AC circuit with a pure resistance R —— Vp — v Consider an AC circuit with a pure resistance R as shown in the figure. The alternating voltage v is given by : v=V,, sin ot (1) ‘The current flowing in the circuit is i ‘The voltage across the resistor is given as Vi. which is the same as v. Using ohms law, we can write the following relations From equation (1) and (2) we conclude that in a pure resistive circuit, the voltage and current are in phase. Hence the voltage and current waveforms and phasors can be drawn as below. wotInstantaneous power The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as follows pHvi p=(V,, sin @r)(J,, sin at) p=V,I,, sin” or Pp =*5)=-(1-cos2an) The instantaneous power consists of two terms. The first term is called as the constant power term and the second term is called as the fluctuating power term. Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows ‘As scen above the average power is the product of the rms voltage and the rms current, The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely resistive cireuit is as shown in the figure.As seen from the waveform, the instantaneous power is always positive meaning that the power always flows from the source to the load. Phasor Algebra for a pure resistive circuit V=VZ0' =V+ jo 7 ve; V+ 74 j0=120 R Problem 2 An ac circuit consists of a pure resistance of 100 and is connected to an ac supply of 230 V, 50 Hz. Calculate the (i) current (ii) power consumed and (iii) equations for voltage and current. wp = = 230 934 R10 (i) P =VI = 230x23 =5260W (iiiV,, = V2V =325.27V 1,, =V21 =32.52A @= 2af =314rad/sec v= 325.25sin314¢ i =32.52sin314tAC circuit with a pure inductance L Consider an AC circuit with a pure inductance L as shown in the figure. The alternating voltage v is, v=V,, sin at given by 1) ‘The current flowing in the circuit is i. The voltage across the inductor is given as Vi which is the same as v. ‘We can find the current through the inductor as follows di velo dt V,, sin of = L— dt di=— sin wtdt sin(@t — 2/2) T,, sin(@t— 2/2) 0-2)From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by 90°, Hence the voltage and current waveforms and phasors can be drawn as below. Inductive reactance The inductive reactance X;, is given as X, = oL=29fL 1, == xX, It is equivalent to resistance in a resistive circuit. The unit is ohms (Q) Instantaneous power The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as follows p=vi p=VV,, sin @)(/,, sin(@t — 7 /2)) P -V,,I,, Sin @t COs Ot p ~ ee sin 2at As seen from the above equation, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature.‘Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows a at [vate sin Dearden 2x, 2 P=0 The average power in a pure inductive circuit is zero. Or in other words, the power consumed by a pure inductance is zero. The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely inductive circuit is as shown in the figure. As seen from the power waveform, the instantaneous power is alternately positive and negative. ‘When the power is positive, the power flows from the source to the inductor and when the power in negative, the power flows from the inductor to the source. The positive power is equal to the negative power and hence the average power in the circuit is equal to zero. The power just flows between the source and the inductor, but the inductor does not consume any power. Phasor algebra for a pure inductive circuit V=VZ0' =V+j0 1=1Z-90' =0- jl =—_ =X, 290° 1Z-90 20 V_ vZo I V=1(jX,)Problem 3 ‘A pure inductive coil allows a current of 10A to flow from a 230V, 50 Hz supply. Find (i) inductance of the coil (ii) power absorbed and (iii) equations for voltage and current. (x, = = 79-230 7 10 X, =2qfL L=*1=0073H 2af (ii)P =0 (iii)V,, = V2V =325.27V 1, =V21 =14.14A @= 27f =314rad /sec v =325.25sin 314¢ i=14.14sin(314r—7/2) AC circuit with a pure capacitance Cc jf — if Ve v Consider an AC circuit with a pure capacitance C as shown in the figure. The alternating voltage v is v=V,, sin ot given by‘The current flowing in the circuit is i. The voltage across