Name: Wesley Joel-

Pappoe
COURSE: COMPUTER
GRAPHICS 3
INDEX NO: 2625920
FILE EXTENSION
GIF (GRAPHIC INTERCHANGE FORMAT)
GIFs were created around the same time as Windows 2.0 was released. Steve
Wilhite created the first gif in 1987. The primary goal of creating GIFs is to create
a website design element. The developers created this format to replace or
supplement the old-fashioned black-and-white XMB format. Computers were not
always as fast as they are now. As a result, they require something light to
transfer and use as a color image. A significant advantage was that even with slow
modems, relatively large images could be downloaded quickly. GIFs enable
businesses to provide dynamic content to their customers. The looping of GIFs
began in 1995 because making a GIF was simple. To create an animation, video
clip, or GIF, developers or designers only need a few pieces.
GIFS are capable of conveying complex information to a broad audience. It can be
used in journalism and scientific research, for example. Another major potential
of GIFs is in marketing and advertising, as we know the world is moving online. In
other words, Digital Marketing.
The GIF file format supports the 8-bit color graphics method of storing image
information, where each pixel is represented by an 8-bit byte. This way, GIF
makes it possible for a single image to refer to a palette of 256 different colors
within the 24-bit RGB color space at any time.

LZW Compression
GIF supports LZW compression, a lossless compression algorithm that is also
commonly used in prepress. TIFF images, for example, are frequently compressed
with LZW.

Interlacing
Another web-specific feature of GIF is interlacing. It is a mechanism that makes
images appear faster on-screen by displaying a low-resolution version of the
image first, followed by the full version. It is up to the web browser to decide how
to display this.
GIPHY - Be Animated
PNG (PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHIC)
A PNG file is an image that has been saved in the Portable Network Graphic (PNG)
format, which is commonly used to store web graphics, digital photographs, and
images with transparent backgrounds. It is a raster graphic, similar to.JPG images,
but it is lossless compressed and supports transparency.
PNG was developed in 1995 as a better alternative to the GIF format for
exchanging images over the internet. It overcame the limits of the GIF format,
which only supported a limited amount of colors and came with a patent license.
Furthermore, unlike GIF pictures can only have entirely opaque or fully
transparent pixels, PNG images can have an 8-bit transparency channel, allowing
the image colors to fade from opaque to transparent.
Support for indexed (palette-based) 24-bit RGB color images is another
characteristic of PNG. Full-color, non-indexed RGB or RGBA photos, as well as
grayscale images, are also supported by the format.

Pros
 The image quality is preserved regardless of the compression ratio
 Can be used to save intermediate picture versions
 Processes a large number of colors
 Can maintain several levels of transparency
 Allows to work with layers
 Makes it possible to add meta-data to the file
 Files weigh little

Cons
 Not suitable for animated pictures
 Cannot process full-color images well
 Does not permit to store several images within one file.
Png Images | Free Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD (freepik.com)
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
JPEG is an international organization that standardized the format during the late
1980s and early 1990s. It’s the go-to file format for digital images — and it has
been ever since photographers began snapping and storing images on digital
cameras and other reprographic devices.
Monitor technology could not produce on-screen graphics in 1986. That's when
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) began working on
methods to deliver photo-realistic images to small screens all across the world.
Simultaneously, the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) appeared on the
scene and developed its own standard for compressing graphics files sufficiently
to function on the typical PC. They invented lossy compression, which deleted
visual data that the human eye couldn't see and averaged out color fluctuation.

Uses
While being relatively compact in size, a JPEG file can display 16.8 million colors.
That is why it is the go-to file for both photographers and web publishers.

Photographic display.
While photographers typically shoot in raw format to ensure the most accurate
capture of a photograph, they frequently post the results of their labor online in
JPEG format. Because it is less in size, it will load faster in most browsers
(including mobile) without sacrificing too much quality.

Web Publishing.
 JPEG files benefit everyone, from major publishers to bloggers, who use them on
their websites. Faster page loading times provide viewers with faster access to
content; also, JPEGs do not take up a lot of storage space in the cloud.

TIFF ( Tagged Image File Format)

TIFF is one of the most used image formats. TIFF is especially popular in the image
editing business, graphic design artists, professional and novice photographers
because to its ease of editing. TIFF is a raster or bit map picture format, and TIFF
files are denoted by extensions. tiff or .tif .
TIFF uses 32bit offsets to replicate color configurations of images. That means
that file size has a limit of 4 gigabytes (4 GB). Many implementations use signed
integers to support files of up to 2 gigabytes.TIFF files have the .tif extension.
Due to its wide usage and multiple advantages- especially in color images- TIFF is
supported by most major imaging software, page layout apps, and word
processors.

Advantages
TIFF images should be used for storing images for the reasons listed below.

