Syllabus Electric dipole and flux lines, Energy density in electrostatic field Contents 4.4 Introduction 42° Work Done 4.3. The Line Integral fete eee ees + 200804, o> 44 Potential Difference + Fase be oly RONDE, « 45 Potential due to Point Charge... 2005-06, -- 46 Potential due to a Line Charge............... 2014-12, « 47 Potential due to Surface Charge............. . 2005-06, 48 Potential due to Volume Charge 4.9 Potential Difference due to Infinite Line Charge 4.10 Equipotential Surfaces 4.11 Conservative Field 4.12 Potential Gradient Be a » - 2002-03,2012-13,2013-14 4.13 Energy Density in the Electrostatic Fields... .... 2002-03, 2007-08, é - 2010-11, 2011-12, 4.14 An Electric Dipole 2010-11,eh etudied the Coulomb's law and clectic field charge distributions. Similarly Gauss's law and its P 1s charge distributions are also discussed. In this chapter, another Golied to an electrostatic field is discussed, which is electric potential. The electric potential can be conveniently used to “sptain electric field intensity E This is anothe, method of obtaining vector field E, from the electric scalar potential. The other parameters such as potential difference, the relation between field intensity and the .s chapter. Before defining ay i thi Glectric potential, potential gradient are also discussed in t P def electric potential, let us study the work done in moving a charge in an electric field. EE} work Done The electric field int 4 as the force on a unit test charge at that point a Which we want to find the value of E. Consider an electric field due to a positive charge Q. If a unit test positive charge Qy is placed at any point in this field, it experiences a and tends to move in the direction of the force. But if a positive test charge Q; is to be moved towards the positive base charge Q then it is required to be moved against the electric field of the charge Q. ie. against the Q on the test charge Q,- While doing so, an external. repulsive force exerted by charge source has to do work to move the test charge Q, against the electric field. This movement of charge requires to expend the energy: This work done becomes potential energy of the test charge Qr, at the point at which it is moved. 3 Consider an earth's gravitational field. An object falls on the earth due to the exerted by earth's gavitational field. But to move an object away from the gravitational field, the work is required to be done by an external source. hat exerted by earth's gravitational field is required to, ¢ the earth's gravitational field. In such a case, iensity is defines repulsive force ‘opposite direction to # to move an object agains be done. ‘Thus, work is said to be done when the test charge is moved field. Consider a positive charge Qy and its electric field E. If a positive test charge Q, is placed in this Ny La field, it will move due to the force of repulsion. Let 4 the movement of the charge Q, is dl. The direction in which the movement has taken place is denoted by unit vector ay, in the direction of dl. This is | shown in the Fig, 4.2.1. According, to Coulomb's law the force exerted by the field E is given by, Fa oa TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™. An up tnust for knowledgeY PON essen ws an wal s Go le the vector with that unit vector. Thus the component of F in the direction of frit vector His given by, F, = Fea, =Q, Esa, N . (4.2.2) This is the force responsible to move the charge Q, through the distance di, in the direction of the field. | To keep the charge in equilibrium, it is necessary to apply the force which is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the field in the direction dl. Fapplied = -F/=Q, Bea, N wwe (4.2.3) + In this case, the work is said to be done. Thus keeping the charge in equilibrium means we are moving a charge Qu, through the