Wm
f,aLkh hgf;a h' tys n,;, ,ehsia;= ;=kla wvx.= h'

• m<uq ,ehsia;= j f,i m<d;a iNdj, fnod yßk n,;, yd ld¾hhka ±lafjk m<d;a iNd
,ehsia;=fjka m<d;a iNdj,g fnod yßk úIh yd ld¾hhka olajhs'

• tajdg fmd,Sish yd uyck iduh" m<d;a ie<iqï" m<d;a md,k wdh;k" m<d;a ksjdi iy bÈ
lsÍï" lDIsl¾udka;h iy lDIs fiajd" .%dóh ixj¾Okh" fi!LHh" foaYSh ffjoH" iuqmldr
iy jdßud¾. hkdÈ úIhhka yd ld¾hhka wh;a h'

• 154 W ^1& jk j.ka;shg wkqj m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=fõ olajd we;s ljr fydaa lreKla
iïnkaOfhka kS;s ^m%{ma;s& iïmdokh lsÍug m<d;a iNdjlg n,h ;sfí'

• m<d;a iNdjla úiska iïu; lrkq ,nk ish¨ m%{ma;Ska i|yd wdKavqldrjrhdf.a wkqu;sh
wjYH h' iEu m<d;a iNdjla u tlÕ jkafka kï ñi m<d;a iNd n,;, ,ehsia;=fõ we;=<;a
úIhhka iïnkaOfhka kS;s iïmdokh lsÍug md¾,sfïka;=jg n,hla fkdue;'

• fojk ,ehsia;=j jk ixjD; ,ehsia;=fjka uOHu wdKavqjg ;j ÿrg;a rdcH wdrlaIdj iy

cd;sl iqrlaIs; Ndjh" úfoaY lghq;=" ;eme,a yd úÿ,s ixfoaY" .=jka úÿ,sh iy rEmjdysks"
jrdhj,a iy keõ f;dgj,a" .=jka fiajd" wêlrK" úfoaY fj<odï" wka;¾ m<d;a w;r
fj<|du yd jdksc lghq;=" cd;sl wodhug" uq,H m%;sm;a;shg iy úfoaY iïm;aj,g wod<
uqo,a ms<sn| lghq;=" .=jka .ukd.ukh iy .=jka f;dgqm,j,a" cd;sl m%jdykh" Lksc iy

90
 m;,a" wd.ukh yd ú.ukh iy mqrjeisNdjh" ue;sjrK hkdÈ úIhhka yd ld¾hhka ysñ lr
§ ;sfí' ixjD; ,ehsia;=fõ i|yka úIhhka iïnkaOfhka kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï n,h
md¾,sfïka;=j i;= jk w;r" ixjD; ,ehsia;=fõ we;=<;a ldrKd iïnkaOfhka m%{ma;s
iE§fï n,h m<d;a iNdj,g fkdmj;S'

• f;jk ,ehsia;=j jk iu.dñ ,ehsia;=jg ie<iqï lsÍu" wOHdmkh iy wOHdmk fiajd"

Wiia wOHdmkh" cd;sl ksjdi iy bÈlsÍï" iudc fiajd iy mqkre;a:dmkh" lDIsl¾uh iy
f.dúck fiajd hkdÈh wh;a h' iu.dñ ,ehsia;=fõ olajd we;s ldrKd iïnkaOfhka
md¾,sfïka;=j iy m<d;a iNd hk wdh;k folg u kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï n,h mj;S' tfia
jqjo ta iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsÍfï § fï wdh;k fol tlfklska úuish hq;= h' fï wkqj
m<d;a iïnkaOfhka .;a úg m<d;a iNdj,g m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=fõ i|yka úIhhka yd
ld¾hhka iïnkaOfhka ;u leue;a;g wkqj m%{ma;s iïmdokh l< yels jqj o" iu.dñ
,ehsi;
a f= õ we;=<;a úIhhka iïnkaOfhka m%{ma;s iïmdokh lsÍug fmr uOHu wdKavf
q jka
úuish hq;= nj 13 jk ixfYdaOkfha i|yka h'

• m<d;a iNdj,g m%{ma;s iE§fï n,h jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka ,nd ÿkak o th ,nd §
we;af;a we;eï iSudjkag hg;aj h' m<d;a iNdjla úiska iïmdokh lrkq ,nk m%{ma;s
wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkql+, úh hq;= h' tfuka u m<d;a iNdjla úiska iïmdokh lrkq
,nk m%{ma;Ska tu m<d;a iNd n, m%foaYhg muKla iSud úh hq;= h'

• m<d;a iNdj,g ie<lsh hq;= n, fCIa;%hl m%{ma;Ska iïmdokh lsÍug bvlv ;snqK o
tu.ska m<d;a iNdj,g kS;s iïmdokh iïnkaOfhka iajdëk;ajhla ysñ jkafka ke;'
l=ula ksid o h;a uOHu wdKavqfõ md¾,sfïka;=jg m<d;a iNdj,g n,mdk wdldrhg o kS;s
iïmdokh lsÍug yelshd j we;s neúKs' fï wkqj m<d;a iNdjla fyda m<d;a iNd lsysmhla
tlg tl;= j m<d;a iNdj,g n,mdk wdldrhg kS;s iïmdokh lrk f,i fhdackd
iïu;hla f,iska md¾,sfïka;=fjka b,a,d isá úgl m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=fõ ´kE u lreKla
iïnkaOfhka kS;s iïmdokh lsÍug md¾,sfïka;=fõ ir, nyq;rhl wkqu;shlska l< yels
h' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska fuf,i iïmdokh lrkq ,nk kS;s wod< jkafka tu fhdackd
iïu;sh bÈßm;a l< m<d;a iNdj fyda m<d;aj,g muKs' tfia jqj o" md¾,sfïka;=j úiska
2$3l nyq;r wkqu;shlska kS;shla iïmdokh l< úgl" tu kS;sh ish¨ m<d;a iNdj,g
tlfia wod< h'

• m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=j iy ixjD; ,ehsia;=j hk ,ehsia;= foflys i|yka fkdue;s fYaI
n,;, o mjrd we;af;a uOHu wdKavqj fj; h' 13 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg wkqj" m<d;a
iNdjla úiska iïu; l< kS;h s la fjkia lsÍug wdKavj
q g wjYH fõ kï th md¾,sfïka;f
= õ
2$3 l úfYaI wkqu;shlska isÿ l< hq;= h'

• 13 jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska uOHu wdKavqj iy m<d;a iNd w;r úIhhka fjka lsÍfï § uOHu
wdKavqjg ,nd § we;s iqúfYaI ;;a;ajh l=ula o hkak fuuÕska jgyd .; yels h' ish¨ u
úIhhka iy ld¾hhka iïnkaOfhka cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka cd;sl m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh
lsÍfï taldhk n,h fuka u ish¨ wdldr fYaI n,;, uOHu wdKavqj fj; r|jd ;eîfuka
ta nj ;j;a ikd: fõ'

• 1978 uq,a jHjia:djg wkqj úOdhl n,h ckdêm;sjrhd iy wud;H uKav,h i;= jqj o 13
jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a úOdhl n,h uOHu wdKavqj iy m<d;a iNd w;r fnod we;' ta wkqj
m<d;a iNdj,g fnod yßkq ,nk úOdhl n,h wdKavqldrjrhd úiska iDcqj fyda m<d;a

91
 iNdfõ wud;H uKav,h fyda m<d;a iNdfõ ks,Odßka úiska fyda l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'
wdKavqldrhd úiska ish úOdhl n,;, l%shdjg kexùfï § Tyqf.a wNsu;h mßÈ l%shdjg
kxjk ld¾hhka yer wka ish¨ wjia:dj, § m<d;a iNdfõ wud;H uKav,fha Wmfoiaj,g
wkqj l%shd l< hq;= h'

• 13 jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska m<d;a md,k úIh iy m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wëlaIKh m<d;a
iNdj,g mjrd we;'

• 13 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska m<d;a iNd w;r uq,H m%;smdok fnod yeÍfï
iy uq,H iïm;a iudk;d mokfuka fjka lsÍu ms<sn| ;Skaÿ lsÍfï j.lSu orkq ,nk
cd;sl uQ,H fldñiula msysgqùug úêúOdk i<id we;' uy nexl=fõ wêm;sjrhd iy uyd
NdKavd.drfha f,alï hk fofokd ks, n,fhka u fuys idudðlfhda fj;s' fiiq idudðlhka
;sfokd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nhs' fudjqyq m;a lsÍfï § Tjqkaf.a ckjd¾.sl;ajh
ie<ls,a,g .; hq;= jqj o m<d;a ksfhdackh ie<ls,a,g .ekSug wjOdkh fkdolajhs'

• flfia fj;;a 13 jk ixfYdaOkh oelsh yelafla yqÿ u;= msáka n,h fnod yeÍula fuka u
uOHu wdKavqjg úYd, n,;, ;nd .kakd jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla f,i h' fuf,i m<d;a
iNd iy n,;, fnod ±la jQ w;r ish¨ úIhhka yd ld¾hhka ms<sn| cd;sl m%m;sm;a;s
ieleiSu uOHu wdKavqjg wh;a njg úêúOdkhla o we;=<;a lrk ,È' ;jo fYaI n,;,
(residual powers) o uOHu wdKavqjg fjka lrk ,È' m<d;a iNdj,g uqo,a fjka lrkq
,nkafka uOHu wdKavqfõ iDcq m%;smdok j,sks' uQ,H fldñiu uqo,a fjka lsÍu iy wruqo,a
fjka lsÍug wod<j ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lrhs'

— ody;a jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh

• fmd,sia fiajdj we;=M iuia; rdcH fiajdfjys ;sìh hq;= wmlaImd;s;ajh iy iajdëk;ajh
ke;s ù hdu fya;=fjka tu wdh;k flfrys ck;d úYajdih ì| jeàu Y%S ,xld foaYmd,k
fCIa;h% ;=< ±ä f,iska újdohg ,la jQ lreKla j ;sìKs' tneúka tu wdh;k j, l%h
s dldß;ajh
iajdëk iy wmlaImd; f,iska mj;ajd f.k hdfï wruqKska foaYmd,k mlaI iy isú,a
iudc ixúOdkj,ska bÈßm;a jQ b,a,Sï j, m%;sM,hla f,iska jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla f.k
taug wdKavqj l%shd lf<a h' fï ixfYdaOkhg we;=<;a fhdackd leìkÜ uKav,h úiska" 2001
jif¾ iema;eïn¾ ui leìkÜ uKav,h úiska wiaika lsÍfuka miq j" tys jHjia:dkql+,
Ndjh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; fhduq lrk ,È' fuu mk;a flgqïm;
iïu; lsÍu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=fõ 2$3l wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSu m%udKj;a nj fYa%aIaGdêlrKh
±kaùfuka miqj thg jHjia:dodhlfha wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSu i|yd 2001 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 3
jeks Èk md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk ,È' fï mk;a flgqïm;g mlaI j Pkao 208la ,eìKs'
bka wk;=rej l:dkdhljrhdf.a iy;slh ,eîfuka miq j fï mk; 17 jk ixfYdaOkh
kñka wdKavql%u jHjia:djg tla úh'

• uq,a jHjia:dj u.ska ckdêm;sjrhdg md,k fCIa;%fha jeo.;a wxY j,g mqoa.,hka m;a
lsÍug ,nd § ;snqKq iSudjlska f;dr n,h ixjrKh lsÍu we;=¿ j iajdëk fldñika iNd
msysgqùu fuu ixfYdaOkh uÕska isÿ lsÍug wfmalaId flßKs' tneúka fuu jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh ta olajd jHjia:djg isÿ lrk ,o ixfYdaOk w;=ßka wdKavql%ufha m%cd;ka;%jdÈ
moku mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lrk ,o m%.;sYS,s ixfYdaOkhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

• fuu ixfYdaOkh hgf;a msysgqjk ,o wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdj iajdëk fldñika iNdj,g
iy jeo.;a ks,;,j,g mqoa.,hka m;a lrk l%shdj,sfha m%Odk N+ñldj l%shdjg kxjkq

92
 ,nk wdh;kh úh' tu.ska tf;la ckdêm;sjrhd fj; mjrd ;snqKq m;a lsÍï ms<sn|
wNsu;dkqidß n,h ixjrKh flßKs'

• wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdj my; whf.ka iukaú; úh'

1' w.%dud;Hjrhd

2' l:dkdhljrhd

4' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk tla wfhla

5' w.ue;sjrhd iy úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd hk fofokd f.a u kdu fhdackd u;

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk mia fofkla

6' w.ue;sjrhd iy úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd wh;a fkdjk md¾,sfïka;=fú fiiq mlaI
iy iajdëk lKavdhï j, nyq;r tlÕ;dj u;" kdu fhdackd fldg ckdêm;sjrhd
úiska m;a lrkq ,nk tla whl=

jHjia:d iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd jkafka l:dkdhljrhd h'

— oywg jk ixfYdaOkh
• fuu ixfYdaOkh f.k tafuka wdKavqj m%Odk jYfhka wfmalaId lf<a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a
jdr fofla ks, ld, iSudj bj;a lsÍu iy ody;a jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a m%;smdok i,ik
,o jHjia:d iNdj wfydais fldg md¾,sfïka;= iNdj kñka jQ kj iNdjla msysgq ùu h'

fuu ixfYdaaOkh iïu; lrk úg wdKavqj iy ta ixfYdaOkh fjkqfjka fmkS isá wh

ksrka;rfhka u bÈßm;a l< ;¾lh jQfha rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh flfrys jeä m%uQL;ajhla
Èh hq;= j ;sfnk neúka ta i|yd foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh rg ;=< we;s l< hq;= nj hs' tneúka
fuu ixfYdaOkh isÿ lsÍfuka miq j tjeks foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla we;s ùug ;=vq fok
wdldrfha ;;a;ajhla we;s jk nj hs'

fuu ixfYdaOk flgqïm; fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; fhduq lrk ,oafoa cd;sfha ys;iqj msKsi
wjYH yÈis mk;a flgqïm;la jYfhks' fY%aIaGdêlrKh" 2010 iema;eïn¾ ui 7 jeks Èk
okajd isáfha fuu mk;a flgqïmf;a úê úOdk wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ úê úOdkj,g
wkql+, neúka cku; úpdrKhlg fhduq lsÍu wjYH fkdjk nj hs' bka wk;=re j
iema;eïn¾ ui 8 jeks Èk fuu mk;a flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=fõ újdohg .eksfuka wk;=re
j tys 2$3l jeä Pkaofhka iïu; úh'

fuu ixfYdaOkfhka f.k tk ,o fjkialï my; ±la fõ'

• ckdêm;sjrhdf.a jdr fofla ks, ld, iSudj bj;a lsÍu

fuu ixfYdaOkfhka wdKavql%u jHjia:djg isÿ lrk ,o m%Odk fjkialula jQfha

ckdêm;sjrhd iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dfõ meje;s jdr foflys ks< ld, iSudj bj;a
fldg ckdêm;sjrfhl=g ´kE u jdr .Kkla ckdêm;sjrfhl= f,iska m;a ùug
wjia:dj i,id §u h'

93
• jHjia:d iNdj fjkqjg kj md¾,sfïka;= iNdj kñka jQ kj wdh;khla
msysgq ùu

17 jk ixfYdaOkfhka y÷kajd fok ,o jHjia:d iNdj 18 jk ixfYdaOkfhka wfydais

lrk ,o w;r ta fjkqjg md¾,sfïka;= iNdj kñka y÷ka jk ,o kj iNdjla msysgq
ùug úê úOdk i,ik ,È'

ta wkqj" md¾,sfïka;= iNdj iukaú; jQfha

1' w.%dud;Hjrhd
2' l:dkdhljrhd
3' úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd
4' w.ue;s úiska kï lrkq ,nk md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlhl=
5' úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd úiska kï lrkq ,nk md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlhl=

md¾,sfïka;= iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj w;ska .;a úg 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh

hgf;a y÷kajd fok ,o wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdj fuka fkdj fuu md¾,sfïka;= iNdj
ixLHdfjka l=vd h' tfuka u by;ska ±la jQ mßÈ fuu iNdj iukaú; jkafka md¾,sfïka;=
idudðlhkaf.ka muKs'

iajdëk fldñika iNdj,g idudðlhka iy rcfha m%Odk ;k;=rej,g mqoa.,hka m;a

lsÍfï § ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fuu iNdfõ ksÍlaIK úuiSug kshñ; j ;sìKs' tfia jqj o"
i;shl ld, iSudjla ;=< § md¾,sfïka;= iNdj ;u ksÍlaIK ckdêm;sjrhdg bÈßm;a lsÍug
wiu;a jqj fyd;a ckdêm;sjrhdg Tyqf.a wNsu;h mßÈ tu m;a lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'

