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GENERATOR TYPES USED IN WIND TURBINES

Preprint · May 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10717.64488

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 GENERATOR TYPES
USED IN WIND TURBINES

DENİZ KARAAĞAÇ
170310021
CONTENT

• 1.What is Wind Turbine? • 6. Induction Generators

• 2.Components • -6.1 Rotor Winding Induction Generators
• 3.Generators • -6.2 Double Fed Induction Generators
• 4.Direct Current Generators • -6.3 Squirre-Cage Induction Generators
• - 4.1Switched Reluctans Generator
• 5. Synchronous Generators
• -5.1 Field Winding Synchronous Generators
• -5.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generators
1-WHAT IS WIND TURBINE?

A wind turbine is a device that converts

kinetic energy from the wind into
electricity. Components of the wind
turbine can be listabled as; Blades, Rotor,
Low Speed Shaft, Gear Box, High Speed
Shaft, Anemometer, Controller, Pitch
System, Brake, Wind Vane, Yaw Drive, Yaw
Motor, Tower, Nacelle and Generator.
2-COMPONENTS

• Blades; Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them,

causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines have either two or
three blades.
• Rotor; Blades and hub together form the rotor.
• Low Speed Shaft; Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm
• Gear Box; It works for generators with high rotational speed.
• Pitch System; Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor
speed, and to keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low
to produce electricity.
• Brake; Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.
• Wind Vane; Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient
the turbine properly with respect to the wind.

• Yaw Drive; As the direction of the wind changes, it rotates the rotor, allowing the
system to stand against the wind.

• Yaw Motor; Powers the yaw drive.

• Tower; Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice.
• Nacelle; Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake.

• https://www.energy.gov/maps/how-does-wind-turbine-work
3-GENERATOR TYPES

• Generators used in wind turbines vary over time in parallel with technological
developments.
• These generators are used to convert the mechanical energy produced by the
wind turbine into electrical energy with minimal loss
• They use various power electronics devices to make the generated energy
suitable for the grid. Generators used in wind turbines are;
- Direct Current Generators
- Synchronous Generator
- Induction Generator
4-DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR (DYNAMO)
DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR (DYNAMO)
• The vehicles used to produce the direct current are called the current generator or
dynamo.
• They are generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of
the direct current.
• Due to the ease of speed control, they were widely used until the 1980s.
• Direct current generators are often used in small capacity wind turbines and systems
that are not connected to the grid
• In parallel with the developments in semiconductor technology, direct current machines
have been designed with brushless and permanent magnets.
• These structural changes aim to reduce losses and increase efficiency. These machines,
called brushless direct current machines, are used especially in small power wind turbines
independent of the network due to the limited capacity and power of permanent
magnets.
• In this fixture produced alternating current (AC) is converted to DC with the help of
semiconductor rectifiers
Induced voltage in a DC generator

Voltage on brush tips

Total number of conductors in the armature (the rotating

part in the DC generator)

Revolutions per minute

Magnetic field flux per pole (WB)

DIRECTION OF INDUCED
VOLTAGE
• There are two rules in a conductor to find the
direction of the induced voltage or the current
passing through the conductor.
- Right hand rule
- Right hand three-finger rule
 4.1
SWITCHED RELUCTANS
GENERATOR
- Reliability,high torque-power ratio, high
efficiency and low wind energy applications
due to cost preferred generator

- In such wind turbines, every dislocated pole in

the stator is wrapped in multiple bandages.
ARG produces energy in two processes:
excitation and production.
• ARG consists of two diodes per phase
and two switches. In the stimulation
process, two switches are open and
external energy is applied to the
windings wrapped above the poles in the
stator and the magnetic field occurs. In
the production process, mechanical and
magnetic energy is converted into
electrical energy through two diodes
within the generator
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• No need inverter • Old technology

• High Cost
• Fire Danger
• Only can be used for low power needed
plants
5-
SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS
HOW DOES IT WORK?

• Synchronised generators are machines with equal magnetic speeds as a result of the
synchronisation of the magnets in the rotor with the stator magnetic field. This magnetic
field formed by the rotor is produced by the direct current flowing through fixed
magnets or windings. In modern synchronous generators, the rotor can produce the
magnetic field it needs. Thus, the need for direct current and brush can be disabled by the
use of the reluctans engine and the cost decreases while reliability increases.
SYNCHRONUS
GENERATOR
CIRCUIT
• Synchronous generators used in wind turbine systems use fixed speed in designs where
desired.
• Speed of synchronous generators can be controlled by inverter.
• Low moment of inertia and size when compared to DC generators.Yield and power
factors are stronger than Induction generators.
• Synchronous generators don’t need a reactive magnetization current. So they don’t waste
reactive power and have better quality power output.
• Synchronous generators are suitable designs for full power control. Because they connect
to the grid by a power converter.
• Synchronous generators are provided by magnetic field-field bandages or continuous
magnets. Synchronised by these designs; Synchronised generators and continuous magnet
synchronizations are divided into two.
- Field Winding Synchronous Generator (Alan Sargılı Senkron Generatör)
- Permanent Magnet Synchronus Generator (Sabit Mıknatıslı Senkron Generatör)
 5.1 FIELD WINDING
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