distance dl in opposite direction to that of field E. Hence the work is done. ; Thus there is expenditure of energy which is given by the product of force and the { distance. Hence mathematically the differential work done by an external source in moving the charge Q, through a distance di, against the direction of field E is given by, dW = Fapplied x dl=-Q, Eeay di (4.2.4) But dia, = dL = Distance vector ws (4.2.5) dW = -Q, EedL J w= (4.2.6) Note that dW is a scalar quantity as EedL is the dot product which is a scalar quantity. Thus if a charge Q is moved from initial position to the final position, against the direction of electric field E then the total work done is obtained by integrating the differential work done over the distance from initial position to the final position. Final Final w= f awe f -QEedL Initial | Final a = -Q J EedL J Initial The work done is measured in Joules. COREE Note tat ot both the positions initial and final, the charge Q is at moving, then only the equation (4.2.7) is valid. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledgeoh Pefine a work done and obtain the line integral to calculate the work done in moving @ charge Q in an electric field E. wm The Line Integral Consider that the charge is moved from initial position B to the final Poston 4 against the elctric field E then the work done is given by, A We -Qf EedL B This is called the line integral, where EedL gives the component of E along the direction aL. Mathematical procedure involved in such a line integral, is, 1, Choose any arbitrary path B to A. % Break up the path into number of very small segments, which are called differential lengths. Find the component of E along each segments. Adding all such components and multiplying by charge, the work done can be obtained. Thus line integral is basically a summation and accurate result is obtained when the number of segments becomes infinite. i Let us see an important Property of this line integral. Consider an uniform electric field E. The charge is moved from B to A along the path di, shown in the Fig. 43.1 The path B to A is divided into number of small segments. The various distance vectors along the segments - s choosen are dL1, dL2,i dls while the electric field in these directions is E1,E2, Es, E4 and Es. integral from B to A can be expressed as the summation of dat products: W = ~Of Ei edLa +2 odLz +...4Bs edits] Fig. 4.3.4 But the electric field is uniform and is equal in all directions. Ei = E2= Es =Eq=E,=E TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up trust or knowledgedL1+dL2+....+dLs is the vector addition. g» according to method of polygon the sum of all vectors is the vector joining initial point to final int when all vectors are arranged one after the in respective directions. This is shown in the Fig, 432. Hence the sum of all such vectors is the Fig. 43.2 yector LBA joining initial point to final point. W = -QEeLpa w. (Uniform E) Thus it can be seen that vector sum of small segments choosen along any path, a curve or a straight line remains same as Lpa and it depends on the initial and final point only. Hence the work done depends on Q, E and Lua and does not depend on the path joining B to A. This is true for nonuniform electric field E as well. Thus, the work done in moving a charge from one location B to another A, in a static, uniform or nonuniform electric field E is independent of the path selected. The line integral of E is determined completely by the endpoints B and A of the path and not the actual path selected. This is called conservative property of electric field E and field E is said to be ‘conservative. While solving the problems, it is necessary to select dL according to the conditions and co-ordinate system selected. The expressions for dL in three co-ordinate systems are given here again