2.

Quantity of wastewater
Wastewater?

• Liquid waste from a community is called sewage.

• A dilute mixture of the wastes of various types from the residential, public and industrial places.
• Total wastewater can be categorized into two parts.
1. Sanitary sewage flow or dry weather flow
2. Storm water sewage

Why quantity of wastewater?

• For design purpose specially in the conveyance system and treatment plant design.
• To determine the size, shape and depth of sewers.
• To prevent overestimate in the sense economical and lack of self-cleansing velocity.
• To prevent underestimate in the sense of overflow.
• The size of the pumping unit depends on the quantity of sewage.

Dry weather flow (DWF)

• Quantity of wastewater available in non-rainfall periods or dry weather.

• Sometimes called as sanitary sewage.
• Domestic sewage, industrial sewage, commercial sewage, institutional sewage etc.
• Minimum quantity of flow available throughout the year.

Wet water flow (WWF)

• Additional flow during rainy season.

• Sometimes called as storm sewage.
• Consists of runoff available from roots, streets, open spaces etc. during rainfall.
• Runoff reaching to the sewers or drains.

Sources of sanitary sewage

• Private and public water supplies

• When the water is supplied by water works authorities or provided from private sources, it is
used for various purposes like bathing, utensil cleaning, for flushing water closets and urinals
or washing clothes or any other domestic use. The spent water for all the above needs forms
the sewage.
• Industries use the water for manufacturing various products and thus develop the sewage.
• Water supplied to schools, cinemas, hotels, railway stations, etc., when gets used develops
sewage.
• Groundwater infiltration
• Infiltration of groundwater into sewers through loose/faulty joints or cracks also increases the
sewage quantity.
 • Unauthorized connections
• Unauthorized connection of rainwater/storm water in sewer lines or unauthorized connection
made by the people in the sewer lines.

Factors affecting quantity of sanitary sewage

• Population
• Like water supply, the future population after 2/3 decades is determined by applying suitable
method of forecasting the population. Arithmetic increase method, geometric increase method,
incremental increase method etc. can be used.
• Rate of water supply
• Quantity of wastewater entering the sewers would be less than the quantity of water supplied.
This is because of the fact that water is lost in domestic consumption, evaporation, lawn
sprinkling, firefighting etc. if one is sure that no extra water enters/leaves the system,
wastewater quantity may be assumed to be 70-80% of the water supply quantity.
• Groundwater infiltration
• Infiltration is the entrance of GW into the sewer through leaky joints. When sewer line is laid
below the GW table, infiltration is likely to be there. Infiltration unnecessarily ncreases the
quantity of sewage.
• Ex-filtration is the reverse process sewage from sewer line percolates into the ground
surrounding the sewers. Ex-filtration pollutes the underground water and may prove very
dangerous if taken for use through wells.
• Unauthorized connections
• Entrance of rainwater in sewer lines or unauthorized connection made by the people in the
sewer lines.
• Storm water is also considered in this section.
Determination of quantity of sanitary sewage, peak factor, peak flow

• Quantity of sanitary sewage = total quantity of water supply + additions due to infiltration of water
and due to unauthorized connection – subtraction due to leakage and faulty joints and frequency of
sprinkling roads and gardening lawns and evaporation rate in the area.
• Generally, it is seen that quantity of sanitary sewage is 70 – 90% of the total water supply. Sewer
must be designed for maximum or peak rate of flow of sewage.
• Quantity of sanitary sewage = PF * DWF
Where PF, peak factor = 2 to 4

• DWF = Population * 70 - 90% of water supply rate

Storm water flow

• The amount of water flowing over the ground surface, pavements, house roofs etc. is commonly
known as storm water or runoff.
• When rainfall takes place, a part of it infiltrates or percolates in to the ground surface while the
remaining flows over the ground surface, pavements, house roots etc.
• Storm water flow is also known as WWF.
Factors affecting storm sewage

• Shape, slope and area of catchment.