• In field windind synchronous generators; The stator

winding is connected to the mains via a four-zone
power converter consisting of two voltage-induced
inverters, which can switch according to the pulse
width modulation (PWM) technique, and which can be
bidirectional current flow. The converter on the stator
side regulates the electromagnetic torque and the
converter on the mains side regulates the active and
reactive power generated by this system.
• Since the entire stator current is used in
electromagnetic torque production, the efficiency of
this machine is usually high.
• Active and Reactive Powers can be regulated by
convertors which is 1.2 times greater than nominal
wind power.
 5.2 PERMANENT MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

• Self-excited without the need for any energy

source. So it’s recommended for wind turbines.
• The biggest plus is that it can generate power at any
speed
• The cost of maintenance is low. Suitable for small
and light applications.
• Generator speed can be controlled without the
need for any gearbox
• Its stator is wound and permanent magnets are placed in its rotor.
• They have some disadvantages;
• It may cause some problems in synchronization and voltage regulation at the
moment of action.
• permanent magnets cost high
• Diode rectifiers are used to increase the amplitude of the current. Magnet
material can be demagnetized
• It is not possible to check the power factor of the machine. Control of rotor
temperatures with cooling systems is necessary
5.3-
MODELLING OF F.M SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
 6- INDUCTION GENERATORS
• The majority of wind turbines use 3-phase asynchronous generators to produce
alternative currents.
• Asynchronous generators are preferred because they are cheap and reliable.
• The main advantage of it is that it doesn’t need the direct current power.
• Windings are found in the stator in asynchronous machines. The current that
passes through stator winding creates a rotating magnetic field.
• The speed of the rotating magnetic field creates the synchronous speed of the
machine.
• Induction machines don’t
have an electrical
connection between the
stator and the rotor, but
operate entirely
according to the
principle of
electromagnetic
induction.
• Easy connect to the network. They don’t
create oscillations when connected to
the grid.
• Because the induction generator is
directly connected to the grid, it pulls
the reactive power from the grid, so a
compensation system is needed.
There are two most used two different types of Induction Generators;
- Double Fed Induction Generator
- Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator
- Rotor Winding Induction Generator
 6.1- ROTOR WINDING INDUCTION GENERATOR

- In this generator there is a variable resistor. When rotor resistance changes, the speed
characteristics of the generator also change, thus accelerating can be provided.
- Rotor resistance is adjusted with a converter consisting of a diode bridge and IGBT chopper
- Speed, usually up to 10% of sync speed
 6.2- DOUBLE FED INDUCTION GENERATOR

• Double-feed asynchronous generator is

• There is bi-directional power flow on
the most widely used in the wind turbine
the rotor
industry is one of the generators.
• The turbine's low-speed rotation
altogether with a gear system rotor shaft
is driven by raising.
• While stator is directly connected to the
network, the rotor is connected to
network by using a two-way convertor.
• Power and frequency control of the
generator, it is made through the
converter
 6.3- SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR

• Both used in fixed-speed wind turbines

and variable fast wind turbines.
• Squirrel caged asynchronous machines,
brushless, reliable, economically and
robust. they are frequently used in
practice.
• Waving in wind power is directly
transmitted to Network.
• Consumes reactive power
• Capacitors are used for making power
factor 1
THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS WIND TURBINE GENERATOR
 7- REFERENCES
• [1] https://www.elektrikport.com/teknik- • [7] https://www.energy.gov/maps/how-does-wind-turbine-
kutuphane/ruzgar-turbinlerinde-asenkron-jenerator- work
kullanimi/6885#ad-image-0
• [8] http://makinatek.com.tr/uncategorized/126-ruzgar-
• [2] https://www.enerjiportali.com/ruzgar-turbini-nedir- turbinlerinde-kullanilan-generatorler/
ruzgar-turbini-cesitleri-nelerdir/
• [9] http://www.aysajenerator.com.tr/50-74-Nasil_CaliSir
• [3] https://www.topraklama.com.tr/ruzgar-enerjisi/ruzgar-
turbinlerinde-asenkron-jenerator-kullanimi/ • [10] https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/windturbines.php
• [4] https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-wind-
power/wind-turbine-generator-technologies • [11] http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-
content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wtrb/con
• [5] https://www.explainthatstuff.com/windturbines.html trol.htm
• [6] https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-wind- • [12] https://bilimgenc.tubitak.gov.tr/makale/kendimiz-
power/wind-turbine-generator-technologies yapalim-dusuk-guclu-jenerator

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