for the convenience of the readers. Differential Length vector dL Cartesian => dL = dxa, +dy ay +dza, Spherical => dL = dra, +rd0a 9 +rsinodo ay Table 4.3.1 EER] Important Comments About Work Done i De wou done in moving a point charge in an electric field E from position B | ven by, A W = -Qf EedL B TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for Knowledgevement of the charge Q is against the direction of | ira positive, which indicates external source has done the work. : - i 2. When the movement of the charge Q is in the direction of E, then the wo is negative, which indicates field itself has done the work, no external required. 3. The work done is independent of the path selected from B to A but it depends end points B and A. 4. When the path selected is such that it is always perpendicular to E ice. the fone on the charge is always exerted at right angles to the direction in which s moving, then the work done is zero. This indicates 0, the angle between E ang ad is 90°. Due to the dot product, the line integral is zero when 0 = 90°. 5. If the path selected is such that it is forming a closed contour ie. starting point same as the terminating point then the work done is zero. Calculate the work done in moving a 4 C charge from B (1, 0, 0) to A (0, along a straight path in the field E =a, 5 V/m. Solution : E = 5a,, A (0, 2, 0), B(1, 0,0), Q=4C A W = -Qf EedE and dL = dxa, tdyay +dza, B EedL = 5dx A azo W = -Qf 5dx=-4 f 5dx=-20[x]) = 20) B xl EEE) 4 10n uniform field E=yiix +xay +2az. Determine the work carrying 2C from B(1, 0, 1) to A(0.8, 0.6, 1) along the shorter arc of the circle x 2=1. Find the work required to carry same charge from B to A through str joining B to A in the same field. Solution: Q=2C, E= ya, +xay +2a, A W =-QfEedL, dL = dxa, +dyay +dza, B EedL = (ydx+xdy +2dz) 08 06 1 W = -2fydx+xdy +2dz = -2 f ydx-2 [xdy-4 [dz xl y=0 zal Case 1: Given path x?+y?=1 ie, x=yl-y?, y =vVi-x? TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". An up thrust for knowledge1 0.6 fay +hsntyn] -2 6 = -{0.48+0.927 -0-1.571]-[0.48 +0,6435- 0-0] = - 0.96 J case 2: To obtain equations of the straight line, any two of the following three 4 cquations of planes passing through the line are sufficient, ‘ Ya7Ys ZA = a $e) # (x-xp), 25) = <= xp) = ASB (a2) (y-Ye) XB B. Bry Aa ao yp) Xp. sing tie co-ordinates of A(08, 0.6, 1) and B(1, 0, 1) { o-0=( Bey ed ie y=-3(e-1) ie y =-3xt3 ws Q) | y= y-0 ie z-1=0 ie. z=1 = T0-0 ie zs 08 06 w= 2 J(-ox+3)dx-2 J .. From equation (1) wt * From equation (2), x = =) peter = -2[-096+24-+41.5-3]+2[018-18-04+0] =- 0.96 J Determine the work done in carrying a charge of -5 C from (2, (4, 2-1) in the field E =x a. aA Solution : The charge is moved from B(2, 1, -1) to A (4, 2, -1). A W = Qf E-dL where dL =d,a, +dyay 5 y EedL = xa, dL =x dx TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledgeA Example 4.3.4 Show that the line integral — QJ Eedl is not dependent on the path B selected between B to A but only depends on the end points B and a, | Example 4.3.5 An electrostatic field is given by E = ~8xy Ay —4x7 ay +a, Vim, Te | charge of 6 C is to be moved from B (1, 8, 5) 0 A (2, 18, 6). Find ty | work done in each of ‘the following cases, 1. The path selec ¢ y=3x? +z, z=x+4 2. The straight line from B to A. Show # hat toork done remains same and is independent of the path selected. (Ans say Example 4.3.6 Consider an infinite line charge along z-axis. Show that the work done zero if @ point charge Q is moving im a circular path of radius centered at the line charge. Example 4.3.7 An electrostatic field is given by, Vin zu(* be _ B= (320 a, +24, Find the work done in moving a point charge of 20 wC from (4, 2,0) 6 (0, 0, 0) along a straight line path (Ans. +400) Example 4.3.8 Find the work done in moving a charge of +2C (2,0,0) m to(0, 2,0) m along the straight line path joining two points the electric field is E = (12xax-4 yay) Vim. Example 4.3.9 Determine work done in carrying a charge of ~ 2C { (2,1, 1)10(8,2,— 1) im the electric field E = y a, + xay of Cartesian co-ordinates) considering the path along the parabola x A Oe Example 4.3.10 Find the work done in ‘moving a point charge Q = 5 uC form of nn . 