Compression
TIFF is a lossless compression format, which means that the image quality will not
be affected if the dot per pixel value is changed.

Flexibility
TIFF image files can be compressed with any available file compression tool. This
benefit entails compressing and archiving multiple images in a single operation.
Apart from its flexibility, TIFF boasts more features that make it one of the best
image file formats out there.

Disadvantages of TIFF Images

Raster Image Format
TIFF is a raster image file format which means that it is made up of small bits
which may distort the image quality if resized.
The security level of this format is not very sophisticated. Users can set the
security for the whole file but cannot set security for individual file components.
Not suitable for Printing Purposes
As said earlier, image resize might distort the image quality which results in poor
print quality hence these images are not suitable in the printing industry.
Consumes a lot of storage space
Even when compressed, TIFF image files are still too large compared to equivalent
images in JPEG.
Cannot Attach other file types
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) History and Advantages - ByteScout

BMP (Bitmap Image/Picture)

In the 1990s, Microsoft developed the BMP file format to allow image data to be
displayed independently of Windows devices. The BMP format is an
uncompressed raster file designed to display high-quality images on Windows and
store printable photos. Microsoft originally developed the BMP format for its
Windows operating system to maintain the resolution of digital images across
different screens and devices. It can store two-dimensional images either in color
or black and white.
A BMP file contains uncompressed data, making it ideal for storing and displaying
high-quality digital images

USES
Storing high-quality digital photos.
BMP files come in the raster format, which means that the images they contain
are made of pixels. This lets BMPs store images with a wide array of colors and
details, making them ideal for high-quality 2D digital photographs. And, because
they’re generally uncompressed, BMPs can handle high levels of image data.
Supporting the photo printing process.
For many of the same reasons that BMP files are great for storing photos, they’re
also a good option when you want to print intricate, full-color photos. Unlike
JPEGs, which compress image file data, BMPs don’t lose data each time you edit
and save them.
BMP file advantages.
 Each BMP is device-independent, meaning it can be stored and displayed
across different devices and screens without losing quality.
 The BMP format is highly versatile — it can handle multiple color depths,
profiles, and alpha channels. It can also support data compression.
 BMPs are compatible with numerous web browsers and software types.
Adobe Photoshop is just one of the image editing programs that support
this file format.
BMP file disadvantages.
 Some people believe the BMP file format may be outdated because it was
designed for older Windows desktop applications, before mobile Android
and Apple devices became popular.
 Uncompressed BMPs can have much larger file sizes than JPEGs and PNGs,
making it more difficult to share them. They can also be too big to use on
websites or to store on hard drives that don’t have a lot of extra space
available.
 BMPs can only contain RGB images, which is something to keep in mind if
you regularly work in CMYK.
What are BMP files and how do you open them? | Adobe

PGM ( Portable Gray Map)

PGM (Portable Gray Map) files store grayscale 2D images. Each pixel within the
image contains only one or two bytes of information (8 or 16 bits). While that
might not sound like a lot of information, PGM files can hold tens of thousands of
shades — ranging from pure black to white, and every shade of gray in between.
In the late 1980s, developers in the United States created the PGM file format.
Simplicity is their trademark. PGMs contain a single image for which it is simple to
write programs and edit. A plain-text (ASCII) or binary file containing information
on width and height, whitespaces, and a gray value is used for this file type. The
larger image is created by dividing the width and height into rows and assigning a
grayscale value to each space.

Uses
 Black and white photography and art.
People store and share beautiful photographs and art projects in PGM files.
They’re ideal for creating a grainy, low-fi, or abstract effect.

 Learning to program.
PGMs are one of the building blocks of computer programming. Many new and
student programmers begin by studying PGM files and learning how to code,
manipulate, and use them in various situations.

 Logos, charts, diagrams, cut-outs, and maps.

PGMs are ideal for simple graphics and illustrations. You can use them in sets,
pared-back in color and scale, and stacked up in layers. They’re perfect for stark
black and white symbols and graphics.
Advantages of PGM files.
 Compatibility. You can open PGMs in image viewers, photo-editing
programs, advanced graphics programs, and most text programs. In some
cases, you can use PGM files on audio and music editing programs.
 Simplicity. Not only are PGM files easy to edit and write, they’re also so
simple you can use them as layers within other images.
 Flexibility. Because they’re so small, PGM files are easy to store. You can
paste them into Word docs without increasing the file size. Plus, PGMs
quickly load online and easily convert into other photo formats.

Disadvantages of PGM files.

