Class Book

Anita Straker, Tony Fisher, Rosalyn Hyde,

Sue Jennings and Jonathan Longstaffe 5
Contents Tier
5
N5.1 Powers and roots 1 A5.2 Equations and formulae 95
1 Integer powers of numbers 1 1 Multiplying out brackets 95
2 Estimating square roots 3 2 Factorising expressions 97
3 Prime factor decomposition 6 3 Substituting into formulae 99
How well are you doing? 9 4 Changing the subject of a formula 101
5 Solving linear equations 104
A5.1 Sequences and graphs 11 6 Trial and improvement 107
1 Generating sequences 11 How well are you doing? 110
2 Making generalisations 15
3 Using computers 18 Functional skills 2 112
4 Sketching linear graphs 20
5 Rearranging linear equations 24 G5.2 2D and 3D shapes 114
6 Graphs using real-life contexts 27 1 Exploring angles and lines 114
How well are you doing? 30 2 Solving problems 117
3 Solving longer problems 119
G5.1 Measures and mensuration 33 4 Drawing 3D objects 122
1 Perimeter and area 33 5 Drawing plans and elevations 124
2 Finding ␲ 37 6 More plans and elevations 126
3 Area of a circle 40 7 Solving problems using surface area and
4 Solving circle problems and using ␲ 42 volume 129
5 Volume of prisms 45 8 Surface area and volume of prisms 132
6 Surface area of prisms 48 How well are you doing? 134
How well are you doing? 51
N5.3 Calculations and calculators 137
Functional skills 1 54 1 Powers of 10 137
2 Rounding and approximation 139
N5.2 Proportional reasoning 56 3 Mental calculations with decimals 143
1 Adding and subtracting fractions 56 4 Written calculations with decimals 145
2 Multiplying fractions 59 5 Using a calculator 147
3 Dividing fractions 60 6 Problems involving measures 150
4 Percentage change 62 How well are you doing? 153
5 Ratio 65
6 Direct proportion 69 S5.2 Probability 1 155
How well are you doing? 73 1 Simple probability 155
2 Equally likely outcomes with two events 159
S5.1 Enquiry 1 75 3 Mutually exclusive events 161
1 Stem-and-leaf diagrams 75 4 Practical probability experiments 163
2 Starting a statistical investigation 1 79 5 Simulating probability experiments 166
3 Completing a statistical investigation 1 81 How well are you doing? 168
4 Data collection sheets 83
5 Starting a statistical investigation 2 87 A5.3 Functions and graphs 170
6 Completing a statistical investigation 2 90 1 Generating linear graphs using ICT 170
How well are you doing? 93 2 Sketching graphs 172

Tier 5 Class book Contents | iii

3 Drawing accurate graphs 175 A5.5 Equations, formulae and graphs 272
4 Direct proportion 177 1 Factorising 272
5 Reflecting graphs in y = x 180 2 Working with algebraic fractions 276
6 Simple quadratic graphs using ICT 183 3 Working with formulae 279
How well are you doing? 185 4 Forming equations 281
5 Visualising graphs 284
G5.3 Transformations 187 6 Interpreting graphs 287
1 Planes of symmetry 187 7 Matching graphs to real-life situations 290
2 Combined transformations 191 8 Using graphs to solve problems 292
3 Islamic patterns 194 How well are you doing? 296
4 Enlargements 195
5 Enlargements in real-life applications 199 Functional skills 4 298
6 Length, area and volume 203
How well are you doing? 208 S5.4 Probability 2 300
1 Theoretical and experimental probability 300
A5.4 Using algebra 211 2 Mutually exclusive events 305
1 Using graphs to solve problems 211 3 Using experimental probability 309
2 Using algebra in geometry problems 214 4 Choice or chance? 312
3 Using algebra in investigations 216 How well are you doing? 314
How well are you doing? 218
N5.4 Solving problems 316
Functional skills 3 220 1 History of our number system and zero 316
2 Number puzzles based on 3 by 3 grids 317
S5.3 Enquiry 2 222 3 Exploring fractions 319
1 Calculating statistics 222 4 Problems involving properties of numbers 321
2 Line graphs for time series 224 5 Using algebra and counter-examples 323
3 Scatter graphs 227 How well are you doing? 327
4 Collecting and organising data 230
5 Analysing and representing data 232 R5.1 Revision unit 1 329
6 Interpreting data 234 1 Using a calculator 329
7 Reporting and evaluating 235 2 Using percentages to compare proportions 332
How well are you doing? 239 3 Sequences, equations and graphs 336
4 Angles and polygons 341
G5.4 Angles and constructions 242 5 Charts and diagrams 345
1 Angles in polygons 243
2 Regular polygons 246 R5.2 Revision unit 2 351
3 Regular polygons and the circle 247 1 Ratio and proportion 351
4 Angle problems and polygons 249 2 Solving number problems 355
5 Polygons and parallel lines 253 3 Expressions, equations and formulae 360
6 Constructions 257 4 Circles and enlargements 364
7 Constructing triangles 260 5 Probability 369
8 Loci 264
Answers 376
9 More loci 267
How well are you doing? 270 Index 380