the capacitor is given as Vc which is the same as V. ‘We can find the current through the capacitor as follows, q=Cv q=CV,, sina de if i=CV,,a@cos at @CV,, sin(ar + 2/2) I, Sin(@t + 7/2) (2) i Where 1, =@CV,, From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90°, Hence the voltage and current waveforms and phasors can be drawn as below.Capacitive reactance The capacitive reactance Xc is given as It is equivalent to resistance in a resistive circuit. The unit is ohms (Q) Instantaneous power The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as follows p=vi p=VV,, sin @r)(/,, sin(@t+7/2)) p=V,,1,, Sin @t cos @t Vilin + Pp rd ‘As seen from the above equation, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature. Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows 1 2a P=0 2a, P J Voln sin Dordon I 2 The average power in a pure capacitive circuit is zero, Or in other words, the power consumed by a pure capacitance is zero, The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely capacitive circuit is as shown in the figure.‘As seen from the power waveform, the instantaneous power is alternately positive and negative. ‘When the power is positive, the power flows from the source to the capacitor and when the power in negative, the power flows from the capacitor to the source. The positive power is equal to the negative power and hence the average power in the circuit is equal to zero. The power just flows between the source and the capacitor, but the capacitor does not consume any power. Phasor algebra in a pure capacitive circuit V=VZ0' =V + j0 Vv _VZo I 1290 © V=I(-jX,) Problem 4 A318pF capacitor is connected across a 230V, 50 Hz system. Find (i) the capacitive reactance (ii) rms value of current and (iii) equations for voltage and current.@X. -Saoo 10 (I= VY La34 X, (iii)V,, = V2V = 325.27V I, =V21 =32.53A @=2nf =314rad /sec vy = 325.25sin314t i =32.53sin(314r+27/2)Series Resistance-Inductance (R-L) Circuit © Consider a circuit consisting ofa resistor of resistance R ohms and a purely inductive coil of inductance L henry in series as shown in the Figure 2.22. iced R be \) ‘veVesinwt Figure 222 Crit Diagram of Series R-L Circuit ‘+ Inthe series circuit, the current is flowing through R and L will be the same. ‘* But the voltage across them will be different. The vector sum of voltage across resistor Vx and voltage across inductor V, will be equal to supply voltage vt. Waveforms and Phasor Diagram. The voltage and current waves in R-L series circuit is shown in Fig. 2.23. veVmsinwt Figure 2.23 Waveform of Voltage and Curent of eries R-L Circuit «We know that in purely resistive the voltage and current both are in phase and therefore vector Vk is drawn superimposed to scale onto the current vector and in purely inductive circuit the current I lag the voltage Vi by 90°. © So, to draw the vector diagram, first | taken as the reference. This is shown in the Fig. 2.24. Next Vidrawn in phase with I. Next Vi is drawn 90°leading the I. «The supply voltage V is then phasor Addition of Vaand Vi.we —v, A) —ji— R ‘ Figure 224 Pha:or Diagram of erie R-LCireut + Thus, from the above, it can be said that the current in series R-L circuit lags the applied voltage Vby an angle 6. If supply voltage v=V, Sin ot , sin (@t—$) Where |, = Zz Voltage Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Triangle i g %, <5 VuetXL XL By t od ais * Real Power 4 5 5 (Watt) Pure 225 Youoge anole Series. | Figure 226 Impodmnes Tangle Sens gare 2.27 Power Triangle Series RL Cireute vein 40, Real Power P=VI cos¢ = 4URF +X, paw =IR aor R Reactive Fower Q=V I sing = 1 AR 4G | ‘ SE Px, 7 Apparent Power $=V I Ty where, Z= JR 4X7 he Power Factor Power factor =cos= aly NIPower + The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous power p,=vxi p,=V,,sinotx1, sin(at-) P,= V,, 1, sin@txsin (at) _ 2 V1, Sinotxsin(wt~) ‘ 2 path cos $-cos(201-4)] ‘+ Thus, the instantaneous values of the power consist of two components. ‘© First component is constant w.r-t. time and second component vary with time. Average Power Byy P= J eles $- cos(2at-p)] dot a ry PS J lees $- cos(2a1-6)] dot Voda > = feosbdor- feos(2or4) aa ° 0 cos 6(ot)*- fees") — Hate sin( tx 4)sin(-4)] vale [-sind+ sind] [cssSeries Resistance-Capacitance Circuit ‘* Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R ohms and a purely capacitive of capacitance farad in series as in the Fig. 2.28. ecto veVnsinut Figure2.28 Circuit Diagram of Series R-C Circuit ‘© Inthe series circuit, the current ix lowing through R and C will be the same. But the voltage across them will be different. ‘+ The vector sum of voltage across resistor Vaand voltage across capacitor V¢ will be equal to supply voltage vi. Waveforms and Phasor Diagram ‘veeVmnsinuit Vii islnsin(ust*9) ol KF wt Figure 2.29 Waveform of Voltage and Current of Series R-C Circuit ‘* We know that in purely resistive the voltage and current in a resistive circuit both are in phase and therefore vector Va is drawn superimposed to scale onto the current vector ani purely capacitive circuit the current I lead the voltage Ve by 90°. ‘© So, to draw the vector diagram, first I taken as the reference. Thi ‘Next Va drawn in phase with I. Next Vcis drawn 90°laj phasor Addition of Vrana Vc. is shown in the Fig. 2.30. ig the L. The supply voltage V is then‘© Thus, from the above equation itis clear that the current in series R-C circuit leads the applied voltage V by an angle 6. If supply voltage v=V, Sin wt i=1,,sin(@t+o) Voltage Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Triangle Real Power,P VeeIR A R a z ag & Vorl(-X Xe * (o=I(-Xc) e 3s 3 8 2 D Figure 231 Voltage Triangle ofSeriesR-C | Figure 2.22 Impedance Triangle ‘Circuit Seen Figure 2.33 Power Triangle Series B-L CGirewit VaWetVe Real Power, P=VI cosh Sy > =PR = WORE +(e) Reactive Power, Q=VI sind = 1 YR +x2 =PXx, = IZ where, Z=\R+ Apparent Power,S =V 1 =FZ Power Factor RP “= c0sb=or— pf-=cosh= For Power ‘© The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current. Instantaneous power past p.=V,,sinotx 1, sin(wt +o) p= V, |, sinetxsin(ot+) _ 2V,1,sinot x sin (at+d) 2 1, =12ta[cos cos 2or4) PB ‘© Thus, the instantaneous values of the power consist of two components. First component remains constant wir. time and second component vary with time."ata f Mos §- cosi20r4)] dar \ Pag = “ale 4n [fos feostors6) aes { sina y") tale [sin(4n4+4)-sin(6)] ing—sind] Series RLC circuit ‘© Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of R ohm, pure inductor of inductance L henry and a pure capacitor of capacitance C farads connected in series. R L c VR vw Ve veVineinuat Figure 2.34 Circuit Diagram of Series RUC Crcult Phasor Diagram Current is taken as reference. Vris drawn in phase with current, Viis drawn leading! by 90°, Vcis drawn lagging I by 90° VeSince Vi, and Vc are in opposition to each other, there can be two cases: (Vie Ve (2)Vi Ve. the phasor diagram would be as in the figure 2.36 Phasor Diagram * f | ! | Vi-Ve’ +o ve I Figure 2:36 Phasor Diagram of Series R-L-C Circuit for Case © Thus, when Vi. > Vc the series current lags V by angle 9. ify, =V,, Sin wt i,=1,, Sin (ot-) * Power consumed in this case is equal to series RL circuit P,, =Icos 9, Case-2 When, Vi < Ve, the phasor diagram would be as in the figure 2.37 Phasor Diagram Figure 2.37 Phasor Diagram of Series P-L-C Circuit for Case UR) +1(Xe-XL) © The angle ¢ by which V lags lis given by Thus, when V; < Vc the series current I leads V by angle 4. © Power consumed in this case is equal to series RC circuit P,. =VIcos .Series resonance RLC circuit ‘* Such a circuit shown in the Fig. 2.38 is connected toan A.C. source of constant supply voltage ‘Vbut having variable frequency. veVnsinut Faure 2.2 Creat Diaram of Series Resonance RLC Great ‘©The frequency can be varied from zero, increasing and approachin; inity. Since X.and Xc are function of frequency, at a particular frequency of applied voltage, XLand Xc will become equal in magnitude and power factor become unity. Since Xi=Xc, Mb Xe= 0 Z=\R+0= R ‘© The circuit, when X= Xc and hence Z.