CBSE Cius 10 Sdence

Revision Notes
CHAPTER-6
LIFE PROCESSES

• All living things perform certain life processes like growth, excretion, respiration,
circulation etc.
• The basic functions performed by living organisms for their survival and body
maintenance are called life process.

Basic life processes are : Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion etc.

Life Processes require energy which is provided by nutrition.

Modes of Nutrition

t. Autotrophic :-Kind of nutrition i.n which organisms can synthesize their own food Eg.
Green Plants
2. Heterotrophic:- Kind of nutrition of which organisms do not possess the ability to
synthesize their own food. They depend on autotrophs for their food supply directly or
indirectly. Eg. Animals, Fungi

Autotrophlc Nutrldon

• Autotrophs : The organisms which can make their own food are called autotrophs
(green plants).
• Photosynthesis : The process by which green plants make their own food with the
help of C()i and H2 0 i.n the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is also called
photosynthesis.
• Raw Materials for Photosynthesis : Cf>i and H2 0
• Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll. (green
pigment).
 6C02
,---.
_...
+ 6H20 ~ C&H1:i06 + 602
Carbon dioxide Water Sugar Oxygen

• Main Events of Photosynthesis

-o:: .
/
"\ I I

-
Photosynthesis
.
.•.--. all-

/ I "-

- ~c:.-..- 1
•--..IN
1 t-a.o( IN' lca,.<ea.

Absorption of Sunlight energy by chlorophyll

C~ to carbohydrates.

• Stomata : Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.

• Functions of Stomata
• Exchange of gases Ch/C(h
(I)
• (ii) Loses large amount of water (water vapour] during transpiration and helps in up
Dow of water

..•. ..
•
Slomalal pen
•• •
..•
Guard 01111

Chloroplast contains the green pigment chlorophyll which has a pivotal role in
photosynthesis.
 He1ro1ropllk nutrilloa

I
i l l
HOLOZOIC SAPROPHTIC
•
PARASITIC

Animals lake in solid

rood and bn:akdown it
•
Organisms food on dead
~ ·ing nt:1ncr
•
PanlSilCS li\'C inside
or outside other orgnnism
inside the bod) (host) and dcri,·c mdrilion
rrom it
cg. Amoeba. anint:1ls cg. fongi cg. c:uscuta
(plnnt pcuasitd.lic:ks etc.

• Nutrition in Animals

Nlltrltiea • .\Nweh
•
Ingestion
♦
Digestion
t
Absorption
♦
Assimilalion Egcstion

• Nutrition In Amoeba

.....,""1-::=:- NUCLEUS
~ - FOOD PARTICLE

. ..·•:.·?-
.. ' ./
~
PSEUDOPODIA

Amoeba has a holozoic nutrition. Thus, solid food particles are Ingested which react with
enzymes and are digested. It is an omnivore.

(i} Amoeba move with. the help of pseudopodia (extension of cell membrane)
(ii) Food vacule Is form ed
(iii) Undigested food is thro wn out.

an dig estive sys tem com pris es of alim ent ary

• Nu trit ion in Hu ma n Be inp : The hum
can al and associated digestive glands.

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

L Moall1 Saliv ary sJIOds Sc:cn:te ➔ Scc mc saliva i=➔
(chaogc stardl int sugar).

j Teeth (Ch cwin g/ar iodi"II of food)

Tongue (Rolling, tasting of food)

2. Ono plla ps Tate s food from mouth ti' ocsopfu,gus by pcri slat k
movcmcnis.
cana l)
(con tnct ion and expa nsio n of ailimcntay

j GaslfJuices
l i
J. s,,. dn ..____,,
HCI Mua ,o
(Pn......11•._.
acidic: linif lgds lom ad\
1
S.. . • 7 1w Live r ➔ Stu c.r..s bile
~

.,,_,,_
Paiic :1Ct i ➔ - • panc reat ic juic

l
e

i
!
C..bot,,cllabo Fats PYoleln
t i i
GI. ..,.. Fatty add • Glycett Atm oad d
Par>cnyllc: Juice
i i
Trypsin

P~,➔~- ~Fm

Smol
'c: :
LipN e

.._ lie. AD
""a1·1t. ., 1...-1 n s ,1 -. Qll:111'.H
5. .... . lllwltll!11flll•1t(ab sat, s CXCCSJ -er )
6. HJ.um (Tcm pora ,y coll ection of waste)
7. Awt.. (hel ps in cg,cstion)
 9 Mt• rzt .da:
- '--..<--- - -- ParoCid gland