2m 73) im spherical co-ordinates inthe field.BP can mee that the work done in moving a point charge Q from point B to A in the electric field E is given by, A W = -QfEedt wo (441) B If the charge Q is selected as unit test charge then from the above equation we get the work done in moving unit charge from B to A in the field E. This work done in moving unit charge from point B to A in the field E is called potential difference petween the points B and A. It is denoted by V. A Potential difference = V = - J EedL .. (4.4.2) B Thus work done per unit charge in moving unit charge from B to A in the field E js called potential difference between the points B and A. Notation : If B is the initial point and A is the final point then the potential difference is denoted as Vg which indicates the potential difference between the points and B and unit charge is moved from B to A A | Vag = -[Eedc | (443) B | Vag is positive if the work is done by the external source in moving the unit charge from B to A, against the direction of E . The work done in moving, unit test charge from infinity to a point in an electric field is called an electric potential of that point. EEN unit of Potential Difference The potential difference is work done per unit charge. The work done is measured in Joules while the charge in coulombs. Hence unit of potential difference is joules/coulombs (J/C). But practically the unit is called volt (V). a One volt potential difference is one joule of work done in moving unit charge | ne point to other in the field E. L volt = —Lioule 1 coulomb TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledge40 xy ay +20X7Ay +28, P im = sate Vig = -| BedL where dL = dxa, +dyay +4242 a Q = 1 and other dot products are zero. Now a, ea = ayedy = a2 082 BedL = 40xy dx+20x? dy +2dz P Vpo = -f 40 xy dx +20 x? dy +2dz Q ‘As integral does not depend on the path from Q to P we can divide the path as, Path 1 Q(2, 1, 3) to (1, 1, 3) .. Only x varies Path 2 (1, 1, 3) to (1, -1, 3) «+» Only y varies Path 3 (1, -1, 3) to P(1, -1, 0) w+» Only 2 Vates xl 41 z=0 = Veg = | J 40xy dx+ f 20x? ay + f ~| x=2 y= z=3 } f F on? of = = —} J 40xydx+ f 20x? dy +22], 7 =~] f xe2 y=1 1 4 27) = -| f 40xdx+ f 20dy ~6} = ~}40|>— x2 ma 2 y 2 = ~ (20(1 ~ 4) + 20(-1 -1) - 6) = -{-60 - 40 - 6} = + 106 V Cee [ 1. Define electric potential and potential difference. Potential due to Point Charge Consider a point charge, located at the origin of a spherical producing E radially in all the directions as shown in the Fig, 4.5.1. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knoat charge Q at a point having radial distance Fpom origins given by, E 4neor consider a unit charge which is placed at a int B which is at a radial distance of rg from the origin. It is moved against the direction of E point B to point A. The point A is at a radial distance of T, from the origin. wo» (4.5.1) Fig. 4.5.1 Potential due to ‘he differential length in spherical system is, ‘a point charge Q dL = dra, +1d0 aq +rsinO doay (45.2) Hence the potential difference Vg between points A and B is given by, Vag = -[ Ede ButB=> rg and A= ra B alg Vw = -J yar o(dra, +rdOag +r sinOdo ay ) rp \ 4M or ” Vas =-{ —2yer (45.3) fp 47 or = OF tae an Yas = ~ane9 J r?ar= = 1 Q Vig = — lee ‘AB S a ww (4.5.4) when rp>1,, e+ and Vag is positive. This indicates the work is done by TTA extemal source in moving unit charge from B to A. EEE] concept of Absolute Potential Inner Instead of potential