= R, is said to be in resonance. In a series circuit since current I remain the same throughout we can write, i= Iie ie, Vis Ve Phasor Diagram ‘© Shown in the Fig. 2.39 is the phasor diagram of series resonance RLC circuit. wd + So, at resonance V.and Ve will cancel out of each other. veve 4 x The supply voltage 24V, F ie. the supply voltage will drop across the resistor R. V=VR ——qw«~ Figure 2.29 Phaser Diagram of Series Resonance RLC Circuit Resonance Frequency + Atresonance frequency XL=Xe (J is the resonance frequency )Q- Factor * The Q-factor is nothing but the voltage magnification during resonance, ® It indicates as to how many times the potential difference across L or C is greater than the applied voltage during resonance. © Q factor = Voltage magnification Nh — Factor =» @- Factor = = 2 IR OR WoL 2 Q~ Factor Graphical Representation of Resonance Resistance (R) is independent of frequency. Thus, itis represented by straightline. * Inductive reactance (Xi) is directly proportional to frequency. Thus, itis increases linearly with the frequency. “oN, =20fl ohes * Capacitive reactance(Xc) is inversely proportional to frequency. Thus, it is show as hyperbolic curve in fourth quadrant. wKeaed + Impedance (2) is minimum at resonance frequency. Z= JR +(X,- X.Y For, f= f,,Z=R © Current (1) is maximum at resonance frequency. Vv Zz Forf=f.=t is maximum yg.«Power factor is unity at resonance frequency. Power: factor=cospat Forf = f,,p.f-=1 (unity) cos$=If= Figure 2:40 Grephical Representation ofSeries Resonance RLC Circuit 2.11 Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit ‘© Fig. 2.41 Shows a parallel circuit consisting of an inductive coil with internal resistance R ohm and inductance L henry in parallel with capacitor C farads. R L fxsinust Figure2.41 Crcuit Diagram of ParallelResonance ALCCircuit Figure 242 Circuit Diegram of Parallel Resonance RLC Circuit ‘©The current Ic can be resolved into its active and reactive components. Its active component I,cos@ and reactive component I, sing,© A parallel circuit is said to be in resonance when the power factor of the circuit becomes unity. This will happen when the resultant current | is in phase with the resultant voltage V and hence the phase angle between them is zero. ‘* Inthe phasor diagram shown, this will happen when Ic= Iusing and I= I.cos¢ . Resonance Frequency © Tofind the resonance frequency, we make use of the equation Ic= I.siné. I, =1, sing V_VX, ‘+ Ifthe resistance of the coil is negligible, 1 fe 2nVLC Impedance ‘© To find the resonance frequency, we make use of the equation I = I cos) because, at resonance, the supply current | will be in phase with the supply voltage V. als «The impedance during parallel resonance is very large because of L and C has a very large value at that time. Thus, impedance at the resonance is maximum. © itt be minienum. ZzQ-Factor © Q factor = Current magnification Graphical representation of Parallel Resonance ‘* Conductance (G) is independent of frequency. Hence it is represented by straight line parallel to frequency. ‘* Inductive Susceptance (B1) is inversely proportional to the frequency. Also, itis negative. 1 1 =, Be pexfl f ‘* Capacitive Susceptance (Bc) is directly proportional to the frequency. rx fC, Bx f‘= Admittance (¥) is minimum at resonance frequency. yd 8 For f=f¥ae + Current (1) (s minimum at resonance frequency. TeV + Power factor is unity at resonance frequency. c Power factormcos6-& <:.__ Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonance ‘Sr.No. Description Series Circuit Minimum 1 | tmpedance at resonance ee Maximum 2 | current 1 R 1 aie er Lie Re 6 | Itmagnifies at resonance Voltage 2 | Resonance Frequency 4 _| Power Factor Uni 5 |Q-Factor Power In an AC circuit, the various powers can be classified as 1. Real or Active power 2. Reactive power 3. Apparent power Real or active power in an AC circuit is the power that does useful work in the cicuit, Reactive power flows in an AC cireuit but does not do any useful work. Apparent power is the total power in an AC cireuit. ICos® IsineReal Power ‘The power due to the active component of current is called as the