~ --+- - - - - &.c>llngual gland

----t------ - g l a n d

c,· - ___;.-+-' --+-+- s-

- 1 - - - Sl)IMn
._.hl1 Uw.
.,....,,
-
Oucxle<un---t-, ---!- - Pancreas
1-gl,F I t' •·
--+- - Trans...,,. CClb't

- -- DNceJo,g-=-,
--'--c.a.m
- - - - Slgmcid<Olon

'--------~....
-----Ai>,Mffdx

- - - - - - - AnflJ canal

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: As shown in the flow chan, digestion begins from th mouth.In
the mouth it is broken down by salivary amylase. The food moves to the stomach through the
oesophagus which performs persistatic movement Enzymes and various digestion juices
from liver .gall bladder and pancreas act on the· chunks from the stomach in the small
intestine. In the large intestine, the remaining nutrients are absorbed and the leftover ls
removed from the body through the rectum and anus.
Respiration

It is a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the
intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic
substances.
(I) Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of carbondioxide.
(ii) Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the CellularRespiration

• Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways

c..._
c.u,,o.

l· -··.
Pyruvic Acid + EJ1ergy

1,,"i,£
!.o
11-,,
~ ~il)

iE1hanol! + lC.o. j+ Energy Lac1ic acid !Co,+ !

+ Waler
Fennen1111ion : Process of Energy ...
con,,cn;ion of Pyruvic acid Energy.
Accumulnlion of
in10 elhanol. CO, and energy
lactic acid causes
byl'.tllt muscle fa1igue II occurs
after rigorous exercise.
• Respiration
Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
' Takes place in rib< P~""' of oxyga, • Takes place in 11,c •b<cnc~ of oxyga,
' Occun in milodlOCldi ia • Occurs in cyloplasm
• End proch!CU .,,, CO2 and H20 • End produclll arc alcohol or lectic ecid.
' Mon., amounl of cnctgy is released (38 ATP) • Less - of UICl&Y is rcleasa!. (2 ATP)

• Human Respiratory System : Passage of air through the respiratory system.

 Nostril
J.
Nasal Passage
J.
Nasal Cavity
J.
Pharynx
J.
larynx
J.
TrachCA
!
Bronchi
J.
L~
J.
Bronchioles
J.
Alveolar sac ➔ Blood capillaries
• Mechanism of Breathing
l\ftthanism or Brntlling
I
!
lnhala1ion
l
Exhalation
I. Dwiog inhalalioa die thoracic cavil)' I . Thancic '2\ily c edlKIS
(cbcsl 01\'ity) ■ •t•
r's ? . Ra. !DIM. duwaaads
2. Ribs lift up 3. Diapb.a!P" bu:o.ncs dome shaped
3. o.,,.,.1"' bccmnc f1ll ia dlapc 4. \blianc on....,. dodcoc:cn,:mc:s and air ails
4. \blmnc o("""p iacrcaxs and air cm:n fn,m 1hr limp.
die lungs
......._
•
., ...
I
tr.=--•·,....

-- . . ::J!
. ..":: {-=:::::

•
-
=------
• F.vchange of Gases between alveolus, blood and tissues.
 I. Air (rich in 0 ,) ,
Blood Binch with
(in :ih•oolus) Ithrough blood lbcmoglobon
vcsscl1J in RB<:
(a,pillarinj
l
O. is n:lca.wd in
tissues
co, co,
2. co, n,lca;ied into - -.. Dissolved in
(from IISSUO) blood blood
co, co, l
Sent nut Rclc,a~ in llloocl ,..,._..,1,
thniugh nostrils ml,rolar (Cll'illariel)
Sae r..a1vco1i)

• Terrestrial Organism - use atmospheric oxygen for respiration

• Aquatic Organisms - use oxygen dissolved in water.
• Respiration in Plants : Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in
animals. Gaseous exchange occur thro·ugh

l , Stomata in leaves
2. Lenticels in stems
3. General surface of the roots.

Transportation

1. Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen etc.,
This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport system.
2. The circulatory system in human beings consists of:

A Pumping Organ Blood VC>$CI$ A cin,ulatory medium

Hprt -Arnrics & Vtlp Blood & Lyapll

Oeoxygenated
Blood
(from body)
Vena •
Cava
Right
Atrium
- Right
Ventricle
,I.
Lungs
Body Pans
Bloecl Cln:alalloa
ill u..... Heart
vio lAORTA

- Left
Ventricle
- Left . _
Atrium
Oxygenated
blood
 AORTA

ldl RDJlde

Section view of the Human Heart

• Double Circulation : Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of
the body.
o Pulmonary circulation : blood moves from the heart to the hugs and back the

heart.
o Systemic circulad.o n :blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back
to the heart.
Blood
(A fluid CoMcctive Tissue)