iv | Tier 5 Class book Contents

Powers and roots N
5.1
This unit will help you to:
calculate whole-number powers of numbers;
estimate square roots;
write a number as the product of its prime factors;
find the highest common factor (the HCF) of two numbers;
find the lowest common multiple (the LCM) of two numbers.

1 Integer powers of numbers

This lesson will help you to work out integer powers of numbers and use the power keys of a calculator.

Exercise 1
The short way to write 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 is as 25, or ‘2 to the power 5’.
The small number 5 is called the index.
An index can be negative as well as positive. For example:
1 ⫽ ___
9⫺2 ⫽ _____ 1
9 ⫻ 9 81
The calculator key to find powers of numbers looks like this: xy .

Example 1 Find the value of 64.

Key in 6 xy 4 ⫽ . The display shows the answer: 1296

To multiply two numbers in index form, add the indices, so am ⫻ an ⫽ am ⫹ n.

Example 2 Simplify 34 ⫻ 32.

34 ⫻ 32 ⫽ 34 ⫹ 2 ⫽ 36

To divide two numbers in index form, subtract the indices, so am ⫼ an ⫽ am ⫺ n.

Example 3 Simplify 53 ⫼ 52.

53 ⫼ 52 ⫽ 53 ⫺ 2 ⫽ 51 ⫽ 5

N5.1 Powers and roots | 1

1 Write each expression in index form.
a 2⫻2⫻2 b 4⫻4⫻4⫻4⫻4
c 3⫻3⫻3⫻3⫻3⫻3⫻3⫻3 d (⫺1) ⫻ (⫺1) ⫻ (⫺1) ⫻ (⫺1)
1
e _____ 1
f __
5⫻5 6
2 Work out each value without using your calculator. Show your working.
a 26 b (⫺3)5 c 44 d (⫺2)7
e 120 f (⫺1)17 g 4⫺2 h 5⫺3

3 Use your calculator to work out each value.

Where appropriate, give your answer correct to two decimal places.
a 74 b 56 c 113 d 39
e (⫺2)10 f 1.56 g 31.83 h 1.785 ⫹ 10.34

4 Simplify these.
a 25 ⫻ 23 b 34 ⫻ 3 c 102 ⫻ 102 d a5 ⫻ a3
e 56 ⫼ 52 f 125 ⫼ 12 g 84 ⫼ 84 h b5 ⫼ b2

5 A palindromic number reads the same forwards and backwards. 1 2

Copy and complete this cross-number puzzle.
Across Down 3
1 A square number 1 23 ⫻ 5
4
3 A square palindromic number 2 A multiple of 13
4 A cube number

6 Some numbers can be written as the sum of three square numbers.

For example:
35 ⫽ 52 ⫹ 32 ⫹ 12
Write each of these numbers as the sum of three square numbers.
a 19 b 41 c 50
d 65 e 75 f 94

7 Rachel is 3 years older than her sister Hannah.

The sum of the squares of their ages in years is 317.
How old are Rachel and Hannah?

2 | N5.1 Powers and roots

Extension problem
8 Find the two smallest whole numbers where the difference of their squares is a cube, and
the difference of their cubes is a square.

Points to remember
The number 2 raised to the power 4 is 24 or 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2.
4 is called the index or power, and 24 is written in index form.
To multiply numbers in index form, add the indices, so am ⫻ an ⫽ am ⫹ n.
To divide numbers in index form, subtract the indices, so am ⫼ an ⫽ am ⫺ n.
A negative number raised to an even power is positive.
A negative number raised to an odd power is negative.