active power or real power. It is denoted by P. P=VxICosd=PR Real power is the power that does useful power. It is the power that is consumed by the resistance. The unit for real power in Watt(W). Reactive Power The power due to the reactive component of current is called as the reactive power. It is denoted by Q Q=Vx 1Sind =PX, Reactive power does not do any useful work. It is the circulating power in th L and C components. The unit for reactive power is Volt Amperes Reactive (VAR). Apparent Power ‘The apparent power is the total power in the circuit. It is denoted by S. S=VxI=PZ +0 S= The unit for apparent power is Volt Amperes (VA). Power Triangle From the impedance triangle, another triangle called the power triangle can be derived as shown. ZX . “| ms 4 ° R PR PProblem . A coil having a resistance of 70 and an inductance of 31.8mH is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the circuit current (ii) phase angle (iii) power factor (iv) power consumed = 2afL = 23.14x50X31.8X10" = 102 Z=\R +X? =V7T +10? =12.20 V_ 230 jy =v =) gga OF iD (ii)@ = lan™ (&}; tan” (@)- SS lag (iii) PF = cos ® = cos(55') = 0.573lag (iv)P =VI cos ® = 230X18.85x 0.573 = 2484.24W Problem 6 A200 V, 50 Hy, inductive circuit takes a current of 10A, lagging 30 degree, Find (i) the resistance (ii) reactance (iii) inductance of the coil Z=—=—=200 10 ()R=Zcosd = 20xcos30° = 17.320 (a) X, = Zsin d= 20xsin 30° =10Q 10 iy = Xe =? 0318 2a 2x3.14x50 Vv 200 IProblem * A Capacitor of capacitance 79.5uF is connected in series with a non inductive resistance of 300 across a 100V, S0Hz supply. Find (j) impedance (ii) current (iii) phase angle (iv) Fquation for the instantaneous value of current a 1 = 2afC 2x3.14x50x79.5x10% (z= fR+X2 = 30° +40° =500 X, (1, =21 = Y2x2=2.828A @= af =2x3.14x50 = 314rad [sec i=2.828sin(3141+53')Problem £ A.230 V, 50 Hz ac supply is applied to a coil of 0.06 H inductance and 2.5 0 resistance connected in series with a 6.8 F capacitor. Calculate (i) Impedance (ii) Current (iii) Phase angle between current and voltage (iv) power factor (v) power consumed X,, = 2afL = 2x3.14x50x0.06 = 18.840 -tL 1 = © QafC 2x3.14x50x6.8x10° (z= fr? +(x, -X.F = 2. (i =V = 2° Losi. Z 449.2 x 68.2 + (18.84 468) = 449.20 X,-X iii)® = tan"{ S2—*c (iii) tan R ) (iv) pf =cos © = cos 89.7 = 0.0056 lead (v)P =VI cos ® = 230 x 0.512 0.0056 = 0.66W Problem 9 A resistance R, an inductance L=0.01 H and a capacitance C are connected in series. When an alternating voltage v=400sin(3000t-20")is applied to the series combination, the current flowing is 10.2 sin(30001-65°). Find the values of R and C. =65' - 20° = 45" lag X, = @L = 3000%0.01 = 300 tan ® = tan 45 Xi-Xe R tan = =1 R=X,-X. y, Z= rt ea t8307 = IR? +(x,-X,) =VR?+R? V2R = 28.3 R= 202 X,-X, =202 X_=30-20=102 1 1 —— =33.3 ax, 3000x10 PProblem 10 A coil of pf 0.6 is in series with a 100uF capacitor. When connected to a SOHz supply, the potential difference across the coil is equal to the potential difference across the capacitor. Find the resistance and inductance of the coil. Coll 100)F €080ai= 0.6 C=1000F f=S0Hz VeviteVe 1 1 DAC 2x3.14x50x100%10 Voor = Ve IZ. =1X¢ Zo =X¢ =31.830 =31.83x0.6 =19.090 R=Z_,,cos® X= Zz, -R° = V31.83" -19.09° = 25.46Q coil coil 1 Jt ogy Qafl. 2x3.14x50x25.46 = 31.830 c L=Problem A non inductive resistor of 100 is in series with a capacitor of 100HF across a 250V, 50Hz ac ‘supply. Determine the current taken by the capacitor and power factor of the circuit 1 1 X,=—--—__" __31 330 DafC 2x3.14x50x100x10 Z=R-jX,=10- j31.83 V0 a4 74 =749272.5° Z 10-731.83 o=725 pf = 00s 9 =c0s72.5° =0.3 Problem ‘An impedance coil in parallel with a 100uF capacitor is connected across a 200V,, SOHz supply. The coil takes a current of 4 and the power loss in the coil is 600W. Calculate (i) the resistance of the coil (ji) the inductance of the coil (iii) the power factor of the entire circuit. = 29 _ soa ¥ 7 _ x, 33.07 = 8" __o.osa 2af 2x3.14~50 R+ jX, =37.5+ j33.07 — 731.83 _ _(37.5+ 733.07 )(— 31.83) Z=27— 32.72 = 42.422—50.5° 50.5” cos® = cos(—50.5°)= 0.6365 bos‘Important definitions > Phase Voltage Itis defined as the voltage across either phase winding or load terminal. It is denoted by Ves. Phase voltage Vay, Vww and Ven are measured between R-N, Y-N, B-N for star connection and between R-Y, Y-B, B-R in delta connection. > Line voltage Itis defined as the voltage across any two-line terminal. It is denoted by Vi. 1e voltage Vay. Vvs. Vax measure between R-Y, Y-B, B-R terminal for star and delta connection both. Figure 2.47 Three Phase Star Connection System igure 248 Tree Phase Delto Connection System > Phase current Itis defined as the current flowing through each phase winding or load. It is denoted by Ins. Phase current Ini, Iv(os) and Ines) measured in each phase of star and delta connection. respectively. > Line current Itis defined as the current flowing through each line conductor. It denoted by li. Line current Inne, Ive, and Inccine) are measured in each line of star and delta connection. > Phase sequence ‘The order in which three coil emf or currents attain their peak values is called the phase sequence. It is customary to denoted the 3 phases by the three colours. ie. red (R), yellow (0), blue (8). > Balance System system is saidto be balance if the voltages and currents in all phase are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by equal angles. > Unbalanee System A system is said to be unbalance if the voltages and currents in all phase are unequal in magnitude and displaced from each other by unequal angles. > Balance load In this type the load in all phase are equal in magnitude. It means that the load will have the same power factor equal currents in them.Relation between line and phase values for voltage and current in case of balanced delta connection. > Delta (A) or Mesh connection, starting end of one cail is connected to the finishing end of other phase coil and so on which giving a closed circuit. Cireuit Diagram Ir¢ino) 1 Y 3 B Te(liney Figure 249 Three Phase Delta Connection + Let, Line voltage, Vy = v, Phase voltage, Voy.) =Vy ian) =Vayaay = Yn Line current, Fyne) =Arjine) = Laine) = Hine Phase current, Ig¢,4) = !y(pi) = Lain) = Relation between line and phase voltage * Fordelta connection line voltage Vand phase voltage V4 both are same. V, fay = Viacpny Vio = Veo Vow Vecom Vi, =Vyu Line voltage = Phase Voltage Relation between line and phase current + For delta connection, Trane) Ea on) ~ Toto 1 Tone) = Fant) — (on + ie. current in each line is vector difference of two of the phase currents. ne) Eyam) —FagnmyFigure 2:50 Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Delta Connection * So, considering the parallelogram formed by In and In. a Fauna) afbnn) Lay + 2la jl) CO8P fy? + pa? + Algal COSGO say © Similarly, Ty...) =lygune) =VB Aon «Thus, in delta connection Line current = «3 Phase current Power P=Vyl, 0086+ Veily COSO-+Vyulpn COSP P=3V, I, cosd I P=3V,, leas Gs) P=4BV,1,cosdRelation between line and phase values for voltage and current in case of balanced star connection. > Inthe Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three windings are connected to a common point called star or neutral point. Cireuit Diagram R iBtuine) Figure 251 Creu Diagram of Tree Phase Star Connection © Let. line voltage, Voy =Voy v, Phase voltage, Vass) =Vsign) “Vara line current, Pg) = yun = lane) = ne phase current, Ig) = dyjyn) = Les) =o Relation between line and phase voltage © For star connection, line current I.and phase current Ips both are same. Foe Fre) Frcine)= Arey Irie = Ins = Walp Line Current = Phase Current Relation between line and phase voltage * For delta connection,Vea =Vajen) — Veyony Vax =Veyan) — Vegan) + i.e. line voltage is vector difference of two of the phase voltages, Hence, Ver. vey Figure 2.52 Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Star Connection From parallelogram, Vex afVaga + Vea + 2¥a Vy 6080 OV, =f FV o +2V,,V,, 60860 Nps’ +Vps' +2Vj,° (14) Va 2, 2, = BV, © Similarly, v,, = Vi, * Thus, in star connection Line voltage = 3 Phase voltage Power P=V pul COSP+V ily COSP+V yl, COSD P=3V 1, C086 rojo 2 P=9BV,I, cose