• md¾,sfïka;= iNdfõ n,;, iy ld¾hNdrh iSud lsÍu

17 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska iajdëk fldñIka iNdj,g iy rcfha

by< ;k;=rej,g mqoa.,hka m;a lsÍfï § ta iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ks¾foaY
bÈßm;a lsÍug n,h ;sìKs' tfia u tu ks¾foaYj,g wkqj l%shd lsÍug ckdêm;sjrhd
ne£ isgfha h' 18 jk ixfYdaOkfhka msysgqjk ,o md¾,sfïka;= iNdjg fï iïnkaOfhka
,nd § we;af;a ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍfï n,h fkdj ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ksÍlaIK bÈßm;a
lsÍfï wjia:dj muKs' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lsÍï iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;= iNdfõ
ksÍlaIK úuik úg tu ksÍlaIK i;shla we;=<; ,nd Èh hq;= h' md¾,sfïka;= iNdj
i;shla ;=< tu iNdfõ ksÍlaIK ,nd §ug wiu;a jqjfyd;a túg ckdêm;sjrhdg ish
wNsu;h mßÈ m;a lsÍfï yelshdjla mej;=Ks' ;j o" ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ksÍlaIK
bÈßm;a lr we;s wjia:djl § tu ksÍlaIK uq¿ukska u fkd;ld yer l%shd lsÍug
ckdêm;sjrhdg yelshd j ;sìKs'

• iajdëk fldñika iNd ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wêldß;ajh hg;g .ekSu

18 jk ixfYdaOkfhka rdcH fiajd fldñiu" ue;sjrK fldñiu iy cd;sl fmd,sia

fldñiu wdÈ fldñika iNdj, n,;, úYd, f,i wvq lrk ,È' WodyrK jYfhka 18
jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h mßÈ rdcH fiajd fldñika
iNdj m;a l< yels h' 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh hgf;a jHjia:d iNdfõ ks¾foaY u;
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska rdcH fiajd fldñika iNdfõ idudðlhka m;a lsÍug kshñ; jqj
o" 18 jk ixfYdaOkfhka tu úêúOdkh ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eìKs' fï hgf;a rdcH

94
 fia j d fldñika iNdfõ iNdm;s j rhd we;= ¿ tys idudðlhka m;a lrka f ka
ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h mßÈ h' m;a lsÍï iïnkaOfhka lsis ÿ ks¾foaYhla bÈßm;a
lsÍug md¾,sfïka;= iNdjg n,hla fkdue;'

• ckdêm;sjrhd udi ;=klg jrla md¾,sfïka;=jg meñKSug wjia:dj ,nd §u

ckdêm;sjrhd iEu udi ;=klg jrla u md¾,sfïka;=jg meñKsh hq;= njg fuu
ixfYdaOkfhka úêúOdk fhdok ,È' fuys § Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍu yer md¾,sfïka;=
uka;%Sjrfhl= i;= jrm%ido" uqla;Ska" iy n,;,j,g ckdêm;sjrhd ysñlï ,nhs' ;j o"
md¾,sfïka;=fõ lsis ÿ uka;%Sjrfhl=f.a jrm%idohla W,a,>kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jerÈ
lrefjl= jkafka ke;'

• oywg jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska 13 jk 17 jk ixfYdaOkhg fjkia j ckdêm;s OQrh jvd

n,j;a ckdêm;s Oqrhla njg m;a lrk ,È' ta hgf;a ckêm;sjrhd tu ks,h ±Íu
iïnkaOfhka tf;la meje;s jdr fofla iSudj wfydais fldg ckdêm;sjrfhl=g ;uka
leue;s jdr .Kkla ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a ùug bv ,nd ÿka w;r rcfha by< ;k;=rej,g
iy fldñika iNdj,g mqoa.,hka m;a lsßï iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhd flfrys we;s
lrk ,o ixjrKhka bj;a lrk ,È' tfuka u 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka y÷kajd ÿka
iajdëk fldñika iNdj, iajdëk;ajh iy tajd i;= n,;, yd ld¾h Ndrh úYd, f,iska
wvq lrk ,È' ta wkqj 18 jk ixfYdaOkfhka n,j;a ckdêm;sjrfhl= f.dv keÕSug l%shd
lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s h' fuu ixfYdaOkfha m%Odk iy lemS fmfkk ,laIKh jkafka
o fuh hs'

— oyku jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh

• fuu ixfYdaOkh" 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg fï olajd isÿ lrk ,o ixfYdaOk w;=ßka jvd
/äl,a iy jvd m%.;sYS,s ixfYdaOkh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' fuu ixfYdaOkfhka uq, §
wfmalaId lf<a 18 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh wfydais lsÍu" ckdêm;sjrhdf.a úOdhl n,;,
úYd, jYfhka wvq fldg w.ue;sjrhd úOdhl n,;,j,ska Yla;su;a lsÍu" rdcH iNdjla
(Council of State) ia:dms; lsÍu" 17 jk ixfYdaOkfhka y÷kajd fok ,o iajdëk fldñika
iNd kej; y÷kajd §u wdÈ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ jev ms<sfj,j,a uÕska wdKavql%u jHQyfha m%n,
fjkialï /ila isÿ lsÍu h'

• tfia jqj o" fujeks wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK fhdackdjla iïu; lr .ekSu wrNhd wjYH
lrk md¾,sfïka;=fõ 2$3l iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu iy fY%aIaGdêlrKfha u;
±laùïj,g wkqj iïu; lr .ekSug isÿ jQfha wfmalI a d l< wdKavl
q u
% jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg
jvd ie<lsh hq;= fjkialï iys; ixfYdaOkhls'

• ta wkqj fuu ixfYdaOkfhka uq, § wfmalaId l< mßÈ ckdêm;s l%uh uq¿ukska u wfydais
lrñka md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhg meñKSula isÿ jQfha ke;' ta fjkqjg isÿ jQfha ckdêm;s
iy w.ue;sjrhd úOdhl n,;, mx.= lr .kq ,nk md,k l%uhla ia:dms; ùu h' tneúka
fuu md,k l%uh oaú;aj úOdhlhla iys; w¾O ckdêm;s wdKavql%uhla f,iska kï l< yels
h'

• 19 jk ixfYdaaOkfhka md,k l%ufhys isÿ l< fjkialï my; wdldrhg idrdxY fldg ±la
úh yels h'

95
• fuu ixfYdaOkfhka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks, ld,h jir yfha isg my olajd wvq lrkq
,eìKs' tfuka u ck;dj úiska ckdêm;s OQrhg fojrla m;a lr .;a mqo.
a ,hl= uq,a jHjia:dfõ
fuka kej; tlS Oqrhg f;dard m;a lr .ekSug iqÿiafil= fkdjk nj i|yka flßKs'
fuf,i ckdêm;sjrhd ks, ld,h jirlska wvq lsÍu;a ks,h ±Íu jdr follg iSud lsÍu;a
m%cd;ka;%jd§ u h jeo.;alula iys; fjkia lï f,i ±la úh yels h'

• fuu ixfYdaOkhg fmr wud;Hjre m;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhdg úYd, n,hla
mej;=Ks' 19 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg m;a l< yels wud;Hjrekaf.a ^leìkÜ
iy leìkÜ fkdjk& ixLHdj flfrys hï iSudjla mkjd we;' leìkÜ wud;Hjrekaf.a uq¿
ixLHdj ;sy fkdblau úh hq;= njg;a leìkÜ fkdjk iy ksfhdacH wud;Hjrekaf.a
ixLHdj 40 fkdblau úh hq;= njg;a úêúOdkhla mj;S'

• leìkÜ weue;sjre" weu;sjre iy ksfhdacH weu;sjre m;a lrk úg iy Oqrfhka bj;a lrk
úg ckdêm;sjrhd w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia u; l%shd lsÍu fuu ixfYdaOkhg wkqj wjYH
h' ;j o" ckdêm;sjrhdg fmr § fuka ;u wNsu;h mßÈ w.ue;sjrhdj Oqrfhka bj;a lsÍfï
n,hla ,nd fokafka ke;'

• 19 jk ixfYdaOkhg fmr" md¾,sfïka;=jla m%:u jrg /iaùfuka jirla blau .sh úg

ckdêm;sjrhdg th úiqrejd yeÍug n,h ;sìKs' 19 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg
md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeßh yelafla tys ks, ld,fhka jir y;r yudrla blau hdfuka
miqj h'

• ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks, ld¾hhka fY%I a G

a dêlrKfha uQ,l
s whs;j
s dislï ms<n
s | wêlrK n,hg
hg;a lrhs' ta wkqj fuu ixfYdaOkh l%shd;aul ùfuka miq ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ,nd fok
uqla;sfha úIh m:h isú,a fyda wmrdO l%shdjkag iSud fõ'

• jHjia:dfõ i|yka jk ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, iy ld¾hhkag wu;rj 19 jk ixfYdaOkh

uÕska my; i|yka n,;, iy ld¾hhka tla lr ;sfí' ta wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd

- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkq.ukh lrk njg j. n,d .; hq;= h'

- cd;sl m%;sikaOdkh iy taldnoaO;djh m%j¾Okh lrk njg j. n,d .; hq;= h'
- wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ iy iajdëk fldñika iNdj, l%shdldß;ajh myiq lr
,sh hq;= h'
- ue;sjrK fldñika iNdfõ Wmfoia u;" ksoyia iy idOdrK Pkao úuiSï iy
cku; úpdrK meje;aùu i|yd WÑ; jd;djrK ks¾udKh fldg ;yjqre l< hq;= h'

• fuu ixfYdaOkfhka biau;= lr fmkajk jeo.;a lreKla kï ckdêm;sjrhd cd;sfha

tlai;alfï ixfla;h jk nj h' ckdêm;sjrhd wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka l%shd
lsÍu fuu ixfYdaOkfhka wdrlaId lr ;sfí'

• w.%dud;Hjrhdf.a woyia úuiSu wjYH hehs i<lk wjia:djkays Tyqf.a woyia úuid
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjreka ixLHdj o" wud;HdxY ixLHdj o" úIh
yd ld¾hhka o ksYaph l< hq;= h' fuu ixfYdaOkh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska md¾,sfïka;=
uka;%Sjreka w;=ßka wud;Hjre m;a lrkafka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; h'

96
• ljr wjia:djl § jqj o" wud;H uKav,h fj; mjrk ,o úIh yd ld¾h fjkia lsÍu"
wud;H uKav,fha ixhq;sh fjkia lsÍu ms<sn| n,h we;af;a ckdêm;sjrhd w; h'

• wud;H uKav,fha uqM idudðl ixLHdj 30 ls' wud;H uKav,fha idudðlhka fkdjk iy
ksfhdacH wud;Hjrekaf.a tl;=j y;,sy fkdblau úh hq;= nj ixfYdaOkfhys i|yka h'

• tfia jqj o" cd;sl wdKavqjla msysgqjk wjia:djl §" wud;H uKav,fha idudðlhka ixLHdj
o" tf,i idudðlhka fkdjk wud;Hjreka ixLHdj o" ksfhdacH wud;Hjrekaf.a ixLHdj
o ;SrK lsÍfï n,h ,nd § we;af;a úOdhlhg fkdj jHjia:dodhlh jk md¾,sfïka;=j
fj; h'

• uq,a jHjia:djg wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir ihla jqj o" fuu ixfYdaOkhg wkqj
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir myls' ;j o" ckdêm;sjrhdg md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeßh
yelafla uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj md¾,sfïka;=j m%:u jrg /iajk Èk isg jir y;r
yudrla blau ùfuka miqj h'

• 19 jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavq wdh;k moaO;shg jHjia:d iNdj kï jq

wdh;kh kej; y÷kajd fokq ,eìKs' th my; i|yka mqoa.,hkaf.ka iukaú; fõ'

- w.%dud;Hjrhd
- l:dkdhljrhd
- md¾,sfïka;=fõ úreoaO mlaIfha kdhljrhd
- ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrhl=
- w.ue;sjrhd iy úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd hk fofokdf.a u kdu fhdackd lsÍu u;
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk ;eke;a;ka mia fofkl=' ñka fofofkl=
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka úh hq;= h'
- w.ue;sjrhd iy úreoaO mlaIfha kdhlhd wh;a foaYmd,k mlaIhl fkdjk
md¾,sfïka;=fõ fiiq mlaIj, iy iajdëk lKavdhï j, uka;%Sjrekaf.a nyq;r
tl.;dj u; kdu fhdackd fldg ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk tla
uka;%Sjrhl=

• wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ m%Odkshd jkafka l:dkdhljrhd h' iNdfõ idudðlhka Tjqka
m;a lrk Èk isg jir ;=kl ks, ld,hlg ysñlï ,nhs'

• 19 jk ixfYdaOkfhka y÷kajd fok ,o iajdëk fldñika iNdj,g ^ue;sjrK fldñika

iNdj" rdcH fiajd fldñika iNdj" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñika iNdj" ú.Kk fiajd fldñika
iNdj" Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñika iNdj" w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Ykh lsÍfï
fldñika iNdj" uqo,a fldñika iNdj" iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdj" cd;sl m%iïmdok
fldñika iNdj& iNdm;sjreka m;a lsÍfï § tajd i|yd iqÿiqq mqoa.,hka ckdêm;sjrhd fj;
ks¾foaY lsÍfï ld¾hh mj;skafka jHjia:d iNdjg h'

• fuf,i m;a lsÍfï § jHjia:d iNdj úiska mqoa.,hka ;sfofkl= ks¾foaY l< hq;= w;r ñka
wfhl= ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a l< hq;= h'

• jHjia:d iNdfõ wkqu;shg hg;a j ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk ;k;=re lsysmhla
o mj;S' tajd kï

97
 - w.úksiqre iy fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksiqre
- wNshdpkdêlrKfha iNdm;s iy tys fiiq úksiqre
- wêlrK fiajd fldñika iNdfõ iNdm;s yer tys fiiq idudðlhka
- kS;sm;s
- ú.Kldêm;s
- fmd,siam;s
- Tïnqâiauka
- md¾,sfïka;= uyf,alï

• jHjia:d iNdfõ /iaùula meje;aùu i|yd wjYH lrk .K mQrKh idudðlfhda mia
fofkls' m;a lsÍula i|yd fokq ,nk wkqu;shg wju jYfhka idudcslhka ;sfofkl=f.a
wkqu;sh wjYH h'

• oyku jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska tl;= lrk ,o kjdx.hla jkafka jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl

whs;sjdislï mßÉfþohg f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sjdislu we;=<;a lsÍu hs' ta wkqj tu
whs;sjdislu wêlrKh uÕska l%shd;aul lrjd .; yels whs;shla njg m;a lrk ,È'
^.=rejrhd" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï mk; ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍug fhduqjkak&

— 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn|j ;snQ úfõpk'

• 1978 wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj tys wdrïNfha mgka u ne?reï uyck úfõpkj,g ,la jQjls'
tu úfõpk fndfyduhl u ixl,amSh moku jQfha tys uQ,sl jHQyh fuka u tys wNs,dIhka
o m%cd;ka;% úfrdaë h hkak hs'

• ,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uh h<s ia:dms; lsÍug kï fuu wdKAvql%u jHjia:dj wj,x.=
lr" w¨;a jHjia:djla ks¾udKh l< hq;= h hk m%n, u;hla úmlaI foaYmd,k mlaI" isú,a
iudc n,fõ." ckudOHh iy ck;dj w;r f.dv ke.sK'

• uyck úfõpk m%Odk jYfhka t,a,jQfha my; i|yka wx.j,g h'

• úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh iy rdcH n,h tl mqoa.,hl= yd wdh;khla fj; flakaø.;

ùu'
• md¾,sfïka;=j ÿ¾j, lsÍu'
• iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh ksid ue;sjrK m%;sM, j, § uyck u;h úlD;s
flfrk f,i ksfhdackh m%cd;ka;%jdoh ÿ¾j, ùu'

• óg wu;r j 13 jeks ixfYdaOkh iy 18 jeks ixfYdaOkhg o úreoaO j ;¾l f.dv ke.sK'

13 jeks ixfYdaOkhg iq¿ ck fldgiaj,;a" jdudxYsl mlaIj,;a iyfhda.h ,enqK o"
Y%S,ksmh iy cúfm thg uq, § ±ä f,i úreoaO jQy' 18 jeks ixfYdaOkhg úreoaO m%Odk
úfõpkh jQfha" th 1978 jHjia:dfõ uq, § ;snqKq ks¾-m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy wêldrjd§ m%jK;d
jvd;a Yla;su;a lf<a h hkak hs'

• 1978 jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh lsÍug yd ta fjkqjg kj jHjia:djla meK ùug" 1994 jif¾
mgka m%h;ak lsysmhla u .kq ,enqj o tajd id¾:l ù ke;' iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK l%uh
ixfYdaOkh lsÍug md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍïldrl iNdjla m;al< o" ljr ixfYdaOk we;s l<

98
 hq;= o hkak .ek foaYmd,k mlaIj,g talu;sl;ajhg m;a ùug fkdyels ùu ksid tu
ls%hdj,sh o id¾:l ù ke;'

^úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh iy iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh .ek t,a, ù we;s úfõpk;a" tajd
fjkqjg bÈßm;a ù we;s úl,am .ek;a" ixfYdaOkh lsÍug .;a m%h;ak .ek;a flá ye¢kaùula
YsIH YsIHdjkag mka;sfha § ,nd fokak&

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a (-

fï hgf;a wod< úIh fldgia wdjrKh jk mßÈ m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;la ilia
lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

2' mj¾ fmdhskaÜ u.ska fyda rEm igyka u.ska 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ f;dr;=re
bÈßm;a lsÍu'

3' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK hgf;a wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOk iy ta u.ska isÿ jQ fjkialï
yd m%;sM, .fõIKh lr ms<s;=re ,sùu'

4' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h - 17" 18" 19 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOk mej;s jHjia:duh m%;smdok
weiqre lr .ksñka ixfYdaOkhg fmr iy ixfYdaOkfhka miq we;s l< jHjia:duh
m%;smdok fudkjd ±hs j.= .; lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

5' úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uhg$iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhg mlaI j iy úmlaI j mka;sfha

újdohla ixúOdkh lsÍu'

wdY%s; .%ka:

01. kjhsjdhï' tia'" ^2014&" ,xldfõ jHjia:dodhl iNd" miafjks fj¿u" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'

02. ú;dkjiï" w;=," ^2010&" Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%uh iy foaYmd,kh" uyr.u( ;rxð m%skag¾ia'

03. Cooray, L.J.M, (1984 ), Constitutional Government of Sri Lanka: Colombo: Lake House
Investment Ltd.

04. Marasinghe, Lakshman, (2007), The Evolution of COnstitutional Governance in Sri

Lanka;Colombo: Vijityha Yapa Publication.