 No color. Grayscale — that is, black, white, and shades of gray — is all you
get with PGM files. They’re not capable of working with color.
 Image quality. PGM images can only hold a certain amount of information.
For very large, detailed images, they’re usually not the best solution.
 One image limit. If you want to use PGM files and you require more than
one image, you’ll have to stack them up in larger files.
What are PGM files and how do you open them? | Adobe

FITS (Flexible Image Transport System )

In 1981 D. C. Wells, E. W. Greisen, and R. H. Harten developed the open source
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System ). It is a digital file format used to store,
transmit, and manipulate scientific and other images. FITS is the most commonly
used digital file format in astronomy. Unlike many image formats, FITS is designed
specifically for scientific data and hence includes many provisions for describing
photometric and spatial calibration information, together with image origin
metadata.
Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) : History of Information
RAW (Uncompressed Message)
The RAW data format comes with the beginning of digital cameras. You can
capture details in RAW, but there is no way to edit or store the RAW data. Adobe
released the first RAW format in 2004. Camera manufacturers had used the DNG
RAW image format in new camera models, such as Pentax, Leica, Samsung, Ricoh,
and more in 2006. RAW image files take much larger storage space than JPG, JPEG, PNG, and
other image formats. Consequently, the RAW image format can preserve the most information
captured at the time of exposure .
RAW image files take much larger storage space than JPG, JPEG, PNG, and other image formats.
Consequently, the RAW image format can preserve the most information captured at the time
of exposure. So photographers could get the highest quality images and correct the images with
the information in photo editing programs.
Different camera manufacturers save RAW files in different RAW filenames extensions. The
available RAW file extensions
include .3fr .ari .arw .srf .sr2 .bay .braw .cri .crw .cr2 .cr3 .cap .iiq .eip .dcs .dcr .drf .k25 .kdc .dn
g .erf .fff .gpr .mef .mdc .mos .mrw .nef .nrw .orf .pef .ptx .pxn .R3D .raf .raw .rw2 .raw .rwl .dng
.rwz .srw .x3f.

Advantages
1. RAW file will keep more levels of brightness
Camera RAW files record high levels of brightness. The brightness levels are related to the
distribution of black and white. The greater the brightness levels the image file contains, the
smoother the image looks. That means you can adjust the brightness and white balance
without losing quality. Brightness and white balance are the basis of a clear image. A camera
RAW adjustment will make it closer to the real world. So you can shoot landscapes with high
levels of brightness in RAW format.

2. RAW file provides more information to correct images

Aside from brightness, RAW files contain more information about the photo's exposure.
Excessive exposure and underexposure are common issues when photographing with digital
cameras. If you want to use photo editors to correct an image's exposure, you must first
provide exposure information. Because it records more exposure information, camera RAW is
simple to correct. When it comes to dealing with images, this will make the photo editor
smarter. Even if you shot a dark RAW image, the editing program may be able to turn it into a
clear photo with a lot of exposure information.

3. RAW file format gives more details of shot images

When you enlarge the images, you'll notice that there are noises in them. It's fine to view these
images on a computer or other digital device. The noises in the photos will affect the output
quality when you print them. Photographers usually use a program to reduce noise and sharpen
images after shooting them. Because noise algorithms embedded in programs like Photoshop
will read RAW files, the camera RAW and the details it records will become extremely useful.
What Is RAW and How to Open RAW Files – Introduction & Tutorial (widsmob.com)

PSD – Photoshop Document ( Native File Format For Adobe

Photoshop Documents)
the PSD emerged alongside Adobe Photoshop. As the software’s native file format,
PSDs allowed Photoshop creations to be saved in high-quality, editable
documents.
Adobe, then known as Adobe Systems Incorporated, first developed Photoshop
in 1988 and released it to the public in 1990. The software — and its PSD file
format — have evolved dramatically over time, creating a legacy for the company
as the market leader for image editing.

Uses
Digital design.
With Photoshop being the Swiss army knife in many designers’ toolkits, it’s no
surprise that PSDs are common files in digital design work. The ability to work
across several layers, import, and edit multiple graphics and high-quality images
make PSDs a must for digital projects.
Photography manipulation.
Photographers who use Photoshop and other Adobe Creative Cloud products for
post processing tasks — like image editing, retouching, and compositing, for
example — will be very familiar with PSD files. There’s almost nothing a
photographer can’t do inside a PSD, from fixing an underexposed photo to
creating high-gloss editorial imagery.
Advantages of PSD files.
 PSDs can retain up to 30,000 pixels in both height and width, meaning they
store a large amount of color and image quality information for their size.
 They’re one of the few image files that are editable across multiple layers,
meaning several images can be overlaid and manipulated individually.
 PSDs are easy to import into other Adobe products, like Illustrator or
Premiere Pro.
Disadvantages of PSD files..
 As the native file format of Photoshop, you’ll typically only use PSDs if
you’re an Adobe Creative Cloud subscriber.
 Depending on how you use them, PSDs can get large — up to two gigabytes
— which might make them a challenge to store, send, or transport.
 PSDs aren’t natively supported by operating systems like Windows and
macOS without the use of Creative Cloud software.
What are PSD files and how do you open them? | Adobe