Solid Component Liquid Component

Blood Corpuscles
I
PLASMA
--~
Blood w.7,c, A yellow colour fluid
Platelets conwin 90% water &
♦ Provide Body
helps in dtfc11ce by I0% Organic subsianc.:s
- carries respiralOI)'
gas (0,. ('0 ,l Blood cngulfmg lhc like
Clolling gcrms& - Pl.isma. Proteins viz.
- con1;iin llb
producing albumin, globulin
impan red colour
antibodies inorganic-c11incml ions
10 the blood

• Lymph· a yellowish fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular
spaces. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and
destroying germs.
 Ar1irrtn ,....
I. C«ty <h)a,a I 1 blood (rom I. c__.,,,. dco.,y1....-rd blood r,om
hc.-an to body parl a.c-cpl body JWb lo bcaft ~
p,1lnw••t7Ancry pu.Jmoi•,
,·CUL
2. Ahocallcd,J;""l>ucu,g \...._,I 2. Aho a.lied c:oUcc1ing Vc,ad.
J. 11,kk and da&lc 3. Th.inandl.c:ud.-tie.
.i. Yal,·ai abtcal ,. .. Vah-c. prnc1ll to ~"ftll back
s. DccrlliCUC:'d nawul'blocad.
j _ Supallciol

• Transportation in Plants : There are two main conducting tissues in a plant.

(a) Xylem (b) Phloem.

xr.,_ .......
I Carnn •-.ct .t mi:llmb from tlr I. Cafflft pf'l'Jr,(1 or pht-.)'fflheM•
r00ba:tochapan0Nicpt.n1 ~ mlm,a1Qlhcoda p,,1 u(lhc
plarll,
2. h',0 fflO'I>' • ulial.
t r:,,icrg)",II IIICJ (rum ATP

• Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water in the form of vapours.
• Role of Transpiration
1. Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL.
2. Helps In temperature regulation In Plant.
• Translocation: Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the
plant is called Translocation.
• Excretion in human beings: The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic
wastes from the body is called excretion. Excretory system of human beings includes :

L'rrlht•

1. A pair of kidney
2. A Urinary Bladder
3. A pair of Ureter
4. A Urethera

• Process of Excretion
Renal artery bring in blood containing waste substances to the kidneys.
Kidney filters blood.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder
where it is stored until it is released through the urethera.
• Function of Kidney: It is remove waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is
produced in the liver.
• Nephron : Each kidney has a large number of filtration units called nephrons.
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of Kidney.

,................
llimir- • b:,p
[
etf hlp 4' 1..,.,

Aiw:-n•l. . bml1
,J( b:rt• "' tt,,n)r

Strwlaft ol N.,.,,..
• Mechanism of Urine Formation : The Urine formation involves three steps:
• Glomerular Filtration : Blood is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman Capsule
of the nephron. This filtrate passes through the tubules of th.e nephron.
• Tubular re-absorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate Like Na+, K+ ,
glucose, amino acids etc. are reabsorbed by the capillaries surrounding the nephron
into th.e blood.
• Secretion : Urea, extra water and salts are secreted Into the tubule which open up
into the collecting duct & then into the ureter.
• Baemodlalysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It Is meant for
Kidney failure patienL

Excretion in Plants
1. Oxygen released during photosynthesis.
2. H20 by transpiration
3. Wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
4. Waste products stored as gums, resin in old Xylem
5. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.

What you have learnt

• Movement of various types can be taken as an indication of life.

• The maintenance of life requires processes like nutrition, respiration, transport of
materials within the body and excretion of waste products.
• Autorrophic nutrition involves the intake of simple inorganic materials from the
environment and using an external energy source like the Sun to synthesis complex
high-energy organic material.
• Heterotrophic nutrition involves the Intake of complex material prepared by other
organisms.
• In human beings; the food eaten is broken down by various steps along the
alimentary canal and the digested food Is absorbed in the small intestine to be sent to
all cells in the body.
• During the process of respiration, complex organic compounds such as glucose are
broken down to provide energy in the fonn of ATP. ATP is used to provide energy for
other reactions in the cell.
• Respiration may be aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration makes more energy
available to the organism.
• ln human beings, the transport of materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and
excretory products is a function of the circulatory system. The circulatory system
consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
• In highly dJ1Jerentlated plants, transport of water, minerals, food and other materials
Is a function of the vascular tissue which consists of xylem and phloem.
• In human beings, excretory products In the form of soluble nitrogen compounds are
removed by the nephrons in the kidneys.
• Plants use a variety of techniques to get ll"id of waste material. For example, waste
material may be stored in the cell-vacuoles or as gum and resin, removed in the
falling leaves, or excreted into the surrounding soil.