05. Perera N.M., (1979), A Critical Analysis of the New Constitrtion of Sri Lanka: Colombo:
Star Press.

06. Uyangoda, Jayadeva, (2014), State Reform in Sri Lanka: Issues,Debates and Perspectioves,
Colombo: Social Scientists Association.

07. Wilson, A.J., (1979), The Gaulist System in Asia; The Constitution of Sri Lanka, 1978, London:
Macmillan.

99
 13' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh

ksmqK;dj 13 (- Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha iajNdjh iy m%jK;d tajdfha

l%shdldÍ;ajh Tiafia f.k yer olajhs'
^ld,Éfþo 30 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
13'1' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha wdrïNh yd úldYkh ms<sn| lreKq
bÈßm;a lrhs'
13'2' foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha ,laIK iy m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'

bf.kqï M, (-
Ÿ foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha wdrïNh iy úldYkh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ÿ mlaI l%ufha ,laIK iy tys m%jK;d f.kyer olajhs'
Ÿ wêm;s oaú mlaI l%uh y÷kdf.k ta ms<sn| woyia olajhs'
Ÿ jdudxYsl yd l=vd mlaI ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuihs'
Ÿ jd¾.sl wkkH;d u; mokï jQ mlaI y÷kdf.k tajd ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ iNd. wdKavq ìys ùug foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh ;=vq ÿka whqre úuid n,hs'
Ÿ mlaI l%uh iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh w;r iïnkaO;dfõ iajNdjh ú.%y
lrhs'
Ÿ Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha Yla;sh iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k jvd fyd|
mlaI l%uhla fhdackd lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
ye¢kaùu (-
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI iy mlaI l%uh .ek lrk wOHhkhl § foaYmd,k
mlaI iy mlaI l%uh hk ixl,am .ek w¾: ú.%yhlska wdrïN lsÍu m%fhdackj;a
h' tu w¾: l:kj,ska miqj wms ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha we;s úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd
.ksuq' bka miqj idlÉPd lrk f;audj jkafka ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha wdrïNh"
úldYkh iy j¾Okh hs' ,xldfõ jdudxYsl iy ckjd¾.sl mlaI .ek o flá
ú.%yhla fuu mdvfuka bÈßm;a flf¾' ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh iy iNd.
wdKavq w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh wm wjidkhg idlÉPd lrk f;audjhs'

foaYmd,k mlaI jeo.;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdh;khla jkafka uka o hkak wjfndaO lr

.ekSug o YsIH YsIHdjkag fuu mdvfuka wjia:djla ,efnkq we;'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

˜ foaYmd,k mlaI'

foaYmd,k mlaIj, b;sydih t;rï §¾> ke;' tajd my< jQfha 18 jeks ishjfia hqfrdamfha h'
hqfrdamfha ksfhdack m%cd;ka;j
% doh wdrïN lsÍu miq ld,fha tajd jHdma; ùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk;u
miqìï idOlh hs' foaYmd,k mlaIj, kQ;k ,laIK iys;j mßKduh ùu" oykjjeks ishjfia
§ wefußldfõ § iy hqfrdamfha § isÿ úh' miqj" oykjjeks iy úisjeks ishjiaj, § foaYmd,k
mlaI" kQ;k foaYmd,k wdlD;s ish,a, u mdfya f,dalh mqrd me;sr .sfha h' ^La Palombara and
Weiner, 1966&

foaYmd,k mlaI hkq m%cd;ka;%jdofha we;s uQ,sl wdh;ksl wx.hls' m%cd;ka;%jdofha muKla
we;s foaYmd,k ;rÕfha udOHh jkafka foaYmd,k mlaIhs' kQ;k ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha

100
 l%h
s dldß;ajhg foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾hNdrh ke;sj u neß h' mqrjeishkag foaYmd,k wOHdmkh
,nd foñka" ixúOdkh lrñka iy n,uq¿.kajkafka foaYmd,k mlaIhs' uyck;djf.a wjYH;d"
m< m%fhdack iy wNs,dI uyck wjldYh ;=< m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,nkafka o foaYmd,k mlaI
úisks' ta mlaI jev ms<sfj, iy kHdh m;% udOHfhks' fï w;r wdKAvq msysgqùu" rdcH m%;sm;a;s
ilia lsÍu iy foaYmd,k u;jdo yd újdo iÔùj mj;ajd .ekSu foaYmd,k mlaIj, úfYaI
ld¾hka h' mqrjeis lKavdhïj, fjkia iy úfYaI wjYH;d wdKavqfõ wjOdkhg f.k tkafka
o foaYmd,k mlaIhs' fumßÈ wdKAvqj iy mqrjeishka tlg iïnkaO lrk b;d u jeo.;a
wdh;ksl mqrel jkafka o foaYmd,k mlaI hs'

˜ w¾: ±laùï

foaYmd,k úoHd idys;Hfha" foaYmd,k mlaI .ek úúO w¾: §mk ;sfí' merKs u w¾: l:khla
jkafka 19 jeks ishjfia isá ì%;dkH foaYmd,k Ñka;lfhl= jQ tâukaâ n¾la bÈßm;a l< w¾:
ú.%yh hs' th fufia h' zzmlaIhla hkq ñksiqka lKavdhula ;uka ish¨ fokd tlÕ jk hïlsis
uQ,O¾uhla u; cd;sl wNs,dIhka ;u iduQysl m%h;ak uÕska m%j¾Okh lsÍu wruqKq lrf.k
msysgqjdf.k we;s ixúOdkhlsZZ ta wkqj foaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq cd;sl kHdh m;%h yev.eiaùug
ñksiqka msysgqjd f.k we;s foaYmd,k ixúOdkhls' ;u wruqKq ms<sn| tlÕ;djhla o ta ñksiqka
w;r mj;S'

fï w;r jvd;a iuld,Sk w¾:l:kj, ue;sjrK ch.%yK uÕska wdKAvq n,h ,nd .ekSfï
wruqK o tl;= lr ;sfí' tjeks w¾:l:k lsysmhla fufia h'

• zzfoaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq foaYmd,k n,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk wr.,hg tl;=j iyNd.S
ùu ;u wruqK lr .;a ñksiqkaf.ka iukaú; jk lKavdhulsZZ ^fcdai*a ta' IQïmSg¾"
Okjdoh" iudcjdoh iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh ^1942&&

• zzfoaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq ks, kduhlska y÷kd..kakd jQ o" ue;sjrKj,g iyNd.S jkakdjQ
o" wdKAvqj ks,;, ,nd .ekSu msKsi wfmalaIlhska bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ;sfnkakd jQ o
foaYmd,k lKavdhulsZZ ^ðfhdjdks idf;daß" foaYmd,k mlaI iy mlaI l%u( ú.%yd;aul
rduqjla ^1976&&

• zzljr fyda ye÷kqï f,an,hla iys;j wdKavqfõ ks,;,j,g f;dard m;a lr.kq ,eîu
wfmalaId lrk" ´kEu lKavdhulsZZ ^,sfhdka ã' tmaiaghska" foaYmd,k mlaI iy ngysr
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ^1967&&

• zzfoaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq ;kshu fyda iNd.hlg tl;= ù" fyda wdKavq hdka;%Kh md,kh
lsÍug mqo.
a ,hska m;a lr .ekSu ;u uQ,l
s iy iú{dkl wruqK lr .;a úêu;a ixúOdkhlsZZ
fcdai*a ,d mef,dïndrd" cd;Ska we;=<; foaYmd,kh ^1947&&

wm by; ±lajQ w¾:l:k i;r bÈßm;a lr ;sfnkafka foaYmd,k mlaI .ek wOHhkh lr we;s
m%Odk fmff<a foaYmd,k úoHd{hska lsysm fofkls' Tjqkaf.a woyia foaYmd,k mlaI ms<sn|
kQ;k kHdhlrKhg Rcqj n,md we;'

tu w¾:l:kj, wdf,dalfhka foaYmd,k mlaI hkq fudkjd±hs wmg ir,j f;areï.; yels
h' ta wkqj foaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq wdKAvqn,h ,nd .ekSfï fmdÿ wruqK we;sj ñksiqka tl;=
ù isák foaYmd,k ixúOdkhls' tu wruqK we;sj foaYmd,k mlaI idudðlhska n|jd .ks;s"

101
 uyckhd foaYmd,k jYfhka fufyhj;s' u;jdo iy l%shdud¾. uyck;djg bÈßm;a lr;s'
ue;sjrKj,g iyNd.S fj;s' wka foaYmd,k mlaI iuÕ foaYmd,k ;rÕfha fhfo;s' fï wkqj
foaYmd,k mlaI jkdyS kQ;k ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wjYH jk jeo.;a
u wdh;ksl udOHhla o fjhs'

ta iuÕ u uyck;dj ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k wêIaGdkh m%ldYhg m;a lrkakdjQ;a" foaYmd,k

l%shdj,shg iyNd.S jkakdjQ;a jeo.;a udOHhla o fjhs'

zzmlaI l%uhZZ hkq tla tla rgj, mj;akd foaYmd,k mlaIj, iuia;fha iajNdjfha úfYaI
,laIK y÷kd .ekSug ;=,kd;aul foaYmd,k úoHdfõ Ndú;d flfrk kHdhsl ixl,amhls'
foaYmd,k mlaIj, iajNdjh" l%shdldß;ajh iy .;sl;ajh ráka rgg fjkiajk nj tu
ixl,amfhka .uH fõ' ;ks-mlaI l%uh" oaú-mlaI" l%uh iy nyq mlaI l%uh wd§ jYfhka úúO
mlaI l%u foaYmd,k úoHdfõ y÷kdf.k ;sfí'

˜ Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh'

Y%S ,xldfõ ±kg mj;akd foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha my; i|yka úfYaI ,laIK wmg y÷kd.;
yels h'

• ,xldfõ ;sfnkafka m%Odk mlaI folla o" iq¿ mlaI fndfyda .Kkla o we;s nyq-mlaI
l%uhls' ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;f= õ ,shd mÈxÑ ù isáh;a" ish¨u l=vd mlaIj,g md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdackh tajdg ke;' 2005 jir jk úg ue;sjrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ,shdmÈxÑ ù isák
mlaI ixLHdj 64 ls' bka fndfyduhla il%Sh ke;'

• ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%shd;aul jk wdldrh wkqj" ,xldfõ j¾Okh ù we;af;a wêm;s
oaú-mlaI l%uhls' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ^t'cd'm& iy Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ^Y%S','ks'm'& hkq
fuu wêm;s mlaI folhs' wdKavq msysgqùug iu;a ù ;sfnkafka;a" ue;sjrKj, § jeäfhka
Pkao m%;sY; iy wdik ,nd .kafka;a" iNd. wdKAvqj, flakaøh jkafka;a tu mlaI folhs'

• ,xldfõ iudcfha we;s ckjd¾.sl úúO;ajh m%ldY lrñka" ,xldfõ jd¾.sl mlaI o ;sfí'

˜ ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaIj, wdrïNh iy j¾Okh'

• ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI j¾Okh wdrïN jQfha ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,k iufha § h'

• 1833 flda,anDDla-leurka m%;sixialrK uÕska ,xldfõ ksfhdack wdKAvql%ufha uQ, wjia:dj

wdrïNúh' ta wkqj úOdhl iNdj iy jHjia:dodhl iNdj hk w¨;a wdKavql%u wdh;k
folla we;s lrk ,§' tajd msysgqjk ,oafoa hg;a úð; wdKavqldrhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka meje;s
wdKAvql%u l%shdj,sh myiq lsÍug h' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ksfhdað;hka Pkaofhka f;aÍm;a
jQ wh fkdfõ' m;a lrk ,o whhs' tys idudðlhska jQfha ,xldfõ isá ì%;dkHhka h'
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðlhka f;dardm;a lsÍfï ue;sjrK uQ,O¾uh y÷kajk ,oafoa
1910 § h'

• 1928 § ta' B' .=Kisxyf.a kdhl;ajfhka msysgqjk ,o ,xld lïlre mlaIh mlaIhla f,i
kï lrk ,o m<uq ,dxlsl foaYmd,k ixúOdkh hs' th 1956 ue;sjrKfhla miq lïlremlaIh
wNdjhg .sfha h'

102
• ,xldfõ m<uqjrg ìys jQ ixúOdk.; foaYmd,k jHdmdrh 1919 § msysgqjk ,o ,xld cd;sl
ix.uh hs' fuu ld,fha § i¾ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ïf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a meje;s
,xld m%;sixialrK ,S.h ^Ceylon Reform League& meje;sK' fïjd foaYmd,k mlaI fkdfõ'
iSñ; idudðl;ajhla meje;s" foaYmd,k uyck u;h f.dvke.Sug msysgqjd .kq ,enq iud.ï
h' tfyhska tajd ie<lsh yelafla ,xldfõ ìys jQ mQ¾j-mlaI foaYmd,k ixúOdk f,i h'

• foaYmd,k mlaI ìys ùu" ,xldfõ jHma;ùug mgka .;a foaYmd,k ksfhdack l%uh iy
Pkaon,h miqìï fldgf.k isÿ jQjls' 1931 fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a i¾jck
Pkaoh ,eîu iy ksfhdack wdKavql%uh ;yjqre lsÍu" miq ld,fha § ,xldfõ foaYmd,k
mlaI ìys ùug wjYH miqìfï meje;s m%Odk idOl fol hs'

• tfia jqj;a" 1931 iy 1932 rdcH uka;%K iNd ue;sjrK mj;ajk ,oafoa foaYmd,k mlaIj,g
wkqj fkdfõ' wfmalaIlhka ue;sjrK ;rÕ flf<a ;ks mqoa., wfmalaIlhska f,i h' Tjqka
bÈßhg ±uqfõ ;ks mqoa., foaYmd,k kHdh m;% hs'

• ,xldfõ m%:u kQ;k iy l,amj;akd foaYmd,k mlaIh msysgqjk ,oafoa 1935 foieïn¾ 18 od
h' ta jdudxYsl mlaIhla jQ ,xld iuiudc mlaIh hs' fojeks mlaIh jQ ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ
mlaIh 1943 § msysgqjkq ,eìK' tys wdrïNlfhda" u;jd§ u;fNao ksid ,xld iu iudc
mlaIfhka leã .sh msßila jQy'

• 1930 .Kkaj, ,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha ;snqKq tla ,laIKhla jQfha ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh
jd¾.SlrKhg md;% ùuhs' fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu l< fohla jQfha ta jk úg meje;s jd¾.sl
ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lr" m%foaY u; ilia jQ ksfhdack l%ufha y÷kajd §uhs' tfy;a ta
.ek iq¿ ckjd¾.sl kdhlfhda w;Dma;h s g m;a jQy' rdcH uka;K
% iNdfõ zziu;=,;
s ksfhdack
l%uhlaZZ we;s lrk f,i Tjqyq b,a,d isáh y' ta jk úg foaYmd,k mlaI l%uhla j¾Okh
ù fkd;sîu" ksfhdack foaYmd,kh jd¾.slrKhg Ndckh ùug fya;=jla o úh' isxy, uyd
iNdj" iuia; ,xld øúv ix.uh iy uqia,sï ,S.h ìys jQfha fï ld,fha § h'

• 1946 § tcdmh msysgqjkq ,eîu" ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaIj, j¾Okfha B<Õ jeo.;a ux
i,l=Khs' th msygs j
q k ,oafoa ,xldjg foaYmd,k ksoyi ,eîu;a" Bg fmr kj md¾,sfïka;j = g
uka;%Sjreka f;dardm;a lsÍfï m<uq ue;sjrKh meje;aùu;a hk jeo.;a foaYmd,k isÿùï
fol wfmalI a dfjks' mlaI l%uh u; mokï jQ ksfhdack uQ,O¾uhg wkqj uka;kS% a f;dard.kakd
ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,hla msysgqùu ta jk úg flgqïm;a lr ;snqK fida,anß jHjia:dfjka
wfmalaId flßK' tcdmh msysgqùfï miqìfuys ;snqKq laIKsl idOl fïjd h'

• tys kñka u m%ldY jQ mßÈ" t'cd'm h msysgqjk ,oafoa cd;sl iuÕfha ixfla;hla f,i h'
isxy," øúv iy uqia,sï ck lKavdhï tys Och hg;g f.k tk ,§'