difference, it is more convenient baz - *~ conductor to express absolute potentials of various points in the field Such absolute potentials are measured with Tespect to a specified reference position. Such a teference position is assumed to be at zero potential. Fig. 4.5.2 Shielded cable TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for knowledge Bs‘shown in the Fig, 4.5.2. The outer the external signals with the signal carried by inner respect to which, potentials of various points are shield is taken as a reference with defined. Similalrly in cathode ray tube, the metallic shi potential reference. With res| measured. eld around the tube is taken as zerg pect to this reference, potentials of various points are ich is used to develope the concept of absolute Most widely used reference whi potential is infinity. The potential at infinity is treated to be zero and all the potentials at parious points in the field are defined with reference to infinity. Consider potential difference Vag due to movement of unit charge from B to A ina field of a point charge Q. It is given by equation (4.5.4). Qfiii Wag, | AB 4neo [ta 1B Now let the charge is moved from infinity to the point A ie. ry =e Hence 1 a=i=0 =< Vap = [2-4] Q Teor This is also called absolute potential of point A. Similarly absolute potential of point B can be defined as, atone Ine orp Hass ; is is work done in moving unit charge from infinity at poi Hence the potential difference can be point B. absolute potentials of the two points, expressed as the diff TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. TIONS”: Ay, 4 thrust for knowec4-13 Electric Work, Energy aid Potential ~~ 458) Thus absolute potential can be defined as, The absolute potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the work done in moving a unit test charge from the infinity (or reference point at which potential is zero) to the point, agninst the direction of the field. Hence absolute potential at any point which is at a distance r from the origin of a spherical system, where point charge Q is located, is given by, Q ne or | Ve w= (45.9) The reference point is at infinity. (in Note that the potential is a scalar quantity. Other way to define potential mathematically is, v = -[Eedk v - (4.5.10) where © is selected as the reference. A Thus Iv = -[ Eedi Vv 45.11) E - This is potential of point A with reference at infinity. ty Potential due to Point Charge Not at Origin 2 If the point charge Q is not located at the origin of a spherical system then obtain the position vector r’ of the point ee Ryle where Q is located. Then the absolute potential at a point A located at a 7 distance r from the origin is given by, oe "2 Fig. 4.5.3 4neo|1—"] Vir) = Va _-_2 ee = (45:12) where Ry =| r- Distance between point at which potential is to be calculated and the location of the charge TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledgeint Charges Potential due to Several Po — the various point charges Q1, Q7 ~- Qn located at the distances Trl Shon the origin as shown in the Fig. 45.4. The potential due to all these point charges, at point A is to be determined. Use superposition principle. Consider the point charge Qi- The potential Va; due to Q; is given by, Fig. 4.5.4 Potential due to several point charges Q FreoRi io = = Al © Gneo|[t-n] between point A and position of Qi r-1)| = Distance The potential Vaz due to Q2 is given by, _Q2 Veo = —@—= a2 = Greg|r-m| me0R2 Thus potential Van due to Qn is given by, Qn Qn _y V, = = An = Greg|t—tm| 47€0Rn the net potential at point A is the algebraic sum of the ‘As the potential is scalar, considered one at a time. a at A due to individual point charges, Vit) = Va =Vart Var tet Vn - @ Qo Qn FnegR * InegRy ”” Ene QR oS y= vo-3 y = v= > —2a_ 4 moi 4%0|7- rales z 4 Note that the reference point of