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Communications Formula Sheet

The document summarizes key concepts related to random processes, signals, and noise including: 1) It defines the mean and autocorrelation function for general and wide-sense stationary random processes. 2) It describes how linear time-invariant systems affect the mean and autocorrelation of inputs. 3) It introduces the power spectral density and relates it to the autocorrelation function via the Wiener-Khintchine theorem. 4) It provides expressions for the power spectral density of various types of white noise including low-pass, band-pass, and quadrature components.

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82 views1 page

Communications Formula Sheet

The document summarizes key concepts related to random processes, signals, and noise including: 1) It defines the mean and autocorrelation function for general and wide-sense stationary random processes. 2) It describes how linear time-invariant systems affect the mean and autocorrelation of inputs. 3) It introduces the power spectral density and relates it to the autocorrelation function via the Wiener-Khintchine theorem. 4) It provides expressions for the power spectral density of various types of white noise including low-pass, band-pass, and quadrature components.

Uploaded by

NoOne OfNote
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Real random process Mean Autocorrelation function

General µX (t) = E[X(t)] RX (t1 , t2 ) = E[X(t1 )X(t2 )]

WSS µX = E[X(t)] RX (τ ) = E[X(t)X(t + τ )]

General through LTI system µY (t) = h(t) ∗ µX (t) RY (t, u) = h(t) ∗ h(u) ∗ RX (t, u)

WSS through LTI system µY = H(0)µX RY (τ ) = h(−τ ) ∗ h(τ ) ∗ RX (τ )


Z ∞
Power spectral density (Einstein-Wiener-Khintchine relation): SX (f ) = RX (τ )e−j2πf τ dτ
−∞
Z ∞
2
Average power: P = E[X(t) ] = RX (0) = S(f ) df
−∞

Power spectral density through LTI system: SY (f ) = |H(f )|2 SX (f )


1
Hilbert transform: ĝ(t) = g(t) ∗ ⇔ Ĝ(f ) = −j sgn(f )G(f )
πt
Pre-envelope for ± frequencies: u± (t) = m(t) ± j m̂(t) ⇔ U± (f ) = U (f ) ± sgn(f )U (f )

N0 N0
White noise: RN (τ ) = δ(τ ) ⇔ SN (f ) =
2 2
 
N0 f
Low-pass white noise: RN (τ ) = N0 B sinc(2πBτ ) ⇔ SN (f ) = rect
2 2B
    
N0 f − fc f + fc
Band-pass white noise: RN (τ ) = 2N0 B sinc(2πBτ ) cos(2πfc τ ) ⇔ SN (f ) = rect + rect
2 2B 2B

Canonical form: n(t) = nI cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)


 
f
PSD of I and Q components: SNI (f ) = SNQ (f ) = [SN (f − fc ) + SN (f + fc )] rect
2B

Format Transmitted signal Output signal Signal-to-noise ratio


PT
Baseband m(t) m(t) + n(t)
N0 W
PT
DSB-SC Am(t) cos(2πfc t) Am(t) + nI (t)
N0 W
A A A PT
SSB m(t) cos(2πfc t) − m̂(t) sin(2πfc t) m(t) + nI (t)
2 2 2 N0 W
P PT
Coherent [A + m(t)] cos(2πfc t) A + m(t) + nI (t)
A2 + P N0 W
mp p P PT (1)
Envelope [A + m(t)] cos(2πfc t), µ = <1 [A + m(t) + nI (t)]2 + nQ (t)2
A A2 + P N0 W
PM A cos[2πfc t + kp m(t)] not covered not covered
3kf2 P PT
Z t
3β 2 P PT (1)
 
1
FM A cos 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ ) dτ kf m(t) + ṅQ (t)(1) =
2πA W 2 N0 W m2p N0 W

(1) small noise

kf mp ∆f
Frequency deviation: ∆f = kf mp and Deviation ratio / modulation index: β = =
W W
FM transmission bandwidth (Carson’s rule of thumb): BT = 2W (β + 1) = 2(∆f + W )

∆2
Quantisation noise variance / power: PN = E[q 2 ] =
12
 
3P
Signal-to-noise ratio at output of fully loaded n-bit quantiser: SNR(dB) = 6n + 10 log10
m2p

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