• tcdmh msysgqjkq ,enQ wjia:dfõ iy 1946 ue;sjrKfha § tys m%Odk ;rÕ lrejka jQfha
jdudxYsl mlaI jQ ,xld iuiudc mlaIh iy ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh hs' ue;sjrKfhka
jeäu wdik ixLHdjla ,enqfKa tcdmhg h' tfy;a ;ukag md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;rhla ysñ
fkdjQ ksid tcdmh flf<a" iq¿ mlaI lSmhl;a" iajdëk uka;%Sjrekaf.a;a iyfhda.h we;sj
iNd. wdKAvqjla msysgqùuhs' ,xld lïlre mlaIh iy iuia; ,xld øúv ix.uh tfia
tcdmh iuÕ iNd. wdKavqjlg yjq,a jQ l=vd mlaI folhs'

103
 • tcdmh oDIaájd§uh jYfhka ,snr,a olaIsKdxYsl mlaIhla úh'

• 1951 § tcdmfhka bj;a jQ weia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl iy lKavdhu úiska Y%S,ksmh
msysgqjkq ,eîu" ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha j¾Okh;a B<Õ jeo.;aux i<l=K h' ,xldfõ oaú-
mlaI l%ufha wdrïNh ta fj;ska i<l=Kq úh' miqj wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uhla njg úldYkh
jkafka fï mlaI fol hs'

˜ wêm;s oaú mlaI l%uh'

,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha we;s m%Odk ,laIKh kï th l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla o mj;sk wêm;s oaú-
mlaI l%uhla ùuhs' tcdmh iy Y%S,ksmh hkq wêm;s mlaI fol hs' tu mlaI fofla ue;sjrK
Yla;shg wNsfhda. l< yels ;=kajeks mlaIhla fkdùu" tu mlaI fofla wdêm;Hhg m%Odk
fya;=jla ù we;' tu mlaI fol tlsfklg úl,am md,l mlaI njg o m;a ù isá;s' fï mlaI
fofla wdêm;Hhg wNsfhda. l< fkdyels l=vd mlaIj,g isÿ ù ;sfnkafka l=vd mlaI f,i u
isàug h'

funeúka ,xldfõ mlaI l%uh wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uhlska o iukaú; jk nyq-mlaI l%uhla f,i
o ye¢kaúh yels h' ksoyiska miq tcdmh yd Y%,
S ksmh yer wka mlaIhlg fyda mlaI ixkaOdkhlg
wdKavq n,h ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ù we;' iq¿ mlaIj,g l< yelafla ikaOdk wdKavqj, iNd.
idudðlhka ùug h' ta tcdmh fyda Y%S,ksmh iuÕ h'

tcdmh ;kshu fyda l=vd mlaI iuÕ ikaOdk.;j wdKavq msysgqùu 1947-52" 1952-56" 1965-70"
1977-94" 2001-2003 iy 2015 hk jirj, § iu;a ù we;' Y%S,ksmh ;ksju fyda l=vd mlaI iuÕ
ikaOdk.;j fyda 1956-60" 1960-65" 1970-77" 1994-2001" 2004-2015 hk ld,j, wdKAvq msysgqjd
we;' 2015 § th tcdmh kdhl;ajh fok ikaOdk wdKAvqjl yjq,alrefjl= úh'

oDIaájd§uh jYfhka tcdmh .;dkq.;sl ,snr,a jdohg nr h' Y%,

S ksmfha u;jdoh cd;sljdofha;"a
;=kafjks f,dal iudcjdofha;a ixl,khls'

˜ jdudxYsl mlaI

m%udKfhka iy md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackfhka l=vd jqj;a" jdudxYsl mlaI ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha
jeo.;a wx.hla f,i mj;S' jdudxYsl mlaI jk ,xld iu iudc mlaIh ^,iimh& yd fldñhqkis Ü
a
mlaIh ^fldmh& ,xldfõ ±kg mj;sk merKs; u foaYmd,k mlaI hs'

jdudxYsl mlaI oDIaájd§ mlaI f,i o ye¢kaúh yels h' tajd oDIaájdohla úiska uÕ fmkajkq
,eîu thg fya;=j hs' jdudxYsl mlaIj, idudkH oDIaájdoh iudcjdohhs' jfï mlaI Y%S,ksmh
iuÕ iNd. wdKavq o we;slrf.k ;sfí' 1956 § ,iimfhka leã fjka jQ ms,sma .=Kj¾Okf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;a lKavdhula Y%S,ksmh iuÕ tl;=j uyck tlai;a fmruqKq iNd.h f.dv
k.d wdKAvqjla o msysgqù h' 1964 § iy 1970 § ,iimh iy fldm" Y%S,ksmh iu.z iNd.j,g tla
jQy' fuu iNd. ikaOdkh 1994-2001" 2004-2014 hk ld,j, o meje;sK'

jdudxYsl mlaIk ,xldfõ iudc iqN idOkh" ksoyia wOHdmkh" úfoaYSh fjf<| iud.ï
cki;= lsÍu" bvï m%;is xialrK" ÿ.S ck;djf.a wd¾Ól-iudc whs;j
s dislï" lïlre whs;j
s dislï"
iq¿cd;sl m%cdjkaf.a NdId whs;sjdislï iy iudc idOrK;ajh i|yd jQ wr.,j, fmruqfKka
u l%shdlr we;' tu mlaIj,g Yla;su;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s mokula o ;sìK'

104
 1960 .Kkaj, ueo § ,xldfõ jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha Odrd folla u;= úh' tajd kï zzmerKsZZ ju
iy zzkjZZ juhs' merKs ju f,i y÷kd .ekqfKa ,xld iu iudc iy fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh'
idOl folla úiska merKs jfï wkkH;dj kS¾Kh flßK' m<uqjekak kï zzOkjd§ZZ mlaIhla
f,i jfï mlaI úiska i<lkq ,enQ Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh iuÕ ikaOdk wdKavq msysgqùfï
uQf,damdh ,xld iu iudc iy fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh úiska ms<s.kq ,eîuhs' lïlre mka;s
úma,jfha b,lalh w;yer oud iudcjdoh i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= udj; f;dard .ekSu fojekak
hs'

lïlre mka;s úma,jfha yelshdj iy wjYH;dj .ek È.g u úYajdih ;enQ kj ju" iudcjdoh
i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= uQf,damdh m%;slafIam flf<a h' Y%S,ksmh fyda zzOkm;sZZ mlaI iuÕ we;s
lrk ikaOdk foaYmd,k h o Tjqyq neyer l<y'

zzkj juZZ ksfhdackh l< mlaI w;r ,iim ^úma,jldÍ&" fldm ^Ök ms,& kj iuiudc mlaIh
iy ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK m%Odk tajd h'

ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK iïnkaOfhka n,k úg th ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI w;r úfYaI;ajhla
;sfnkakls' th uq,ska wfkla jdudxYsl mlaI ish,a,g u jvd /äl,ajd§ jQ zzúma,jjd§ZZ
mlaIhla úh' ikakoaO wr.,hla ud¾.fhka rdcH n,h w;am;a lr .ekSug l%shd l< tl u
jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mlaIh jkafka o cúfmh hs' tfy;a 1990 .Kkaj, § isÿ jQfha cúfm
ikakoaO wr.,fha udj; w;yer oud md¾,sfïka;= foaYmd,kh ms<s .ekSu hs' j¾;udkfha §
cúfm" uOHu uÜgñka /äl,ajd§ jk ^Moderately radical& md¾,sfïka;= mlaIhla f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h'

˜ ckjd¾.sl mlaI'

kQ;k foaYmd,k kHdfha ckjd¾.sl mlaI .ek w¾: ksrEmKh lr we;af;a wka jd¾.sl lKavdhï
neyer lrñka" tla ksYaÑ; jd¾.sl lKavdhul fyda lsysmhl wNs,dI ch.%yKh lrùug l%shd
lrñka" Pkao odhlhskag wdhdpkd lrk mlaI f,i h' ^ldkaLka pkaød" 2005& ckjd¾.sl
wkkH;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a ù ;sfnk j¾;udk ld,fha" nyqjd¾.sl iudcj, jd¾.sl
mlaI j¾Okh ùfï kj m%jK;djla mj;S'

,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha úfYaI ,laIKhla ù ;sfnkafka jd¾.sl mlaI .Kkdjla u
;sîu hs' foaYmd,k fm<.eiaùfï § jd¾.sl wkkH;dj fhdod .ekSu ,xldfõ foaYmd,khg
w¨;a fohla fkdfõ' th úisjeks ishji uq,a ld,fha §" ksfhdack l%uh y÷kajd ÿka wjêfha isg
mej;=Kls' ksoyiska miq ld,fha § th jvd;a Yla;su;a úh' 1980 .Kka j, ckjd¾.sl hqoaOfha
miqìu ;=< fuu m%jK;dj ;j;a j¾Okh úh'

øúv ix.uh iy f*vr,a mlaIh fou< NdIdj l:d lrk ck;djf.a wNs,dI fjkqfjka
msysgqjk ,o uq,a mlaI folls' bkamiqj" úfYaIfhka isxy, ck;djf.a wNs,dI ksfhdackh lrk
mlaIhla f,i Y%S,ksmh ìys jqj o" th iq¿ck lKavdhïj,g o wdhdpkh l< mlaIhla úh'
cd;sl úuqla;s fmruqK" isxyf,a uyd iïu; N+ñ mq;% mlaIh" iy cd;sl fy< Wreuh isxy,
ck;djf.a wNs,dI ksfhdackh lsÍug ìys jQ l=vd mlaI hs'

jd¾.sl mlaIj, iajNdjfha fjkila 1980 .Kkaj, § isÿ úh' tla ckjd¾.sl lKavdhulg
muKla wdhdpkd lrk jd¾.sl mlaI ìysjQfha fï ld,fha § h' isxy," W;=re kef.kysr fou<"

105
 Wvrg fou< iy uqia,sï Pkaoodhlhskag fjk fjk u wdhdpkd lSÍu tajdfha úfYaI;ajh úh'
Y%S ,xld uqia,sï fldka.%ih 1987 § ìys úh' Wvrg fou< lïlrejka ksfhdackh lrk ,xld
lïlre ix.uhg wu;rj Wvrg uyck fmruqK ìysjQfha o fï ld,fha h' jd¾.sl isxy, mlaI
.Kkdjla o fï ld,fha ìys úh' cd;sl fy< Wreuh thska m%Odk h'

W;=re-kef.kysr øúv ck;djg muKla wdhdpkd lrk kj fou< mlaI lsysmhla o 1980
.Kkaj, § ìys úh' B<dï cd;sl uyck mlaIh ^EPDP& iy B<dï uyck úma,jjd§ úuqla;s
fmruqK ^EPRLF& tajd w;ßka ;ju;a foaYmd,kfha il%Shj fh§ isák mlaI fj;s' fï mlaI
fndfyduhla uq, § ler,sldr mlaI f,i l%shd l<y' miqj Tjqyq ikakoaO wr.,h w;yer oud
md¾,sfïka;= udj; f;dard .;a y'

úuqla;s fldá ixúOdkh ^LTTE& fou< jd¾.sl mlaI w;r úfYaI ia:dkhla .kakls' Pkao
odhlhska ixúOdkh lrk mlaIhla fkdjQ ksid th foaYmd,k mlaIhla f,i j¾.SlrKh lsÍu
myiq ke;' W;=re-kef.kysr meje;s fou< jd¾.sl ikakoaO wr.,hg kdhl;ajh §u th oYl
;=kla muK lr we;s foaYmd,khhs' md¾,sfïka;= mlaIhla njg mßj¾;kh ùu ms<sn| cúfm
wdo¾Yh th ms<s.;af;a ke;' wjidkfha § th hqouh jYfhka mrdchg m;a úh' ta 2009 uehs
udifha § h'

kHdhsl jYfhka foaYmd,k mlaIhla u fkdjQj;a" miq.sh oYl ;=kl ld,h ;=< ,xldfõ øúv
iudcfha foaYmd,khg jeäu n,mEula isÿ lr we;af;a t,aààBhhs' foaYmd,k mlaI fkdjk
fujeks foaYmd,k jHdmdr iy ixúOdk ìysùu" foaYmd,k mlaI ms<sn| foaYmd,k úoHd
kHdhg o wNsfhda.hla ù we;'

˜ mlaI l%uh iy iNd. foaYmd,kh'

mlaI lsysmhla w;r we;sjk iNd. wdKavq msysgqùu ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;= foaYmd,kfha 1947
mgka olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIKhls' zzfoaYmd,k mlaI folla fyda lsysmhla fmdÿ jev
ms<sfj,la ;=<ska fmdÿ foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug msysgqjk yjq,a wdKavqjZZ hkqfjka
iNd. wdKavqjla hkak w¾: ±laúh yels h' iNd. wdKavqjla f.dv kef.kafka md¾,sfïka;=fõ
wdik úYd, ixLHdjla ;sfnk mlaIhla jgd" wdik iaj,am ixLHdjla ysñ mlaIhla fyda
lsysmhla o tl;= ùfuks'

wdKavqjla msysgqùug wjYH md¾,sfïka;= nyq;rh iq¿ mlaIj, wdOdrfhka ,nd .ekSu iNd.
wdKavq msyg
s ù
q ug we;s idudkH fya;j
= hs' mlaI lsym
s hl iïm;a tlg tl;=lr ue;sjrK ch.%yKh
lsÍfï bv m%ia:d ÈhqKq lr .ekSu mq¾j-ue;sjrK ikaOdk msysgqùug ;=vq Èh yels idOlh hs'
mYapd;a-ue;sjrK iNd. we;sjkafka wdKavq msysgq ùug we;s md¾,sfïka;= nyq;rh ,nd .ekSfï
wjYH;dj u; h'

ue;sjrK l%u" mlaI l%u" iy iNd. wdKavq msyg

s ù
q ug ;=vq fok fldkafoais w;r lsÜgq iïnkaO;djla
;sfí' ,xldfõ w;a±lSu kï" ir, nyq;r iy iudkqmd;sl hk ue;sjrK l%u fol hgf;a u'
iNd. wdKavq msysgqjkq ,eîuhs' tfia ùug m%Odk fya;=j foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufha iajNdjh hs
tkï wêm;s oaúmlaI l%uhla iy l=vd mlaI úYd, m%udKhla mej;Su hs'

wm fï mdvfï § uq, § ÿgq mßÈ ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha úfYaI ,laIK folla ;sfí' ^w& th nyq-
mlaI l%uhls' iy ^wd& th wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uhlska iukaú; nyq mlaI l%uhls' nyq mlaI

106
 l%uhl idudkHfhka isÿjkafka m%Odk mlaI tlla fyda folla iuÕ l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla o
il%shj meje;Su h'

by; lS ,laIK fol iy ,xldfõ iNd. wdKAvq msysgqùu we;s m%jK;dj;a w;r we;s iïnkaOh
±ka wms úNd. lruq'

• nyq mlaI l%uhl isÿúh yels fohla kï" l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdik fn§
hdu;a" md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .ekSug ;ks m%Odk mlaIhla wiu;a
ùu;a h' túg u;=jk ;;a;ajh kï" ;uka yd tlaj iNd. wdKavqjla msysgqjk f,i jeä
wdik m%udKhla ysñ tfy;a md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;rhla ke;s m%Odk mlaIh" l=vd mlaIj,g
wdrdOkd lsÍuhs' 1947" 1965 iy 1994 iNd. wdKavq ,xldfõ we;s jQfha fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a
h'

• nyq mlaI l%uhl §" m%Odk mlaIhla" l=vd mlaI lsysmhla iuÕ mQ¾j-ue;sjrK ikaOdkhla
f.dv ke.sh yels h' tfia lrkafka ue;sjrKfha § wdKavqjla msysgqùug wjYH nyq;r wdik
ixLHdjla Èkd .ekSug we;s YlH;dj ÈhqKqlr .ekSu i|yd h' ue;sjrKfhka miq tu mQ¾j-
ue;sjrK ikaOdkh mYapd;a-ue;sjrK iNd. wdKavqjla njg m;a fõ' ,xldfõ 1956" 1970"
1994" 2001" 2005 iy 2015 hk jirj, ìysjqfKa fujeks iNd. wdKavqhs'

• ,xldfõ ;sfnkakdla fuka" wêm;s mlaI folla mj;sk úg" l=vd mlaIj,g idudkHfhka
ch.; yelafla wdh;k iaj,am m%udKhka h' tu mlaIj,g ;ukaf.a u wdKavqjla msysgqjd
.ekSug wjia:djla ,efnkafka u ke;' ieuodu úmlaIfha u /£ isàfï úl,amfhka fíÍug
Tjqka bÈßfha we;s l%shdud¾.h jkafka m%Odk mlaIhla iuÕ iNd. wdKavqjlg tl;= ùu h'
tfia jqj;a" wdik lsysmhla muKla ysñ l=vd mlaIj,g mjd leìkÜ wud;H Oqr o ,ndf.k"
wdKavq l%shdj,shg iyNd.S úh yels h'

˜ iudf,dapkh

wm fuu mdvfï l< idlÉPdfjka u;= jQ uQ,sl woyia my; i|yka mßÈ h'

• ,xldfõ wjqreÿ oYl wgl b;sydihla we;s mlaI l%uhla ;sfí'

• tu mlaI l%uh wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uhla iys; nyq-mlaI l%uhls'
• l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla ;sîu ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha ,laIKhls'
• ,xldfõ iNd. wdKavq m%jK;dj" wêm;s oaú-mlaI l%uh iuÕ <Õska u iïnkaO h'
• ckjd¾.sl mlaI ìys ùu" ,xldfõ mlaI l%ufha ksrka;rj we;s m%jK;djls'

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' .fõIK - lKavdhï l%shdldrlula f,i lrkak

á Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh ms<sn| my; i|yka ud;Dld hgf;a .fõIKh
lrkak'

• mlaI l%ufha wdrïNh iy m%jK;d

• wêm;s oaú mlaI l%uh
• jdudxYsl yd l=vd mlaI

107
 • jd¾.sl yd l=vd mlaI
• foaYmd,k mlaI iy iNd.
• mlaI l%uh iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh

á lKavdhï ld¾hfhys ksr; ùfuka miq j .fõIK jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj
,nd fokak

2' .fõIK - Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI ms<sn| iólaIKhla mj;ajd by; i|yka f;aud
hgf;a u jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka:

01' wdßhodi" lS¾;s" ^2014&" foaYmd,k mlaI( kHdhsl ye¢kaùula" rdc.sßh( woyia m%ldYk'

02. chj¾Ok" l=udß" ,xldfõ lïlre jHdmdrfha b;sydih'

03. Amarasinghe, Ranjith, (2000), Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study
of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Social Scientist's Association.