• Nature of the soil and degree of porosity.
• Obstruction in flow of water as trees, fields, garden etc.
• Initial wetness of catchment.
• Intensity and duration of rainfall.
• Atmospheric pressure, wind and humidity.
• Number and size of the ditches present in the area.

Determination of quantity of storm water

• Runoff = total rainfall - losses due to evaporation, absorption, transpiration, percolation etc.
Generally, two methods to estimate quantity of storm water.
1. Rational method
2. Empirical method

Rational method and its limitation

• Runoff from an area can be determined by the Rational Method.

• Gives a reasonable estimate up to a maximum area of 50 ha (0.5 Km2).
• The minimum duration to be used for computation of rainfall intensity is 10 minutes. If the time of
concentration computed for the drainage area is less than 10 minutes, then 10 minutes should be
adopted for rainfall intensity computations.
• This method is mostly used in determining the quantity of storm water.
• Q = 1/360*C Ip A m3/s
Where, Qp = peak runoff in m3/s
C = coefficient of runoff / impervious factor / impermeability factor
Ip = critical rainfall intensity in mm/hr.
A = catchment area in hectares
Limitations:
• Applied to small areas of less than 400 hectares. For larger areas, empirical formula is used.
• It is very difficult to determine the exact value of C hence erroneous and misleading for large areas
7500ha.
• It does not consider the slope of the catchment and wetness of soil.
Overall runoff coefficient
Value of c for different types of surfaces (Kuichling’s coefficient)

S. No. Surface Value of C

1 Water tight roof 0.7-0.9
2 Asphalt pavement road 0.85-0.9
3 Stone/brick pavement with cemented joints 0.75-0.85
4 Stone/brick pavement with uncemented 0.5-0.7
joints
5 Interlocking block pavements 0.4-0.5
6 Macadam roads 0.25-0.6
7 Gravel roads 0.15-0.3
8 Parks, garden, lawns 0.05-0.25
9 Unpaved surfaces 0.1-0.3
10 Built up portion of city 0.7-0.9

British ministry of Health formula for intensity of rainfall

• I = 760 (T +10) mm/hr.

Where, T = duration of rainfall/liter of concentration (T = 5 – 20 minutes)

• I = 1020 (T +20) mm/hr.

Where, T = duration of rainfall/liter of concentration (T = 20 - 100 minutes

Time of concentration

• In the beginning, certain amount of water will reach the outlet, but after some time, water will start
reaching the outlet from the entire area and runoff rate would become the rate of rainfall because
after that level no infiltration. The period after which the entire area will start contributing the
runoff is time of concentration. The runoff resulting from the rain having a duration lesser than the
time of concentration will not be maximum as the entire area will not contribute to the runoff.
Further it has been established that the runoff is not maximum even when the duration of the rain
is more than the time of concentration because in this case, intensity decreases as duration increases.
So, maximum runoff will be obtained from the rain having duration equal to time of concentration
and this is called critical rainfall duration.

C = coefficient of runoff = ration of rainfall = 1 for perfectly impervious surface

Ip = critical rainfall intensity mm/hr.
 • It is defined as the longest time, without unreasonably delay, that will be required for a drop of
water to flow from the farthest point of drainage area to a point of concentration (i.e., the point at
which maximum runoff is being estimated).
• The time required from the beginning of rainfall to the one corresponding to the achievement of
maximum rate of runoff is called the time of concentration.
• It consists of two components: Time of entry Te and time of flow Tf

Time of entry (inlet time)

• It is the time taken by the rainfall to rn form the farthest point of the watershed to the inlet of the
sewer. The time of entry decreases with increases in slope and imperviousness of the ground while
it increases with distance and storage conditions of the ground. Normally taken 3-20 minutes.

Time of flow

• It is the time required for the flow of water in the sewer to the point under consideration. It is
computed by assuming the velocity of flow in the drain and measuring the length of drain or sewer
from inlet point to the point under consideration.
• Larger the catchment, the longer will be the time of concentration
• The maximum runoff occurs when the duration of storm is equal to the time of concentration.
• If the duration of storm is shorter than the time of concentration, whole of the catchment will not
be contributing water, through the intensity of rainfall will be more than that obtainable for a storm
of longer duration, thus lesser runoff will be obtained.
• If the duration of storm is longer than the times of concentration the rainfall intensity will be less
resulting lesser runoff.