2 Estimating square roots

This lesson will help you to estimate square roots and to use the root keys of a calculator.

Exercise 2
__ __
√n is the square root of n. For example, √81 ⫽ ⫾9.
You can find positive square roots on a calculator.

Example 1
__ _
To find √81 , press 8 1 √ . The display shows the answer: 9
_
On some calculators you press the square-root key first: √ 8 1
3
_
Some calculators have a cube-root key √ .

Example 2
__ _
3 3
To find √64 , press 8 1 √ . The display shows the answer: 4

N5.1 Powers and roots | 3

You can estimate the positive square root of a number that is not a perfect square.

Example 3
___
Estimate the value of √70 .
___ ___ ___ ___
√70 must lie between √64 and √81 , so 8 ⬍ √70 ⬍ 9.
___
Since 70 is closer to 64 than to 81, we expect 70 to be closer to 8 than to 9.
√

An estimate is 8.4.
64 70 81
8 9

You can estimate the value of a square root more accurately using trial and improvement.

Example 4
Solve a2 ⫽ 135.

Value of a Value of a2

11 121 too small

12 144 too big a is between 11 and 12.

11.5 132.25 too small a is between 11.5 and 12.

11.6 134.56 too small a is between 11.6 and 12.

11.7 136.89 too big a is between 11.6 and 11.7.

11.65 135.7225 too big a is between 11.6 and 11.65.

So a must lie on the number line between 11.6 and 11.65.

11.6 11.65 11.7

Numbers between 11.6 and 11.65 round down to 11.6 to 1 d.p, so a ⫽ 11.6 to 1 d.p.

1 Write two solutions to each of these equations.

a x2 ⫽ 9 b x2 ⫽ 49 c x2 ⫽ 144 d x2 ⫽ 1

2 Write the value of each of these expressions. Use a calculator to help you.
Where appropriate, give your answer correct to two decimal places.
__ __ _____ ____
3
a √2 b √10 c 3√(⫺64) d √0.04
______ ___ __ _____
3
e 3√(⫺125) f √1.5 g √3 h √(⫺1)

4 | N5.1 Powers and roots

 3 Estimate the integer that is closest to the positive value of each of these.
__ ___ ____ ___
a √6 b √45 c √115 d √70

4 Use your calculator to find the positive value of each of the square roots in question 3.
Give your answers correct to one decimal place.

5 A square patio is to be paved

with square paving slabs.
Only whole slabs will be used.
The paving slabs come in packs of 50.
15 packs of slabs are needed to make
sure that there are enough slabs.
How many slabs are used?

6 Solve these equations by using trial and improvement.

Make a table to help you.
Give your answers to one decimal place.
a a2 ⫽ 95 b a2 ⫽ 152 c a2 ⫽ 415

7 The area of this square rug is 15 m2.

Use trial and improvement to find the length of
a side correct to two decimal places.

Extension problem
8 What is the smallest square number that begins with three 8s?

Points to remember
__ ___
√n is the square root of n, for example √ 81 ⫽ ⫾9.
___ ____
3 __
√n is the cube root of n, for example √125 ⫽ 5, √⫺27 ⫽ ⫺3.
3 3

N5.1 Powers and roots | 5

 3 Prime factor decomposition
This lesson will help you to:
write a number as the product of its prime factors;
find the highest common factor (the HCF) of two numbers;
find the lowest common multiple (the LCM) of two numbers.

Did you know that…?

The Greek mathematician Euclid proved in
about 300 BC what is called the
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
This shows that every integer can be
written as a product of prime factors in only
one way.

Exercise 3
You can use a division or ladder method to find the prime factors of a number.
3 75 3 24
Example 1 The prime factors of 75 are 5 ⫻ 5 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 52 ⫻ 3.
5 25 2 8
The prime factors of 24 are 3 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫽ 3 ⫻ 23. 5 5 2 4
1 2 2
You can also use a tree method to find the prime factors of a number. 1
48
Example 2 2 4 12 4
The prime factors of 48 are 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 24 ⫻ 3. 2
3
2
2

You can use prime factors to find the highest common factor (HCF) and the lowest
common multiple (LCM) of two numbers.