04. Jayawardena, Kumari, (1972), Rise of the Labour Moverment in Ceylon, Colombo: Social
Scientists Association.

03. Jayawadena, Kumari, Origins of the Life Movement ifn Sri Lanka, Colombo: Sanjiva Books.

04. La Palombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron, 1966, Political Parties and Political Development,
Priceton; Priceton University Press.

05. Shastri, Amita and Uyangoda Jayadeva, (2018), Political parties in Sri Lanka: Change and
Continutity, Delhi: Oxford University Press.

06. Woodward, Calvin, (1969), The Growth of a Party System in Ceylon, Providence: Brown
University Press.

108
 14' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh

ksmqK;dj 14 (- cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha iajNdjh yd m%jK;d y÷kdf.k woyia olajhs'

^ld,Éfþo 55 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
14'1' cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha fjkialï fjka fldg y÷kd.kshs'
14'2' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk l%shdOrhka y÷kd.ksñka
woyia olajhs'
14'3' cd;sl n,h iy cd;sl wNs,dIj, iajrEmh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
14'4' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha j¾;udk m%jK;d y÷kdf.k tajd meyeÈ,s lrhs'
14'5' cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d ,xldjg wod< j y÷kdf.k
ú.%y lrhs'

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh w;r we;s fjkialï y÷kdf.k tajd
ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha § jeo.;a jk wdh;k iy l%shdOrhka y÷kd .kshs'
Ÿ cd;sl n,h iy cd;sl wNs,dI hk ixl,am w¾: olajhs'
Ÿ j¾;udk f,dal foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ kj f,dal foaYmd,k m%jK;d ,xldjg n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ye¢kaùu (-
fuu úIh tallh uÕska uQ,sl jYfhka cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha iajNdjh
jgyd .ekSu;a" cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha m%Odk wx. jk rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk l%shd
Orfhda ljqreka o" Tjqka foaYmd,kh ;=< yeisfrkafka flfia o" iy cd;sl rdcHhka
;u meje;au Wfoid cd;sl n,h yd cd;sl wNs,dI yiqrejkafka flfia o hkak
idlÉPd flf¾' tfuka u cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha m%Odk m%jK;d jk nyqO%eùh
^Multipolar& f,dal l%uh" úl,am cd;Hka;r in|;d" iy kj iudc jHdmdr iy
ler,sldr jHdmdr" hk fïjd l%shd;aul jkafka flfia o@ hkak;a úuid nef,a'
úfYaIfhka u cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d ,xldjg wod<
jkafka l=uk wdldrhg o hkak;a wOHhkh lsÍu fuu ud;Dldj uÕska wfmalaId
flf¾'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

14' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh

cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ^International Politics& hkafkys ir, jdpHd¾:h jkafka cd;Ska w;r
foaYmd,kh ^politics among nations& hkak hs' fuys§ cd;Ska hkafkka ksoyia" fN!ñl" iajdêm;s
cd;sl rdcH woyia flf¾'

14'1' cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha fjkialï (-

cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ks¾jpkh lsÍfuys ,d jvd;a idïm%odhsl iy ckm%sh Wmdh ud¾.h

ù we;af;a th cd;sl foaYmd,kh ^National Politics& iuÕ iei£u hs' fuu iei£u foaYmd,k
úoHdj ;=< m%Odk úfNaokhla ^great divide& f,i y÷kd.efka ^Ian Clark - 1989& cd;sl

109
foaYmd,kh hkq rdcHhka wNHka;rfhys foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍu hs' rdcHfha wNHka;r
wdh;ksl jHQyh" n,h" rdcH iy tys wdh;k iuÕ mqrjeishd mj;ajk in|;dj" tlS
in|;dj ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd iy újrKh lsÍu i|yd f.dv kÕd we;s jHQy wdÈh cd;sl
foaYmd,kh wOHhkfha § jeo.;a ud;Dld fõ' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh foaYmd,k úoHdj
;=< u Wm-YslaIKhla f,i j¾Okh ùu fuu fjkfia m%;sM,hls'

cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh hkq rdcHhkaf.a ke;fyd;a mq¿,a w¾:fhka i,lk l< cd;Skaf.a
ndysr in|;d hs' cd;Hka;r in|;d meje;aùfï § rdcHfhys b;d ixlS¾K in|;d cd, iy
tlS in|;d jvd;a úêu;a lsÍu i|yd ixúOdk cd, f.dv kÕd f.k we;' tksid u
cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ;=< yqfola rdcHhka w;r mj;akd in|;d muKla fkdj fmr lS
ixlS¾K in|;d yev.iajk úê" Wmdh ud¾. iy ixúOdk cd, o wka;¾.; fõ'

• rdcHh ;=< tys n,h yeisrùu msKsi wdKAvqj ^Government& m%uqL;u foaYmd,k
tallh jYfhka l%shd;aul fõ' cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< tjka n,dêldrhlska hq;=
wdKavqjla olakg fkd,efí' tksid u cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ;=< w;HjYfhka u
we;s úh yels wrdðl Ndjh ^Anarchy& wju lsÍu i|yd fmdÿ iïuq;Ska" iyfhda.s;d
ixúOdk" f,dal ixúOdk iy ffk;sl fuka u wdpdr O¾óh wdh;k iy ms<s.ekSï
rdYshla f.dv keÕS we;'

• cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍfï § tys wkH l%shdOrhka f,i tlS wdh;k
iy ixúOdk moaO;sh l%shd;aul fõ' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k moaO;sh l%shd;aul jkafka
tu ixúOdk moaO;sh ud¾.fhks' ta wkqj cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh wOHhkfha § tys
uqLH l%shdOrhd jk rdcH ms<sn| wOHhkh flf¾'

• tfuka u cd;Hka;r in|;d iy foaYmd,kh úYaf,aIKh flfrk kHdh ^Theories

of international politics& y÷kd .ekSu o jeo.;a h' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh b;d ixlS¾K
lafIa;%hla jk neúka tlS kHdh u.ska lsishï úêu;a y÷kd.ekSula iemhS we;'

• f,dj lsis ÿ rdcHhla iyuq,ska u yqol,d iy iajhxfmdaIs; fkdjk neúka j¾;udk

rdcH b;d ±ä j cd;Hka;r wd¾Ólh iuÕ in|;d mj;ajhs' cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól
in|;d cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfhys yev.eiau ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd b;d ixfõ§ f,i
n,mEï lrhs' ta ksid u cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh ^International political economy&
cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh wOHhkfhys jeo.;a ud;Dldjla njg m;a fõ'

• fmdÿ kS;s moaO;shla iïuq;s.; j f.dv kÕd .;a wdKAvqjla ±lSu m%dfhda.sl fkdjk
ksid cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh lsishï wrdðl iy wkdrlaIs; iajNdjhlska o hqla;
fõ' fulS ldrKh ksid u f.da,Sh wdrlaIdj ^Global Security& cd;Hka;r l%ufhys
m¾hdh ^Order in international system& iy iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
cd;Hka;r wdrlaIdj wOHhkh o" tlS wdrlaIdjg we;sù we;s ;¾ckj, iajNdjh"
tn÷ ;¾ck jHdma; iy j¾Okh jQ l, we;s jk .egqï iy tu .egqï ksrdlrKh
lrk wdh;k yd l%ufõo o wms cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh wOHhkfha § wjOdkhg
fhduq lrkafkuq'

110
 fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j kej;;a tjka f,dal mßudK jHikhla we;s ùu
je<elaùu msKsi f,dal jdiSyq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh f.dv kÕd .;ay' th
f,dal md,k tallhla ^Unit of Global Governance& njg m;a úh hq;= o" hk újdoh
o cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k in|;dj,§ mek keÕ=K .eg¨jla jQfha h' tneúka tlai;a
cd;Ska ^United Nations& iy ta yd iïnkaO foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu o cd;Hka;r
foaYmd,kfha jeo.;a ud;Dldjla fõ'

• cd;Hka;r iudch hkq ksrka;r fjkiaùïj,g ,lajk" .;sl m%mxphls' ta ksid u

f.da,h
S m%jK;d ^Golobal Trends& iy f.da,h
S lrKh ^Globalization& ms<n
s | wOHhkh
lsÍu o cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha úIh m:h ;=< jeo.;a fõ'

14'2' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha rdcH iy rdcH fkdjk l%shdOrfhda (-

cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha yevh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd tys wkkH l%shdOrhskaf.a yeisÍu ;Srl
idOlhla njg m;afõ' mq¿,a jYfhka idlÉPd lrk l,ays cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha m%Odk
l%shdOrfhda j¾. folls'

^I& cd;sl rdcH iy wka;¾cd;sl-rdcH ixúOdk

^II& rdcH fkdjk l%shdOrfhda ^Non-State Actors&

I cd;sl rdcHh (-
kQ;k f,dalh foaYmd,k jYfhka iukaú; jkafka cd;sl-rdcHh kï jQ foaYmd,k
tallj,sks' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" cd;sl rdcHhka hkq kQ;k f,dal l%uh
iukaú; jk tall hs' kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh mßKduh ùug mgka .kafka oyy;ajeks
ishjfia ueo Nd.fha isg hqfrdamfha h' fjiaÜf*a,shdkq .súiqï cd;sl-rdcHj,ska
iukaú; kQ;k f,dal l%ufha mßKdufha wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i ie<fla' cd;Hka;r
foaYmd,kh hkq uQ,sl jYfhka u cd;sl rdcHhka w;r mj;sk foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól"
hqo-uQf,damdhsl iy ixialD;sl wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajhka h'

hqfrdamd cd;Ska .Kkdjla iïnkaO fjñka 1618 isg j¾Okh jQ ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh
^Thirty Years War& iudma; lrñka hqfrdamd cd;Ska w;r 1648 § iïuq;s.; jQ .súiqï
iuQyh fjiaÜf*a,h s d idu iïuq;s ^Westphalia Peace Treaties& f,i ye¢kafõ' cd;Hka;r
foaYmd,kh ;=< fï idu iïuq;s lemS fmfkkafka tajdhska hqfrdamfha m%Odk rdcH
w;r fN!ñl jmißh ;SrKh ùu;a" cd;Skaf.a iajdêm;Hh ms<sn| uQ,sl woyia fmdÿ
ms<.
s ekSulg ,la ùu;a fya;f = jks' tu woyia kQ;k fN!ñl iajdêm;s cd;sl rdcHfhys
ixúê; uQ,drïNh o fmdaIKh lf<a h' fï fj;ska kQ;k rdcHh ms<sn| m%Odk
woyia folla ìysúh' bka m<uqjekak kï kQ;k cd;sl rdcH kQ;k fN!ñl rdcHh
iuÕ wkkH ùuhs' fojekak kQ;k rdcHfha mrudêm;Hh wfkl=;a cd;sl rdcHhka
úiska o ms<s.kq ,eîu h' fN!ñl rdcH ^Territorial& hkq" ksYaÑ; N+ñ m%foaYhla ;=<"
ksYaÑ; iy idfmalaIl jYfhka wkuH foaY iSud iys; rdcHh' fï ,laIK fol
ksid kQ;k rdcHh mQ¾j-kQ;k rdcHfhka fjkia fjhs'

miqld,Sk j fuu fmdÿ ms<s.ekSï f,dal jHdma; jQ w;r cd;sl rdcH cd;Hka;r
foaYmd,kfha m%Odk;u foaYmd,k tallh njg m;a jQfha h' ta wkqj cd;sl rdcHh
^Nation State& wo jk f;la u cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha m%Odk l%shdOrhd jYfhka
y÷kd .efka' uQ,sl jYfhka cd;sl rdcH w;r in|;d zzcd;Hka;r in|;dZZ jYfhka
w¾: ±lafjkafka tfyhsks'

111
 fumßÈ cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ixúOdkh ù ;sfnkafka cd;sl rdcH w;r wka;¾
l%h
s dldß;ajhka jYfhks' cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d kï jQ YslI
a Kh ;=< uQ,l
s ú.%yd;aul
tallh jkafka cd;sl rdcH hs'

II wka;¾ cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk (-

cd;Hka;r iudch ish in|;d myiq lr .ekSu i|yd;a" úêu;a lsßu iy fmdÿ
fi!Nd.H we;s lr.ekSu i|yd;a" úúO wxY hgf;a f.dvkÕd f.k we;s ixúOdk
iuQyh wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk ^Inter-Governmental Organizations& jYfhka
ye¢kafõ' fï i|yd we;s m%Odk;u ksoiqk jkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhhs'
^United Nations Organization& j¾;udkfha f.da,h
S l%uh ;=<" lsym
s hla yereKq fldg
fiiq ish¨ cd;sl rdcH tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðl;ajh ,nd f.k we;'

óg wu;r j úúOdldr wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr.ekSu wrnhd wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk

f.dvkÕdf.k we;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s fõ'

• l,dmSh ixúOdk(-
rdcH ;=klg jeä ixLHdjla idudðl;ajh ork wka;¾ rdcH l,dmSh ixúOdk
^Rigional Organizations& Wod( SAARC, ASEAN, EU.

• wdrlaIl n, ixúOdk Wod( W;=re w;a,dka;sla .súiqï ixúOdkh ^NATO&

• wd¾Ól wruqKq iys; j msysgqjd .;a wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk' Wod( fojk
f,dal ix.%dufhka miq f,dal wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;j a hg m;a lsÍfï wNs,dIfhka
msyg
s j
q d.;a fí%Ükajâ
q ia ixúOdk cd,h" ^Bretten Woods Systems& tkï m%Odk
jYfhka cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, yd f,dal nexl= ixúOdk cd,h

III rdcH fkdjk l%shdOrhka (-

1' wka;¾cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk (-

cd;sl rdcHhkaf.a ks, foaYmd,k ksfhdackh m%Odk idudðl;aj iajrEmh njg m;a
fkdjQ cd;Hka;r ixúOdk cd,h wka;¾cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ^International
Non-Governmental Organizations& jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fuu ixúOdkj, uQ,l s ,laIKh
jkafka úfYaIs; jQ wruqKla" wruqKq lsysmhla fyda ksYaÑ; úIh lafIa;%hla fyda
ksfhdackh lrñka rdcHfhka iajdëk j iy msg; f.dv keÕSu hs' úisjk Y;j¾Ifha
fojk Nd.h ;=< b;d YS>%fhka f,dal jHdma; jQ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ixLHdj wo
jk úg 5000 o blaujd we;s njg ks, jd¾;d fmkajd fohs' fuu ixúOdkj,
l%shdldß;ajh udkj whs;sjdislï iq/lSfï isg ^Human Rights Watch, Amnesty
International& i;a;j
a whs;k
s a iqrlaI;
s lsÍu f;la o ^World Wildlife Fund& úyso ;sfí'

2' nyq cd;sl iud.ï iy ixúOdk ^mdr cd;sl ixúOdk& (-

cd;sl rdcHj, foaY iSud úksúo hñka f.dv keÕS we;s f.da,Sh mßudK jHdmdr
ixúOdk cd,h mdr cd;sl ixúOdk ^Trans-National Organizations& kñka ye¢kafõ'
tajd jkdyS rgj,a iy uyoaùm yryd" f,dal uÜgfuka l¾udka;" nexl= iy jdKsc
lghq;=j, fhfok n,iïmkak iud.ï h' j¾;udk cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< iuyr
rdcHhkag;a jvd iïm;a iy m%d.aOkh yiqrejk wdh;k moaO;sh njg m;a ù we;af;a