Formulas to find i

• General formula
i = 25.4a/(t + b)
Where a,b = constant and depends on duration of storm
t = time of concentration in minute

Duration of storm a b
5 – 20 min 30 10
20 – 100 min 40 20

For areas of heavy and frequent rainfall

i = 3430 / t + 18

For storm occurring once in a year

i = 150 / t0.625
For storm occurring once in 10 years
i = 380 / t0.5

Kuchling’s formula
For storm occurring once in 10 years, I = 2667 / (t + 20)
For storm occurring once in 15 years, I = 3048 / (t + 20)

Numerical

• A certain district of a city has a projected population of 50,000 over an area of 40 hectares. Find the
design discharge for the sewer line for the following data.
Rate of water supply = 200 liter/capita/day
Average impermeability coefficient for the entire area = 0.3
Time of concentration = 50 min
The sewer line is to be design for a flow equivalent to the wet weather flow (WWF) +2 * dry weather flow
(DWF). Assume that 75% of water supply reached in sewer as waste water.

• The drainage area of a town is 20 hectares. The classification of the surface area is as follows:

Types of surfaces % Of total surface area Runoff coefficient

Hard surface 25% 0.85
Root surface 25% 0.80
Unpaved surface 15% 0.3
Gardens and lawns 25% 0.15
Wooded area 10% 0.10
If the time of concentration for the area is 30 min, find the maximum runoff?

• The catchment area of city is 200 hectares. Assuming the surface area is classified as follows:

Types of surfaces % Of total surface area Runoff coefficient

Hard surface 20% 0.9
Root surface 15% 0.8
Unpaved surface 30% 0.15
Gardens and lawns 20% 0.4
Wooded area 15% 0.10
a. Calculate impervious factor if the maximum intensity of rainfall is 40 mm/hr. Also calculate the
quantity of storm water which will reach the sewer line.
b. Density of the population is 300 person/hectare and rate of water supply is 250 lpcd. Calculate quantity
of sewage for separate, combined and partially separate system.

• A city has a projected population of 60,000 living over an area of 50 ha. Find the design discharge for
the sewer line from the following data.
Rate of water supply = 150 lpcd
Average impermeability factor = 0.3
Time of concentration = 40 min
The sewer line is to be designed for flow equivalent to WWF plus twice DWF. Assume 80% of water supply
reaches sewer.

• A town with population of 300 person/ha and rate of water supply is 250 lpcd are residing over an area
of 20 hr. Assuming runoff coefficient 0.39 and time of concentration 5.24 min. calculate the quantity
of sewage for
a. Separate system
b. Combined system

• The catchment area of the city is 200 ha. Assuming the surface on which rainfall is classified as follows:
S.no. Type of surface Percentage area Runoff coefficient
1 Roof 20 0.9
2 Pavement 15 0.8
3 Gardens 30 0.15
4 Roads 20 0.4
5 Vacant plants 15 0.1

a. Calculate the impervious factor, if the maximum intensity of rainfall is 40mm/hr. calculate the quantity
of storm water which will reach the sewer line.
b. If the density of population is 300 person/ha and the rate of water supply is 250 lpcd. Calculate the
quantity of sewage for separate, combined, and partially separate system. Assuming peak factor = 2
and assume other suitable data if necessary.

• An impervious area of 20 hectare is to be served by a sewer line. This area is subject to 3 storms p1,
p2, p3 with equal frequency of occurrence. The duration of three storms is 20 min, 30min, and 35 min
respectively. Taking the time of concentration equal to 30 min, determine the maximum runoff from
each storm.

• Calculate the design discharge for the combined sewer from the following date.
Projected population = 75000
Rate of water supply = 100 lpcd
Time of flow = 15 minutes
Area = 8km2
Permeability factor = 60%
Time of entry = 5 min
Assume that 80% of supplied water converted as wastewater and maximum demand is 3 times average
demand.