zero potential is still assumed to be at A point charge Q = 0.4 nC is located at the origin. Obtain potential of A (2, 2, 3) TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowtedgeRare PSs acs Pts Shares. the on ae ee) a 0)? -0)2 Bee te = VQ=07 42-0) 1-02 =/7 04x10? are WA a The reference is at infinity. A > gnx8.854x10"2 x17 ene If same charge Q = 04 nC in above example is located at (2, 3, 3) then obtain mi absolute potential of point A (2, 2, 3) sation : Now the Q is located at (2,3, 3). i the potential at A is given by Va *Gmcme (whe Ra = [t-¥l | = (@-22 42-37 +8-3" =1 art ' wu by distance formula A222) Va = 04x10" a so5v Fig. 455 4nx8.854 x10? x1 (REDE ff the point B is at (— 2, 3, 3) im the above example, obtain the potential difference between the points A and B. Solution: Vag = Va-Ve where Va and Vg are the absolute potentials of A and B. s calculated earlier. Now Va = 3595V Ve = mei where Rg is distance between point Band Q (2, 3,3) Ry = (2-22 48-3)7 +8-3)7 =4 — 04x10” = 08987 V 4x 8854x1071? x4 Vag = Va -Vp = 3.595 - 0.8987 = 2.6962 V CRRBERER) 1 three charges, 3 uC, 4 uC and 5 WC are loented at (0, 0, 0), (2 = 1, 3) and (0. 4, 2) respectively. Find the potential at (1, 0, 1) assuming zero potential at infinity. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledge2,(0,0,0) «. Q,(2,-1,3) © Qa aa Ame gRy . ay R, = {0-07 +0-07 1-02 2,042) a Fig. 4.5.6 3x10 Vay = 22207 _ = 19.0658 kV a” “4negxV2 The potential of A due to Q, is, eo a. Naa, 4ne Ry and Rp = \ (1-2)? +0-CayP +a-3? = 6 ~4x10% Vag = —~ — =-14.6769 kV 0” anegxJ6 The potential of A due to Q is, = 28 Vas = Ane gR3 and R3 = { (1-0)? +(0-4)? +1-Cap =(% 5x10~6 Vas = —“" _-asizouv 48 ane x 126 Va = VartVa2+Va3 =+13.2021 kV Potential Calculation When Reference is Other Than The expressions derived uptill now are under the assumption position of zero potential is at infinity. If any other point than infinity is selected as the reference point A due to point charge Q at the origin becomes, Vi eG where C = Constant to be determined at choosen reference point where V = 0, * TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up that for knowledge’ A point charge of 6 nC is located at origin in free space, find potential of point Pif P is located at (0.2, ~ 04, 0.4) and a) V = 0 at infinity 6) V = 0 at (1, 0, 0) o V=20Vat (- 05, 1,-1). Solution : a) The reference is at infinity, hence © P(0.2,-0.4,0.4) a 2 P * GneoRp = + Q(0,0,0) Rp = 0)? +(-0.4-0)? +00. Fig. 4.5.7 = 06 -9 Vp = ——®x10" ___ gg gy7a v 4x 8,854x10"? x 0.6 b) V = Oat (1, 0, 0). Thus the reference is not at infinity. In such a case potential at P is, Q tip = P= GrepRp* Now Vz at (1, 0, 0) is zero. Q i @ P(0.2,-0.4,0.4) Ve; = — = R= agg te=0 e @R(1,0,0) Q(0,0,0) md Re = (0-0) +O? =1 nats 9 o = 107 4nxB.854x10" x1 c = - 53.9264 vp = 2 +c = 89.8774 -53.9264 = 35.9509 V SregRp This is with reference to (1, 0, 0) where V = 0 V. Now V = 20 V at (- 0.5, 1, -1). Let this point is M (- 0.5, 1, ~ 1). The biven as infinity. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for krowtedgeene ee ~ 14) yy, = 20V . Ry : — 7 (0(0.0.0) he Ry = ¥(-05)? +0)? +(-1)° =15 MC-OSaniam 6x10 Fig. 4.5.9 Fe peer eC 7 20 Gx 8854x107 x15 C = - 15.9509 ee fe 4 15.9509 Ve = Gaeky*C 89.8774 -15: x Vp = 739264V Note that distance of P from origin where Q is located is Rp which is same in all the cases. Only ‘C’ changes as the reference changes hence Vp changes. (REET) Wet is the potential at the center of a square with a side a=2m while charges 2 uC, ~4 uC, 6 WC and 2 WC are located at its four corners ? Solution: The arrangement of charges is shown in the 40. ea <4 Fig. 4.5.10. a 55 ‘The potential at a point due to a point charge is given by, 2m 2m Q Vea t,x 2 R, = Dien berween chigesnildie'poin Ae Vpi = Potential of P due to =_2a__ Qa ag Eg Ry where R, = I (AP) = V2 _ - _Q6 Similarly