112
 fuu mdr cd;sl iud.ï h' rdcHhkaf.a foaYiSud úksúo hñka cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k
yd m%;m
s ;a;s moaO;Skg
a mjd n,mEï lsÍfï yelshdj fuu mdr cd;sl iud.ï w;alrf.k
we;' ^WodyrK f,i fldald flda,d" w,sndnd" wem,a" fkiaÜf,a" uhsfl%dfid*aÜ jeks
cd;Hka;r iud.ï" nexl= iy rlaIK iud.ï .; yels h&

IV lS¾;su;a mqoa.,fhda ^Eminent Persons& (-

cd;sl rdcH iy cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yereKq fldg we;eïúg cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha

iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍug n,mdk mqoa.,fhda o biau;= fj;s'
é Tjqka we;eï úg wd.ñl kdhlhska úh yels h'
Wod(- Y=oaO jQ mdma jykafia" o,hs,dud ;=ud
é tfia;a ke;fyd;a fmdÿ iïuq;Skaf.ka f.dv kÕd.;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,
;Srlhka úh yels h'
Wod(- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha uy f,alïjrhd'
é tfuka u kQ;k n,;=,kh iy h:d¾:h ;=< n,j;a rdcHhkaf.a kdhlhka
o" cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh i|yd ;SrKd;aul j n,mE yels h' WodyrK
jYfhka wefußldkq ckdêm;s nrdla Tndud" weußldfõ ysgmq ckdOm;s ì,a
la,skagka" ì%;dkHfha ysgmq w.ue;s fgdaks íf,hd¾" wef,laiekav¾ mqàka'

V ;%ia;jd§ lKavdhï (-
j¾;udk cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ;=< m%Odk;u .eg¨jla f,i ;%i; a jdoh ^Terrorism&
y÷kd .efka' rdcHhkaf.a foaY iSud úksúo hñka ish¨ wdrlaIl ixúOdk yd moaO;s
wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdk cd,h cd;Hka;r foaYmd,khg n,mEï
lrñka isá;s'

Okjd§ rdcH moaO;sh;a" iudcjd§ rdcH moaO;sh;a w;r jQ ksrú ix.%duh ^Cold War&
wjika jQ ;;a;ajhla hgf;a f.da,Sh iduhg t,a, jQ m%Odk;u wNsfhda.h jkafka
;%ia;jdoh hs'

;%ia;jdoh ms<sn| .eg¨j f,dal foaYmd,k kHdh m;%hg f.k taug ;=vq § we;s b;d
uE;ld,Sk j¾Okh ù ;sfnkafka w,a Lfhod iy ISIS jeks ixúOdk wefußldkq iy
ngysr rdcHj,g tfrysj hqoaO m%ldY lrk ;;a;ajhla o we;s lrñka" ;%ia;jd§
ixúOdk cd, mq¿,a ùu hs'

;%ia;jd§ ixúOdkj, b,lal jkafka isú,a jeishka" rdcH wdh;k fuka u" k.r hs'
tajd l%shdlrkafka cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r kS;shg msg;ska h' tneúka wdKavq ;%ia;jd§
jHdmdrj,g idudkHfhka m%;spdr olajkafka hqouh jYfhks' uE;ld,fha § isÿ jQ
zz;%i;
a jdoh cd;Hka;rlrKh ùuZZ g t,a, ù we;s m%;p
s drh kï wefußldj kdhl;ajh
fok zz;%ia;jdohg tfrys f.da,Sh hqoaOhZZ Èh;a lrkq ,eîu hs' tys m%;sM,h ù
;sfnkafka cd;Hka;r iduh" m¾hdh iy wdrlaIdjg ;%ia;jdofhka t,a, ù we;s
;¾ckh ixlS¾K f,dal uÜgfï foaYmd,k .eg¨jla njg m;a ùu h' th foaYmd,k
úµdj iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh hk úIhhkaf.a m%Odk f;audjla o ù ;sfí'

kj m%jK;d

by; lS m%Odk l%shdOrhkag wu;r j cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha iajNdjh ;SrKh

lsÍfuys ,d mdßißl n,mEï ^úfYaIfhka f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu" c, ysÕh" iajdNdúl

113
 jHik" fi!LH .eg¨ ^kso( HIV/AIDS&" hkdÈh o ;SrKd;aul n,mEula isÿ lrhs'
mDÓúfha fN!ñl f.da,fhys we;s iïm;a udkj m%cdjf.a Wmfhda.S;djg w;sYh iSud
iys; neúka c, f.da,fha wd¾Ól iïm;a Ndú;hg .ekSu i|yd uE; ld,Sk j
cd;Hka;r rdcH ixúOdk ìysfjñka mj;S' WodyrK( Indian Ocean Rim Association-
IORA, BIMSTEC-.Bengal Bay Initiation for Multi-Sectoral Technological and Economic
Coorperation tfiau HIV/AIDS fya;=fldgf.k cd;Hka;r whs;Ska iy m%;sm;a;s
rduqjla ks¾udKh ù ;sîu o WodyrK f,i ±laúh yels h'

14'3' cd;sl n,h iy cd;sl wNs,dI (-

• cd;Ska ish foaYmd,k yeisÍfï §" §¾>ld,Sk jYfhka ish wdrlaIdj;a" fi!Nd.Hh;a msKsi
orkakd jQ wNs,dIhka iy wdYd cd;sl wNs,dI ^National Interest& jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'

• fïjd foaYmd,k wNs,dI" wd¾Ól fyda ixialD;sl fyda wNs,dI o úh yels h' fndfyda úg
cd;sl wNs,dI" tla tla cd;Ska i;= cd;sl n,fha m%ldYkhla úh yels h' n,hg iudkqmd;sl
f,i wNs,dIhka ±Íu f.da,Sh foaYmd,kfhys ,d jvd;a h:d¾: jd§ fõ'

• rdcHhka iajlSh cd;sl wNs,dI uqÿkam;a lr.kakd udOH ^Means& fyda Wmdh ud¾. ^Strategies&
fyda rdYshla mj;S' ta w;=ßka jvd;a ms<s.;a iy m%p,s; Wmdh ud¾.h jkafka rdc;dka;%sl
in|;dj hs ^Diplomacy&'

• rdcHhkaf.a rdcH;dka;%sl in|;d fufyhjkafka tajdfha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ^Foreign Policy&

udOH fldgf.k h'

• m%pdrKh ^Propaganda&" rdcHhka ish cd;sl wNs,dI ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd fhdod.kakd
;j;a udOHhla fõ'

• rdcHhka cd;sl wNs,dI uqÿka muqKqjd .kakd ;j;a udOHhla f,i wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾. o
y÷kd.; yels h' rdcHhka tlsfkl w;r jk wd¾Ól .súiqï" Kh" m%odk iy fjk;a wdOdr
wdY%fhka cd;sl wNs,dI m%o¾Ykh lrk wdldrh ksoiqka jYfhka ±laúh yels h'

• ikaOdk .; ùï iy .súiqï .; ùu o ^Alliances and Treaties& rdcHhka ish cd;sl wNs,dI

uqÿkam;a lr.ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk ;j;a l%ufõohla fõ' fuu ikaOdk.; ùï foaYmd,k
ikaOdk" wdrlaIl ikaOdk ^NATO, SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS&" fyda wd¾Ól ikaOdk ^EEC,
TPP-Trans-Pacific Partnership& úh yels h'

• we;eï wjia:dj, § rdcHhka ish cd;sl wNs,dIhka uqÿkam;a lr.ekSug zn,hZ ^coercive
means& Ndú; lsÍu o ±lsh yels h' fiiq rdcHhkaf.a lghq;j
= ,g n,y;aldrfhka ueÈy;aùu"
wdl%uKh lsÍu" yuqod ia:dms; lsÍu" myr §u hkdÈh ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

14'4' iuld,Sk f,dal foaYmd,kfha m%Odk m%jK;d (-

I' nyq O%eùh f,dal l%uh

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j tf;la hqfrdamd flakaøsh f,dal n, ;=,kh meyeÈ,s fjkilg
,la úh' tys§ weußldj f,dal n,j;l= f,i j¾Okh ùu o meyeÈ,s j u isÿ úh'

114
• m%uqL wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k oDIaájdo jQ Okjd§ ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh" weußldj iy hqfrdamd
rdcHhka ksfhdackh l< w;r" óg úl,am jYfhka reishdj" iudcjdoh ish uqLH foaYmd,k
yd wd¾Ól wdia:dkh lr.ksñka n,;=,khg msúisfha h' fï l|jqre jdoh 1980 oYlfha §
meyeÈ,s úm¾hdihlg ,la úh'

• fidaúhÜ reishdfõ iudcjd§ wdia:dkh l%ufhka ÿ¾j, ùula" 1980 oYlfha § meyeÈ,s f,i
m%ldYhg m;a jQfha h' ckdêm;s ñydhs,a f.d¾nfpdma f.a md,k ld,h ;=< Tyq iudcjd§
yrhkag fjkia uÕla oDYHudk l<d jQ o Okjd§ oDIaáhg jvd;a ióm jQ o" wd¾Ól
m%;sixialrK y÷kajd ÿkafka h'

• fldñhqksiaÜ Ökfha kdhl fvka IshdTmsx ^Deng Xiaoping& Ökfha wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK
jvd;a m%d.aOkh uQ,sl fldg.;a Wmdhud¾.hla Tiafia ixj¾Okh lf<a h'

• iudcjdohg hï ;dla ÿrg kuH jQ kefÕkysr c¾uksh" ngysr c¾uksh iuÕ tlai;a fjñka
c¾udKq fmvf¾Ykh ks¾udKh flßKs'

• fuf,i tf;la iudcjd§ l|jqr iy Okjd§ l|jqr jYfhka úfNaokh jQ oaú-O%eùh f,dal
l%uh ^Bi-Polar World System& l%ufhka ÿ¾j, ù ngysr l|jqr ch.%dyS ia:dkhla lrd <Õd
lrùh'

• 1980 .Kkaj, § fldñhqksiaÜ rgj, f,dal uÜgfï ì|jeàula olakg ,eìK' iuyr ngysr
W.;=ka lshd isáfha fldñhqksiaÜ l%ufha ì|jeàu" ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdofha f,dal uÜgfï
ch.%yKhla i<l=Kq l< njhs' ieuqfj,a ykaáxgka iy *%ekaisia *ql=hdud hk wefußldkq
uydpd¾hjreka fofokd fuu ú.%yfha m%OdkSka h' *ql=hdud 1992 § m< l< The End of
History and the Lastman ^b;sydifha wjidkh iy wka;su ñksid& kï .%ka:fhys lshd
isáfha" fldñhqki
s Ü
a l%ufha ì|jeàu ,snr,ajdofha wjika c.%yKh;a" ukqIHhdf.a oDIaájd§uh
mßKdufha;a" wdKavql%ufha;a wjidk ia:dkhla i<l=Kq l< njhs' th ukqIH j¾.hdf.a
foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól mßKdufha wjika wÈhr f,ig o Tjqyq ÿgqjy'

• fï j¾Okhka cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k iïnkaO;dj,g o n,mEfõ h' uq, § fmkqfKa mYapd;a-

fldñhqki
s Ü
a f,dalh tal n,O%eùh ^Unipolar& f,dalhla lrd .uka lrk njhs' tkï wefußldj
hk ;ks n,j;d flakaøfldg.;a kj f,dal l%uhla ìysjk njhs' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh
f,dalfha kj f.da,Sh foaYmd,k u;jodh jkq we;ehs o wkdjels m< úh'

• tfy;a" fuu úoaj;a wkdjels i;H njg m;a jQfha ke;' mYapd;a fldñhqksiaÜ rdcH ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jd§ jQfha ke;' reishdj o we;=¨ fndfyda mYapd;a-fldñhqksiaÜ rgj, ckjd¾.sl
.egqï" foaYmd,k jHdl+,;ajh iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk md,k ;ka;% ìysúh' wefußldj
tlu iqmsß n,j;d jq kj f,dal l%uhla ìys fkdù h' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh f,dal uÜgfuka
ch .;af;a o ke;'

• 1990 oYlfhka miq j rdcH yd l,dm .Kkdjla cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k n,;=,kfha kj

/Õ=ïlrejka njg m;ajk wdldrhla olakg ,efí' iudcjd§ reishdfõ ì|jeàu;a iuÕ
weußldkq wdêm;Hh meyeÈ,s j úoHudk jQ w;r" bkamiq úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól jYfhka
úl,am n,j;=kaf.a keÕS taula olakg ,efí'

• 1990 oYlfha § kefÕkysr wdishd;sl rdcH wd¾Ól jYfhka n,j;a úh' tu rgj,
ld¾ñllrKh ksid ASEAN l,dmSh wd¾Ól yjq, Yla;su;a lr .ekSug o wjldY ,eìK'

115
 • hqfrdamd rdcH ish wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k n,fha m%ldYkhla f,i hqfrdamd ix.uh ^European
Union& f.dv kÕdf.k we;'

• n%iS,h" reishdj" bkaÈhdj" Ökh iy ol=Kq wm%sldj hk BRICS hkqfjka y÷kajk rgj,a
keÕS tk wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k n,j;=ka njg m;a jk ,laIK o fmkakqï lr we;'
hqfrdamh hqfrdamd ix.uh f,i wd¾Ól jYfhka tald.% ù we;' wdishka ^ASEAN& l,dmh o
.sKsfldkÈ. wdishdfõ rgj, wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;dj i|yd jQ l,dmSh yjq,ls' ta wkqj
j¾;udk f,dal l%uh nyq O%eùh f,dal l%uhla ^Multi-polar world system& f,i y÷kd .;
yels fõ'

II' úl,am cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d cd, (-

• kQ;k f.da,Sh l%uh ;=< fmr mej;s" cd;Hka;r ixúOdk" rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d iy wd¾Ól
in|;d úiska fufyhjk ,o f.da,Sh l%uhg fjkia úl,am cd;Hka;r in|;d cd,hla
olakg ,efí' WodyrK jYfhka Bðma;=fõ jir úis .Kkla rdcH kdhlhd j isá fydiaks
uqndrla f.a md,kh fmr<d ±óu i|yd f*aianqla iudc cd,h wdY%s; j f.dv keÕ=Kq uyck
jHdmdrhla n,j;a m%pdrK iy ikaksfõok úê l%uh f,i l%shd;aul úh' fuh zzwdrì
jika;hZZ kï jQ úfrdaO;d jHdmdrfha § úfYaIfhka olakg ,eìK'

• f.da,ShlrKfha f,dal mßudK jHdma;sh ikaksfõokfha iy wOHdmkfha j¾Okh úiska

fulS úl,am in|;d W;al¾Ihg m;a fldg we;' cd;Hka;r uÜgfï foaYmd,k iy iudc
ls%hdldß;ajh fm<.eiaùfï úl,am n,fõ.hla f,i zzkj iudc jHdmdrZZ ^New Social
Movements& ìys ù ;sfnkafka o fuu miqìfuys h' iudc l%shdldßlhkaf.a cd;Hka;r
iïnkaO;d cd, udOHh fldgf.k f.da,ShlrKhg tfrysj f.dv kef.k úfrdaO;d
jHdmdr" f.da,Sh mßir jHdmdr fï i|yd ksoiqka h'

III' kj iudc jHdmdr (-

• kj iudc jHdmdr ^New social movements& ìys ù we;af;a" ixlS¾K udkj in|;d úiska
fmdÿfõ cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha iïNdjH wdlD;Ska f.ka ^Classical forms& wdjrKh fkdjk
wNs,dIhka ;yjqre lr.ekSu iy wdrlaId lr.ekSu i|yd;a h'

• rdcHhkaf.a foaYiSud úksúo hñka ish wjYH;d iy wNs,dIhka ;yjqre lr .ekSug fuf,i
kj iudc jHdmdr udOH fldg .ksñka ixúOdkh jk cd;Hka;r m%cdj tuÕska rdcHhkaf.a
wNHka;r yd ndysr m%;sm;a;Su h l%shdoduhkag n,mEï lrñka isáhs'

• tmuKla fkdj" fuu iudc jHdmdr" udkj whs;Ska wdrlaId lsÍfï isg" i;a;aj yd mdßißl
whs;k
S a ;yjqre lsÍu" iu,sx.sl yd mdr,sx.sl ^Trans-sexual& whs;k
S "a hqoO
a yd ysxik úfrdaOhka"
fmd,s;Ska ljr mßyrKhg tfrys ùu ^bkaÈhdfõ Thola Aandolan Movement& hkd§ b;d
ixlS¾K yd mq¿,a jmißhl úys§ mj;S'

14'5' kj f,dal foaYmd,k m%jK;d Y%S ,xldjg n,mdk wdldrh (-

• f.da,ShlrKh jQ f,dalhl lsisu rdcHhlg yqfol,dj mej;sh fkdyels h' cd;sl rdcHj,
wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh jkafka tajdfha foaYSh b,a¨u" cd;sl wNs,dI iy foaYSh wjYH;d
u; muKla u fkdfõ' cd;Hka;r mßirfha .;sl;ajhkag o tajdg n,mdhs' wfkl=;a rgj,

116
 wNHka;r m%;sm;a;sj,g n,mEï lsÍug n,j;a rdcHhkag we;af;a jeä yelshdjls' l=vd
rdcHj,g fndfyda úg isÿjkafka cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k h:d¾:hla u; r|d
mej;Sug h'

• cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól m%jK;d ,xldjg flfia n,mdkafka o hkak idOl