Example 3
The prime factors of 72 are 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 3. 72 60
3 2
The prime factors of 60 are 5 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2.
3 2 5
These are shown on the Venn diagram. 2
The overlapping or common prime factors give the HCF:
2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 22 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 12
All the prime factors give the LCM:
2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 23 ⫻ 32 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 360
6 | N5.1 Powers and roots
1 The number 18 can be written as the product of prime factors.
18 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 32
Write each of these numbers as the product of prime factors.
a 12 b 15 c 21 d 24 e 27 f 54

2 a List all the factors of 50.

b Write 50 as the product of prime factors.

3 a List all the factors of 45.

b Write 45 as the product of prime factors.

4 Find a number bigger than 50 that has the same number of factors as 50.

5 Using the Venn diagrams below, work out the HCF and LCM of:
a 72 and 30 b 50 and 80 c 48 and 84
72 30 50 80 48 2 84
3 2 5 2 2
2 5 5 2 2 7
3 2 2 3
2 2

6 The prime factors of 120 are 2, 2, 2, 3 and 5.

The prime factors of 75 are 3, 5 and 5.
Show these numbers on a Venn diagram.
Use the diagram to work out the HCF and LCM of 120 and 75.

7 The prime factors of 40 are 2, 2, 2 and 5.

The prime factors of 90 are 2, 3, 3 and 5.
Show these numbers on a Venn diagram.
Use the diagram to work out the HCF and LCM of 40 and 90.

8 a Which prime numbers are factors of both 42 and 54?

b What is the biggest number that is a factor of both 42 and 54?
c What is the smallest number that is a multiple of both 42 and 54?

9 Find the HCF and LCM of:

a 28 and 40 b 200 and 175 c 36 and 64

10 A four-digit number is a multiple of 21 and a multiple of 35.

What is the smallest number that it could be?

N5.1 Powers and roots | 7

 Extension problems
11 a What is the smallest number with exactly 3 factors?
b What is the smallest number with exactly 5 factors?
c What is the smallest number with exactly 7 factors? Exactly 9 factors?
11 factors? 13 factors?

12 Seven friends are having lunch at the same café.

The first one eats there every day,
the second every other day,
the third every third day,
the fourth every fourth day,
the fifth every fifth day,
the sixth every sixth day,
and the seventh once a week on the same day.
The next time they all meet at the café they
are planning to have a lunch party.
In how many days from now will the lunch
party be?

Points to remember
Writing a number as the product of its prime factors is its prime factor
decomposition.
For example, 24 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 or 23 ⫻ 3.
The highest common factor (HCF) of a pair of numbers is the largest
number that is a factor of each number.
For example, 8 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 and 12 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3.
The highest common factor is 2 ⫻ 2.
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of a pair of numbers is the smallest
number that is a multiple of each number.
For example, 8 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 and 12 ⫽ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3.
The lowest common multiple of 8 and 12 is 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫽ 24.

8 | N5.1 Powers and roots

How well are you doing?
Can you:
work out whole-number powers of numbers?
estimate square roots?
write a number as the product of its prime factors?
find the highest common factor (the HCF) of two numbers?
find the lowest common multiple (the LCM) of two numbers?

Powers and roots (no calculator)

1 2006 level 6
a Put these values in order of size with the smallest first.
52 32 33 24

b Look at this information.

55 is 3125

What is 57?

2 2001 level 6
a Look at these numbers.

16 25 34 43 52 61

Which is the largest?

Which is equal to 92?

b Which two of the numbers below are not square numbers?

24 25 26 27 28

N5.1 Powers and roots | 9

 3 Work out the value of each expression.
a 3 7 ⫼ 35 b 2 4 ⫻ 23 3 4 ⫻ 25
c _______
32 ⫻ 24

4 Look at these equations.

a 24 ⫽ 3 ⫻ 2a
What is the value of a?
b 28 ⫽ 7 ⫻ 2b
What is the value of b?

5 a Find the highest common factor of 84 and 60.

b Find the lowest common multiple of 16 and 36.

Powers and roots (calculator allowed)

6 Suzy thinks of a number.
She uses her calculator to square the number and then adds 5.
Her answer is 29.01.
What is Suzy’s number?

7 The three numbers missing from the boxes are different prime numbers bigger
than 3.
c ⫻ c ⫻ c ⫽ 1045
What are the missing prime numbers?

10 | N5.1 Powers and roots