Vp) = eae where Ry =! (BP) = 2m ~ Qc Ves = TneyR, Where R3 =1(CP)=V2m = 2d Ves TregR, Where Ry =1 (DP) = /2m = ae VP s Vom = Fm, R (Qa +Qp+Qc+Qp] where R=R;=R2=R3=Ry=V2m vs 4 nxB854x10 jg 2-4 #64210" = 38.131 | TTEGHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up tua for iQi ne Yn Freq “hee Be = 05 12 = 22107 = 0.01797 v x05 Qo where Rp = Gre oRr2 pr = 05 Veo - 0.01797 V Vp = Vp + Vp =0V ifthe charges are similar then, Vp = 2x 0.01797 = 0.03595 V Now point P is at 50 cm from the line containing the charges. Rp = ¥ 05)? +(0.5)? = Rpp = Rpy = 0.7071 m ).7071 m Qa 1x107!? =—sl_ = _*—___ = 0001271 V Yn FnegRp, 4n€Xx07071 on Asio= ‘ ea aL = 0.01271 V imegRpy 47€9 x0.7071 Vp = Vo +Vm=0V If the charges are similar then, = 2x 0.01271 = 0.01797 V eames) Example 4.5.8 Given a field Bs (Ome < (Fay +5 a, V/m, x Find the potential difference Vag given A(—7, 2, 1) and B(4, 1,2 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledge ee eel Q, A Q —05m—>44 1c tne Fig. 4.5.11 (a) A o5m osm R, Pt Ren > Fig. 4.5.11 (b) i j= ee Deter the potential difference between the points A at a distance of 0.5 m and 0.1 m respectively from a 20x10-™ coulomb, €y = 8.854 pF/m. Example 4.5.10 The potential difference between two concentric sphere of radii r, ang (ry > 7) is V. Show that the electric field at the surface of the sphere is minimum of 2V/r, for ry = ry/2- Example 4.5.11 A point charge of 5 nC is located at the origin. If V = 2 V at (0,6, 9) Find : i) The potential at A (~ 3, 2, 6) ii) The potential at B (1, 5, 7) | iii) Potential difference Van | Uns. : 1) 3926 V, i) 2.6952 V, fi) +1394 | Example 4.5.12 Point charges of 6 nC each are located at A(1, 0,0), B(0,1,0), C(-1,0, | and D(0,—1, 0) in free space. Assuming zero reference at infinity, (a) Fing V at P(0,0,2), (b) Give its maximum value for ‘any 2 (c) Use Vg P(0,0,2) to calculate | dV/dz| on 2 axis (d) Calculate maximum value g [4Vidz|. (ans, a) 745-7058 v, by 215.7058 Vv, ¢) 21570582 ay 3.004 vin vae2? (+2) Example 4.5.13 Infinite number of charges each of Q nC are placed along x axis at x=1,2,4,8, ... ©. Find the electric potential and electric field intensity at @ point x = 0 due to the all charges. [Ans. ; 17.9754 Q V, - 11.983 Qa, Vim) Example 4.5.14 Find the potential at r, = 5 m and rg = 15 m due to point chage Q = 500 pC placed at the origin. Find the potential at ry = 5% assuming zero as potential at infinity. Also obtain the potential difference between points A and B, [Ans. : 0.5987 V, 0538¥1 Example 4.5.15 A 15 nC point charge is at the origin in free space. Calculate V; if pit P is located at (2, -3, -1). Also calculate V, at P if V = 0 at (6, 5,4 VTU : Aug.-09, Jan (2) Potential due to a Line Charge Consider a line charge having density py, C/m, as shown in the Fig. 464: Consider differential length dL’ at a distance r’. Then the differential charge length dL’ is given by, dQ = pi (ry dL’ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up trust for knowtedgedQ © 4ne|r-r] dVa qhe R= |r-r’| indicates the distance of point A ong from the differential charge. si the dV is a differential potential at A. Hence the tial Va. can be obtained by integrating dV, over the length over which line charge is distributed. Fig. 4.6.1 Ne Va = VQ)= and using equation (4.6.1), J 4neR Line wo (4.6.3) { (CREED be that R is the distance and not the vector and for uniform line charge density pulr)=L- CREEEEEED Find the potential V on z-axis at a distance z from origin when uniform line charge, in the form of a ring of radius a is placed in the z = 0 plane. Solution: The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.6.2. The point A (0, 0, z) is on z-axis, at a distance z from the origin while radius of the ring is a Consider differential length dL’ at point P on the ring. The ring is in z = 0 plane hence aL’ in cylindrical