.Kkdjla u; ;SrKh jkakls' iSñ; wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k Yla;shla we;s l=vd rgla f,i
Y%S ,xldj" cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k-wd¾Ól m%jK;d iy n, iïnkaO;dj, n,mEug fnfyúka
,la ù ;sfí'

• wd¾Ól m%jK;d (- iuld,Sk ksoiqk jkafka wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh hs' 1980 .Kkaj, isg
,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrk ,o wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK m%;sm;a;s" tajd l%shd;aul l< wdKAvq
iafõÉPdfjka .;a m%;sm;a;s ;SrK u fkdfõ' tajd" tu wdKavq ld,hla ;siafia ms<sf.k ;snqKq
oDIaájdo iy m%;sm;a;sj,g mgyeks jQ l%shdud¾. o úh' tfy;a tajd l%shd;aul lsÍug tu
wdKavqj,g isÿ jQfha" cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól m%jK;d úiska fjk;a úl,am i|yd bv fkd;nd
;snqKq ksid h' f,dal fj<|fmd, iy f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh iuÕ <Õska ne£ we;s l=vd rgla jk
,xldfõ foaYSh wd¾Ól iy iudc m%;sm;a;s f,dal wd¾Ól m%jK;dj, n,mEu wkqj ilia
lsÍug isÿ fõ' j¾;udk f,dalfha zzwd¾Ól iajdêm;HhZZ hk ixl,amhg tys idïm%odhsl
w¾:fhka ;ekla ke;ehs iuyr úpdrlfhda lshkafka ta ksid h'

• l=vd wd¾Ólhla we;s l=vd rgla f,i" ,xldjg cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól iy jdKsc wdOdr u;
hefmkakg isÿ ù ;sfí' cd;Hka;rh m%d.aOkh rglg .,d tk úg" ,snr,a ;rÕldÍ wd¾Ól
iy foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s l%shdlaul lrk f,i tajdhska n,mEï t,a, fõ' ,xldjg cd;Hka;r
uQ,H wdh;kj,ska iy ngysr rgj,ska Kh iy wd¾Ól wdOdr ,efnk úg udkj whs;j s dislï"
m%cd;ka;j
% doh" ksoyia ue;sjrK hkdÈh .ek wjOdrKh lrk ,oafoa ta ksid h' fï ;;a;j a h
y÷kajkafka ixj¾Ok wdOdr iuÕ tk fldkafoais ^Aid Conditionality& f,i h' tu fldkafoais
rgj,aj, cd;sl wNs,dI iuÕ .efgk wjia:d o ;sfí' úfoaY wdOdr ms<n s |j ;shK
q q foaYmd,k
újdo rg we;=f<a yg .ekSug o tajd ;=vq § we;' tfy;a iSñ; wd¾Ól Yla;shla we;s ,xldjg
tu fldkafoais fkdi<ld yeÍu myiq fkdfõ' 1980 .Kkaj, isg ,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrk
,o ksoyia wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh" ixj¾Ok wdOdr fldkafoaisj, m%;sM,hla jQfha tneúks'

• uE; ld,Sk WodyrKhla kï ,xldjg ;snQ Ô'tia'mS'ma,ia myiqlu ke;sùu iy kej;

,eîuhs' th hqfrdamd ix.uh hgf;a" ,xldfõ ks¾hd;j,ka wh lrk nÿ ,sys,a lsÍfï
myiqluls' 2010 jif¾ § ,xldjg th ke;s úh' tu myiqlu kej; ,nd .ekSu i|yd
,xldjg isÿ jQfha" udkj whs;sjdislï" lïlre whs;sjdislï" mßir wdrlaIdj" hymd,kh
jeks f;audj,g wod< cd;Hka;r m%{ma;kS a 27 lg w;aika ;eîug tlÕùug h' tys m%;M
s ,hla
f,i rfÜ wmrdOkS;s úêúOdk ix.%yh" iy ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùfï mK; iy ;j;a foaYSh
kS;s .Kkdjla u ixfYdaOkh lsÍug o isÿ jkq we;'

• foaYmd,k m%jK;d (- kj f,dal foaYmd,k m%jK;dj,g jeo.;au ksoiqk kï f,dal

uÜgfï wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k n,hla f,i Ökfha ke.Suhs' ngysr wdêm;Hh f,dal
uÜgfuka msßfyñka ;sfnk w;r f,dalfha nyq O%eùh n,;=,khla o we;s fjñka mj;S'
miq.sh oYl fol ;=fka § f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a f,dal uÜgfuka isÿjk fuu foaYmd,k
n,;=,kfha fjkia ùug uqyqK §ug yev .efiñka isá;s' Y%S ,xldj Ökh iuÕ we;slrf.k
isák ióm wd¾Ól iïnkaO;d fuhg ksoiqkls'

• cd;Hka;r iudcfha wkkH iudðlhl= f,i Y%S ,xldj by; lS ish¨ cd;Hka;r p,khkaf.a
ixfõ§ tallhla jYfhka y÷kd.; yels h'

117
 • f.da,h
S l%uh ;=< lsiÿs rdcHhlg tlS p,khkaf.ka úhql;
a j mej;sh fkdyels h' tlsfklg
tlla ne£ we;s foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól iy ixialD;sl in|;d cd,h úiska rdcHhla f,i Y%S
,xldfõ wNHka;r foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s o p,kh lrkq ,efí'

• f,dal jHdma; udkj whs;Ska wdrlaId lsÍfï fmdÿ iïuq;Ska yd we.hSï úiska uE; ld,Sk Y%S
,dxlsl foaYmd,kh l,Ud,kq ,eî h'

• úfYaIfhka" mYapd;a f,dal ix.%du foaYmd,k wd¾Ólfha ^Post-war political economy& iajNdjh
yqfola wNHka;r wNs,dIhka wkqj ;SrKh lsÍfï yelshdj Y%S ,xld rch i;= fkdfõ'

• cd;Hka;r iudcfha wkkH idudðlhl= f,i úYaj jHdma; we.hSï ^Universal values& cd;sl
we.hSï ^National values& njg m;a lr.ekSfï wNsfhda.h wfkl=;a rdcHhka fuka u Y%S
,xldj yuqfõ o mj;S' th f.da,Sh foaYmd,k wd¾Ólfhys ,d rdcHhka p,kh ùfï h:d¾:h
jYfhka o y÷kd .; yels h'

fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' iïuka;%K -

á zzcd;Hka;r foaYmd,khZZ hk ud;Dldj wdjrKh jk mßÈ úoaj;a uKav,hla

iyNd.S lr .ksñka iïuka;%Khla mj;ajkak' ta hgf;a my; i|yka f;aud ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh yd tys fjkialï y÷kd .ekSu'

• cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha rdcH iy rdcH fkdjk l%shdOrhka ms<sn| úuid
ne,Su'
• cd;sl rdcH" wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" nyq
cd;l iud.u lS¾;su;a mqoa.,hka ;%ia;jd§ lKavdhï iy ixúOdk'
• cd;sl n,h yd cd;sl wNs,dI'
• j¾;udk f,dal foaYmd,kfha m%Odk m%jK;d'

á lKavdhï ld¾hfhys ksr; ùfuka miq j .fõIK jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj
,nd fokak

2' .fõIK - Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI ms<sn| f;dr;=re wOHhkh lr by; i|yka
f;aud hgf;a u jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

118
wdY%s; .%ka:

01. Baylis, J and S. Smith, 2001

The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations.
Oxford: Oxford University Press

02. Brown, C, 2001

Understanding International Relations
Basingstoke:Palgrave

03. Clark, Ian, 1999

Globalization and International Relations Theory,
New York: Oxford University Press.

04. Jackson, R and G. Sorensen, 2003

Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches
Oxford: Oxford University Press

05. Weber, C, 2001

International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction
London: Routledge

119
 15' Y%S ,xldj yd f,dalh

ksmqK;dj 15 (- ndysr f,dalh iuÕ Y%S ,xldj mj;ajk iïnkaO;dj, iajNdjh iy m,

úmdl ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka woyia olajhs'

^ld,Éfþo 45 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
15'1' ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha l%shdldß;ajhg n,mdk idOl
ú.%y lrhs'
15'2' ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha ,laIK iy m%jK;d meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
15'3' Y%s ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iuld,Sk m%jK;d úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
15'4' j¾;udk úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha wNsfhda. iy .eg¨ wjfndaO lr .ksñka woyia
m%ldY lrhs'

bf.kqï m, (-
Ÿ Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;shg n,mdk idOl ú.%y lrhs'
Ÿ tys ,laIK iy kj m%jK;d úu¾Ykh lrhs'
Ÿ Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iuld,Sk m%jK;d ljf¾ ±hs y÷kajhs'
Ÿ Y%S ,xldj wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkj, idudðlhl= f,i ,nk m%;s,dN iy
n,mEï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ÿ cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOk yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s iïnkaO;d iy
wNsfhda. úia;r lrhs'
Ÿ cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d ,xldjg wod< jk wdldrhg úu¾Ykh
lrhs'

ye¢kaùu (-
Y%S ,xldj ndysr f,dalh iuÕ mj;ajk iïnkaO;dj, iajNdjh yd tys M, úmdl
ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh ,nd§fï wNsu;d¾:fhka fuu tallh we;=<;a lr we;' ta
wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyiska miq úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha l%shdldß;ajhg n,mdk idOl
flf¾ m<uq j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh hkafkka woyia jkafka
rdcHhl cd;Hka;r wruqKq yd tajd bgq lr.kakd Wmdh ud¾. h' fuys§ ksoyiska miq
Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh yd ta flf¾ n,md we;s idOl o" úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha
,laIK ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tfia u Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha
iuld,Sk m%jK;d wOHhkhg o" wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk yd rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj, idudðlhl= f,i Y%S ,xldj ,nk m%;, s dN yd n,mEï flfrys o wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkq we;' j¾;udk úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha wNsfhda. yd .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSug;a"
cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d Y%S ,xldjg wod< jk wdldrh ms<sn| úuiqug
,la lsÍug;a ta uÕska wjia:dj ,efí'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

15'1' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh (-

• rdcHhl cd;Hka;r wruqKq iy tu wruqKq bgq lr.kakd Wmdhud¾. úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

120
 • kQ;k rdcH úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ l%ufõo kï(

1' rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d ^Diplomacy&

2' úfoaYdOdr ^Foreign Aid&
3' ñ,sgß n,h ^Military Force&

rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d

• úêu;a f,i rdcH;dka;%slhka uÕska idlÉPd iy wfkHdakH .kqfokq uÕska f.dv kefÕk
in|;d rdcH;dka;%sl in|;d jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

• we;eï rdcH ish cd;sl n,h yd wNs,dI cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< ;ks j m%o¾Ykh lrñka ish
n,h ms<ns | fiiq rdcHj,g ix{d ksl;= a lrhs' fujeks ;;a;j
a hla talmd¾Yúl rdcH;dka;l
s%
Ndjhla ^Unilateral Diplomacy& jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

• rdcHhla ;j;a rdcHhka iuÕ tla j lghq;= lrñka ish cd;Hka;r wNs,dI m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍu oaúmd¾Yaúl rdcH;dka;%sl Ndjh ^Multilateral Diplomacy& f,i ye¢kafõ'

• fï wkqj úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh hkq rdcH ish cd;sl n,h yd cd;sl wNs,dI m%ldYhg m;a
lrkakd jQ wdldrhla njg o m;afõ'

• Y%S ,xldj tys uq,a YsIagdpdr.; hq.j, isg úfoaY rgj,a iuÕ úúOdldr in|;d mj;ajd
we;' bkaÈhdjg wdikak j msysgd ;sîu fya;=fldgf.k wjia:d .Kkdjl § ñ;%YS,S in|;d
fuka u wdl%uKldÍ in|;d o mj;ajd we;s nj b;sydih ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'

• ta wkqj w;S; rcjreka rdcH;dka;%slhka uÕska ñ;%YS,S in|;d f.dv keÕ+ w;r u we;eï úg
cd;sl n,h m%o¾Ykh l< wjia:d o" fiiq rdcHj, cd;sl n,fha f.dÿrla jQ wjia:d o
^úfoaY wdl%uK& olakg ,efí'

• fï yereKq úg ixialD;sl yd fj<| in|;d wdishdkq l,dmfha fndfyda rdcH iuÕ mj;ajd
we;s njg ft;sydisl yd mqrdúoHd;aul idOl foia fohs'

• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh jvd;a úêu;a f,i l%shd;aul jkafka ksoyi ,nd.ekSug miq
hq.fha § h'

• mYapd;a ksoyia hq.fha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh" ta ta md,k ;ka;%j, ^Regime& wNs,dI
iy oDIaájd§ wdia:dk fuka u rfÜ fN!;sl msysàu" wd¾Ól iy wdrlaIK wjYH;d u;
ilia ù we;'

• l,dmSh idudðlhl= f,i ol=Kq wdishdfõ;a" wdishdfõ;a rdcH iuÕ mj;ajk in|;d fuka
u iuia; cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< isÿ lrk n,mEï o wkqj úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ks¾udKh ù
we;'

B<Õ fldgfia § fïjd úia;rd;aulj yodruq'

121
15'2' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;shg n,mdk idOl (-

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd n,mdkakd jQ idOl .Kkdjls'

1' N+-foaYmd,k msysàu' (-

• Y%s ,xldj bkaÈhka id.rfha uOH.; ia:dkhl ¥m;la f,i msysgd ;sîu ksid th
ndysr f,dalh i|yd ksrka;r j újD; jQ iajNdjhla olakg ,efí' w;S;fha isg
bkaÈhdj" fiiq wdishd;sl rdcH yd hqfrdamSh n,fõ. .Kkdjla iuÕ meje;ajQ .;sl
iïnkaO;dj,g uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha bkaÈhdkq id.rfha Wmdh ud¾.sl jYfhka jeo.;a
uOH.; ia:dkhl Y%S ,xldj msysgd ;sîu hs' bkaÈhdjg wdikak j msysgd ;sîu
bkaÈhdj iuÕ mj;ajk úúOdldr in|;dj, mokula njg m;a ù we;'

• ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< msysgd ;sîu Y%S ,xldfõ l,dmSh in|;djkays moku njg
m;a fõ' SAARC ixúOdk idudðl;ajh tjeks ksi¾. l,dmSh iïnkaO;djls' tfia
u bkaÈhdkq id.rfha ¥m;la jYfhka msysgd ;sîu ksid id.ßl foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól
in|;dj, wksjd¾h idudðlhl= njg o m;a j we;' ^Wod(- BIMSTEC-Bengal Initiative
for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation, IORA-Indian Ocean Rim
Association hk cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj, Y%S ,xldfõ idudðl;ajh yd Maritime Silk
Root jeks cd;Hka;r jevigykaj, ióm i.hl= f,i l%shd;aul ùu&

2' iudc iy ixialD;sl idOl (-

• nyq;aj iudchla jYfhka ixj¾Okh ù we;s Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sl iy iudÔh

idOl o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍfï § n,mEï lr we;' bkaÈhdj
iuÕ ksrka;r j ixialD;sl jYfhka jk ne£u ksid w;S;fha isg wo jk f;la u
oaúmd¾Yaúl in|;d ;SrKh lsÍfï § tlS ixialD;sl ldrKd n,mEï lrhs' th yqfola
úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh muKla fkdj wNHka;ßl foaYmd,kh ;SrKh lsÍfï § o m%n,
idOlhla f,i o biau;= ù we;' cmdkh" fkamd,h" ;dhs,ka;h iy nqreuh hk
rgj,a fuka u ueofmrÈ. bia,dóh rgj,a iuÕ iïnkaO;dj,§ o fuu ixialD;sl
idOl jeo.;a ù ;sfí' b;d,sh iy frdauh iuÕ iïnkaO;dj, § ,xldfõ lf;da,sl
ck;djla isàu jeo.;a ixialD;sl idOhlhla ù ;sfí'

• rgl úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh wNHka;r iudc-foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól úp,Hhkaf.a u È.=jla

ñi bka iyuq,ska úhqla; jQjla fkdfõ' tksid u by; lS wNHka;r foaYmd,k -
ixialD;sl yd iudc p,khka úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍfï § Rcq
n,mEï we;s lrhs'

3' foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh ^Political Economy& (-

• md,k ;ka;%fha foaYmd,k wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh i|yd n,mEï lrhs'
1977ka miq j újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd ÿka miq Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh
bka fmr mej;s m%;sm;a;shg jvd fjkia iajNdjhla .ks' tfuka u ixj¾Ok iy
wd¾Ól wNs,dIhka o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh iuÕ Rcq f,i ne£ we;'

122
 4' md,k ;ka;%fha foaYmd,k wNs,dI (-

• md,kh yiqrejk foaYmd,k mlaIfha fyda lKavdhfï fyda m%;sm;a;s iy wNs,dI

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd wksjd¾h n,mEula isÿ lrhs'

• 1948-56 jk f;la o" 1965-71" 1977-94" 2001-04 iy 2015 isg j¾;udkh f;la o n,h
yiqrejk tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh iy Bg wkqnoaO iNd. wdKavqj, úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh"
fiiq ld,iSudj, md,kh fufyhjQ Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha iy Bg wkqnoaO iNd.
wdKavqj, m%;sm;a;shg u|la fjkia iajNdjhla .kS'

5' l,dmSh iy cd;Hka;r n, ;=,kh (-

• l,dmfha iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha n,h l%shd;aul jk iajrEmh yd tys .;slhka

o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha ;Srl idOlhla o ù we;'

• ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmfha bkaÈhdj m%uqL lr.;a n,;=,kh iy cd;Hka;r iudcfha

talO%ej ^Uni-Polar&" oaú O%ej ^Bi-Polar& fyda nyq O%ej ^Multi-Polar& n, ;=,kh ljr
rdcHhl jqj o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd n,mEï lrhs'

6' ck iudcfha wfmalaI;d iy wêm;s oDIaáka (-

• ck iudch fmdÿfõ ork woyia fuka u wdêm;Hhla ^Hegemony& iys; j

f.dvkefÕk oDIaáka o úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍug n,mdhs' we;eï
zzngysr .e;sZZ" zzÖkhg mlaImd;ZZ" zzbkaÈhdkq .e;sZZ wd§ jYfhka iudch ;=< f.dv
kefÕk l;sldjka flfrys md,k ;ka;%h wjOdkh fhduq lrk nj fmfka'

15'3' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha úfYaI ,laIK (-

• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh fyda ,laIK fyda ú.%y lsÍu ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï §
th ld,dkql%uK wdlD;shlg ^Chronological& fndfyda úg bÈßm;a fldg we;' tfy;a we;eï
;ekl md,k ;ka;%fha wNs,dIhka wdY%h fldgf.k isÿ lrk úYaf,aIK o olakg ,efí'

• fuys § jvd;a idOkSh jkafka md,k ;ka;%fha oDIaàka wkqj ;SrKh jk wdNHka;ßl
idOl;a" cd;Hka;r n, ;=,kfha iajNdjh wkqj ;SrKh flfrk ndysr idOl;a hk ldrK
ie,ls,a,g ,la lrñka úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha ,laIK ú.%y lsÍu hs'

• mYapd;a ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ md,k n,h j¾;udkh jk ;=re u orkq ,en we;af;a m%Odk
foaYmd,k mlaI folla fyda tu mlaI mokï fldgf.k f.dvke.=Kq iNd.hka fyda úisks'
ta wkqj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh fyda tys iNd. fyda md,kh l< ld, ;=< úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh
fndfyda úg yqfola wNHka;r foaYmd,kfha wNs,dI fyda wêm;s oDIaá fyda muKla fkdj"
m%dfhda.sl j cd;Hka;r wêm;s n,fõ. iuÕ iyfhda.hg jvd ^Hegemonic Formations&
wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;s nj fmfka'

• l,dmSh jYfhka bkaÈhdj iy wdishd;sl jYfhka fidaúhÜ foaYh iy Ökh iuÕ b;d
ióm in|;d meje;aùu Y%S,ksm md,k ;ka;%j, úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha úfYaI ,laIKhla fõ'
fkdne¢ m%;sm;a;sh 1956-65 iy 1970-77 hk ld, jljdkqfõ Tjqkaf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha
flakaøSh ,laIKhla jQfha h' tfia u cd;Hka;r jYfhka il%sh uOHia:Ndjh ^Positive

123
 Neutralism& ksoyia mlaIfha yd Bg iïnkaO ikaOdkhkays úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha uqLH ,laIKh
ù we;'

15'4' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iuld,Sk m%jK;d (-

• 2015ka miq Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sma;sfha lemS fmfkk fjkila olakg ,efí' tkï wd¾Ól
rdcH;dka;%sl in|;d ^Economic Diplomacy& úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha flakaøSh Wmk;sh njg
m;aùu hs' ta wkqj fmr ld,hkag jvd m%n, f,i cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól n, ;=,kh ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka úfoaY m%;m s ;a;h
s wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ixúOdk ^IMF-International Monetary
Fund, IBRD-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, WTO-World Trade
Organization, IFC-International Finance Corporation, WEF-World Economic Fourum& iuÕ
b;d ióm yd Rcq in|;djla mj;ajk wdldrh meyeÈ,s j olakg ,efí' tfia u hqfrdamd
ix.uh iy Ökh jeks cd;Hka;r wd¾Ólfha fmrgq.dó rdcH iuÕ kj wd¾Ól iudcfha
n, ;=,kh ms<sn| %n, wjOdkh iy wjOdrKhla iys; j l%shd;aul jQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fuh
md,k ;ka;% fjkiaùu ^Regime change& iuÕ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha we;sjk kj m%jK;dj,g
ksoiqkls'

• cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha wdêm;H n,h fkdlvjd ±Íug wefußldj iy ngysr hqfrdamh

hk fmdÿ iyu;sl n,j;=ka iu;a ù we;s ;;a;j a hl §" rdcHhla fuu n, ;=,kh ie,ls,,
a g
.kakd úg tu rdcHfha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh zzngysrg kuHYS,SZZ jYfhka fmkS hd yels h'
flfia fj;;a" 2015 isg fï olajd l%shd;aul jk tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh jgd f.dv keÕ=Kq
md,k ;ka;%h lsishï ÿrlg bkaÈhdj flfrys iqúfYaI wjOdkhla iys; j l%shd;aul ùu"
tu mlaIfha fuf;la mej;s úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha fjkila fmkakqï lsÍula f,i ±laúh yels
hs'

• Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh yd Bg wkqnoaO iNd. wdKavqj, úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;SrKh lsÍfï
l,dmSh jdoh ^Regionalism&" wdishd;sl ixialD;sl wkkH;dj iy úfYaIfhka iudcfha
wNHka;r foaYmd,k iy ixialD;sl in|;d mj;ajk wdldrh o olakg ,efí' uE; ld,fha
Y%S,ksm wdKavqj ±lajQ wdishdjg-fhduq jQ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s ia:djrfhka th m%ldYhg m;a úh'

• j¾;udk wdKavqfõ rdcH kdhlhkaf.a úfoaY ixpdr iy m%;sm;a;s .kqfokq ish,a,la u

mdfya keÕS tk iy mj;sk cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól n,hka iuÕ iïnkaO ù we;' úhÜkduh"
isx.mamQrej" fldßhdj jeks keÕS tk wdishdkq wd¾Ólhka iuÕ mj;ajk in|;d jvd;a ;r
lrkq ,en we;'

• j¾;udk tcdh" Ökh iy bkaÈhdj iuÕ fmr mej;s tlai;a cd;sl mlaI rchka meje;ajQ
in|;djg jvd fjkia ióm in|;djla f.dv kÕd .ekSfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka o tu
rdcHhkaf.a keÕS tk wd¾Ól Yla;Ska flfrys olajk wjOdkh hs' j¾;udk rch n,hg m;a
jQ úg ;rul miqnEula ±lajqj;a" miqj isÿ jQfha Ökh iuÕ wd¾Ól iïnkaO;d kej;
Yla;su;a lsÍu hs'

• tfuka u l,dmSh fyda f.da,Sh fyda jYfhka mj;ajk nyqmd¾Yaúl in|;d o wd¾Ól wruqKq
uQ,sl fldg .ksñka ;SrKh jk wdldrh meyeÈ,sj fmfka' fuys § nyqmd¾Yaúl in|;d
^Multilateral Relations& wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;d w;alr .ekSug;a" idïm%odhsl jYfhka W;aiùh
ksfhdackhla ^Ceremonial Representation& fmkakï
q lsÍug;a Ndú; lrk w;r" wd¾Ól jYfhka
id¾:l rdcHhka iuÕ oaúmd¾Yaúl in|;d ^Bi-lateral relations& i|yd m%uqL;u wjOdkhla
fhduq lr ;sfí'

124
 — tlai;a cd;Ska iy Y%S ,xldj (-

• Y%S ,xldj 1955 § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðl;ajh ,nd.;s' idudðl;ajh

,nd.ekSug fmr mjd Y%S ,xldj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh iuÕ ióm;djhla
olajd we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' 1952 isg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk ^United
Nations Development Programme - UNDP& Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul ù we;' t;eka isg
fkdlvjd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fhys ^General Assembly& ieisjdr i|yd
iyNd.s ù we;s w;r 1976 ieisfha m%Odk;ajh ord we;' tfuka u 1978 § uyduKav,
ksrdhqOlrKh ^Disarmament& i|yd jk ieisfha fhdaclhd jkafka o Y%S ,xldj hs'

• 1960-65 ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xldj tlai;a cd;Skf

a .a wdrlaIl uKav,fha ^Security Council&
ks;H fkdjk ^Non-Permanent& idudðl;ajh ord we;'

• óg wu;r j wd¾Ól" iudÔh iy ixialD;sl iyfhda.s;d jevigykaj, idudðlhl=

jYfhka ksr;=re j u /£ isà' tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a udkj whs;j
s dislï" lïlre" mdßißl
whs;sjdislï i|yd jk m%{ma;s .Kkdjla Y%S ,xldj mrdkqu; lrf.k we;'

• Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s isú,a hqo .eg¨j wdY%s; j udkj whs;Ska lvùï iïnkaOfhka
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| fldñifï újrKhkag Y%S ,xldj
uE;ld,Skj lsysm úgla md;% ù ;sfí' tajd ;shqKq foaYmd,k újdohkag o ;=vq ÿkafka
h' fuu ;;a;ja h Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;m
s ;a;f
s ha iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍug Rcq n,mEula
t,a, fldg we;'

— fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h iy Y%S ,xldj (-

• Y%S ,xldj 1948 isg fmdÿ rdcH uKAv,fha idudðl;ajh orñka isà' j¾;udkfha §
fmdÿrdcH uKav,h yd Y%S ,xldj w;r in|;dj wOHdmksl" l%Svd iy ixialD;sl
myiqlï ie,iSï wdY%s; j j¾Okh ù ;sfí' 23 jk fmdÿrdcH uKav, rdcH kdhl
iuq¿j ^CHOGM& 2013 fkdjeïn¾ ui Y%S ,xldfõ § meje;aúK'

— fkdne¢ jHdmdrh iy Y%S ,xldj (-

• f.da,Sh n,;=,kfha n,h yiqrejñka isá weußldj iy ngysr hqfrdamh m%uqL ngysr
n,h iy reishdj m%uqL kefÕkysr n,h hk l|jqre foflys il%Sh idudðl;ajh
m%;slafIam lrñka tu l|jqrej,g fkdne¢ uOHia: m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍfï
wruqKska 1961 § fkdne¢ cd;Skaf.a jHdmdrh ìys jQfha h' Y%S ,xldj tys wdrïNl
idudðlfhla fõ'

• 1976 § Y%S ,xldj mia jk fkdne¢ cd;Skaf.a iïfï,kfha i;aldrl rdcHh jQfha h'
j¾;udkfha fkdne¢ cd;Ska m%n, foaYmd,k il%sh;djla olajk jHdmdrhla fkdjk
nj fmkS hhs' flfia fj;;a" Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh n,h yiqrejk ld, jljdkqj,
fkdne¢ cd;Ska iy Y%S ,xldj w;r in|;d j¾Okh ù we;s nj fmfka'

— ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.s;dj iy Y%S ,xldj (-

• Y%S ,xldj 1985 § msysgqjd.;a ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.s;d ixúOdkfha ^SAARC&

wdrïNl yd l%shdldÍ idudðlfhla fõ' j¾;udkfha l,dmSh n,;=,kh wdY%s;

125
 .eg¨ ksid SAARCys n,h iy l%shdldß;ajh u|la wl¾uKH ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldj
ol=Kq wdishd;sl ksoyia fj<| l,dmh ^SAFTA& iy jrKd;aul fj<| .súiqu
^SAPTA& hk m%Odk jevigykaj, idudðlfhla o" id¾la l%Svd Wf,f<a l%shdldÍ
idudðlfhla o fõ'

— cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól uQ,H wdh;k iy Y%S ,xldj (-

• Y%S ,xldj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ^IMF& m%;sixialrKh iy ixj¾Okh i|yd jk

cd;Hka;r nexl=j ^IBRD/WB&" wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ^ADB& iy f,dal fj<|
ixúOdkh ^WTO& iy m%Odk cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;k iuÕ ióm in|;djla mj;ajhs'

• úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól iy ixj¾Ok lafIa;%hkays Y%S ,xldj fhdojk fN!;sl yd uQ,H

m%d.aOkh i|yd by; uQ,H wdh;k m%n, odhl;ajhla imhd we;'

• fuu ixj¾Ok yd uQ,H in|;d we;eï úg úfõpkd;aul m%ydrhkag ,la ù ;sfí'

m%Odk uQ,H wdh;k rdcHhka iuÕ in|;d mj;ajkafka Kh" wdOdr iy WmfoaYk
fiajd wdY%hfhks' fuu fiajd iy in|;d ,nd .ekSfï § rdcHhkays wNHka;r
wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;sj, jHQyh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd tlS wdh;k n,mEï iy
Wmfoia ,ndfohs' tksid u tlS jHQyd;aul .e<emqï wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s i|yd wE|d
.ekSug isÿfõ' tksid u ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a iy tu wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ixúOdk
w;r in|;dj úfõpkd;aul ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldjg o fï ;;a;ajh fmdÿ ù we;'

— cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd Y%S ,xldj (-

• cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk úúO úIhhka hgf;a rdcHhkays l%shd;aul fõ'
úfYaIfhka Y%S ,xldj ;=< udkj whs;Ska" iq¿ ck iy ia;%S lKavdhï whs;sjdislï"
ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhka hk úIhhka hgf;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk l%shd;aul fõ'
fïjdfha l%shdl,dmh o we;eï úgl úfõpkhg n÷ka ù ;sfí' flfia fj;;a
whs;sjdislï yd ixj¾Ok l%shdj,Skays § tu ixúOdk Y%S ,xldj ;=< olajd we;s
odhl;ajh n,mEï iy.; ù we;' tneúka cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iuÕ
jk in|;d" ,xldfõ úfoaY in|;d ms<sn| wx.hla o ù ;sfí'

15'5' úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha wNsfhda. iy .eg¨ (-

• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha .eg¨ iy wNsfhda. rdcHfha wNHka;r foaYmd,k - wd¾Ól"
iudc yd ixialD;sl .;slhkaf.a o" wfkla w;g cd;Hka;r n, ;=,kfha o ms<sìUqjla fõ'

• fN!ñl jYfhka l=vd rdcHhla ùu" wd¾Ól yd fN!;sl Yla;Ska wju ùu" l,dmSh n,;=,kh"
cd;Hka;r n, ;=,kh" wNHka;ßl iudc foaYmd,ksl oDIaàka yd l;sldj;a hkdÈh úfoaY
m%;sm;a;sfha m%n, wNsfhda.j, uQ,dY% njg m;a j ;sfí' rcfha fN!;sl m%udKh" wd¾Ól
Yla;sh yd foaYmd,k wdêm;Hh b;d iSñ; ùu ksid u cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kfha ;Srl
n,hla f,i l%shd;aul ùfï yelshdjla ,xldj i;= j fkdmj;S'

• tksid úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha uQ,sl wNsfhda.h njg m;ajkafka" mj;akd f.da,Sh f,dal l%uh
;=< wksis ueÈy;aùïj,g ,la fkdù ixj¾Okh yd wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a" wOHdmk" ixialD;sl
yd f;dr;=re lafIa;% i|yd Wmßu iyfhda.s;dj ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkafka flfia o hk
ldrKh hs'

126
 • ta i|yd tla w;lska wNHka;ßl foaYmd,k wdia:dkh ia:djr yd l<ukdlrKh lr
.ekSfï wNsfhda.h wdKavqj i;= j mj;S'

• wfkla w;ska cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< uOHia: iy Woafhda.S idudðlhl= ùfï wjYH;dj o
mj;S' fï ldrKoajhh l<ukdlrKh lr.ekSfï yelshdj yd YlH;dj wkqj úfoaY
m%;sm;a;sfha .eg¨ iy wNsfhda. i|yd flfia uqyqK fokafka o hkak ;SrKh jkq we;'

fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-

1' laIKsl l:d -

á fï m%fNaoh hgf;a Y%S ,xldj yd f,dalh yd ud;Dldj Wmfldgiaj,g fnod laIKslj

l:d lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;shg n,mdk idOl'

• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha úfYaI ,laIK'
• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iuld,Sk m%jK;d'
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh yd Y%S ,xldj'
• fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h iy Y%S ,xldj'
• ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;dj iy Y%S ,xldj'
• cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól" uQ,H wdh;k iy Y%S ,xldj'
• j¾;udk úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh" wNsfhda. iy .eg¨'

fyda

2' wka;¾cd, myiqlï Ndú; fldg by; ud;Dld ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd jd¾;djla
bÈßm;a lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka:

01. De Silva, K.M. (1994), Sri Lanka The Security Problems of a Small State, Kandy;
International Center for Ethic Studies.

02. Holt, John Clifford (ed), (2011), The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics,
Durham; Duke University Press.

03. Kodikara, S.U. (1965), Indo-Ceylon Relations Since Independence, Colombo:

Ceylon Institute of World Affairs.

04. Nissanka, H.S.S. (1984) Sri Lanka's Foreign Policy: A Study in Non-alignment.
New Delhi: Vakas Publishers.

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