system is, dL’ = r’dp = ado The distance of point A from the ~~ differential charge is R = | (PA). R = ya? +42? Techarge dQ = py (r)dL’=p, add = PLO) =PL av, = €Q _ prado 4meoR sneg Va? +2? TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for knowledgeof A is to be obtained by integrating dV, over ti Y’=a and 6 varies from 0 to 2. _ 7 pad) | Paget = Va = : ie aatee 4negva? +z? (ERLE Note thatthe potentiat at point can be obtained by to ways. 1. If E is known then use, v = -[ EedL+CV C = 0 if reference is infinity. |2. If Eis not known, then find differential charge dQ considering differential Be | v=f pete V Gne oR The integration depends on the charge distribution. a EREEIEE) 4 uniform tine charge density p, Chm is existing from ll Find potential at A (a, 0, 0). Solution: The arrangement is shown in Y the xy plane as in the Fig. 4.6.3. As E is not known in standard form, consider differential length dL’ at a point P, at a distance y from origin, on the charge, dL’ = dy dQ = p.dL’=p,dy The distance of point A from the differential charge is, Ray? Ry = ja?+y pm OES Ame Ra 4neq fa? + y2 Now integrate over entire length ~ L to + L. dV, = TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up twust for knowledgemace ‘A uniform line charge of 1 nC/m is situated along x-axis between the | points (-500, 0) and (500, 0) mm. Find the electric scalar potential at | (0, 1000) mm. ta | Example 4.6.3 [Ans.: 8.649 V1 | Example 4.64 A total charge of 10°® C is distributed uniformly along a ring of radius of | 5 m. Calculate the potential on the axis of the ring at a point 5 m from the centre of the ring. [Ans. : 12.7102 V1 [EE] Potential due to Surface Charge EE Consider uniform surface charge density ps C/m? on a A surface, as shown in the Fig, 4.7.1. Consider the differential surface area dS’ at point P where ps is indicated as p(t’) The differential charge can be expressed as, dQ = ps(r')as" (4.7.1) _ dQ _ pste)48" i Wa = FaegR~ 4neoR 07) where R = Distance of point A from the differential charge The total potential at A can be obtained by integrating dV, over |of the inner conductor. Solution : The conductors are shown in the Fig. 4.7.2. The charge due to inner conductor is a line charge PL. ‘over a long distance. E due to a very long line charge P is in a, direction given by, Ee Pls E = Pt-a, V/m Now the potential difference Vp is to be obtained. dL in cylindrical system is, dL = dra, +rdoay+dza, dr ee *[dra, +r do ay +dza, ] = ra PL ar _ PL ty gy aear 2 anal p p ~Fqglina-In b} qe Lndb=n a] | Vas = oe an[e|v asrsb | Pre Find the potential due to charged circular disc having uniform ne density of p5C/m? at a height ‘h' an its axis. Solution : Let the disc of radius ‘a’ is placed in x-y F plane and z is its axis. The disc is charged with = uniform charge density ps R= as shown in the Fig. 4.7.3. Tas Consider the differential surface area dS with a charge dQ = pg dS. As dS is in the xy plane ie. Fig. 4.7.3 normal direction is a,, dS = r dr do. dQ = psds = ps rdrdo TEGHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS". An up tus for knowledgeal due to charged disc at point P is given by, 2Q____ Ps rdrdy 4mey Vr? +h? Se ponare le 20 r=0 4g Vr? +h? 24h? = u?, 2rdr=2udu ptr Renae nh ad ree ups latent ae = ] Ps ududd _ Ps _fyyu2 (pan _ 2mPs los(izan? 4 v= J IM anegu ~ neg lat Mi = rep owing +h? -n]V) | eo This is the required potential due to charged disc of radius ‘a’, at a height ‘h’ along its axis. A total charge of 10° ° C is distributed uniformly along a ring of radius 5m. 1 Calculate the potential on the axis of the ring at a point 5 m from the centre of the ring. If } the same charge is uniformly distributed on a disc of 5 m radius, what will be the potential on its axis at 5 m from the centre ? Solution : The charge is distributed along a ring so it is a line charge. Let r’ = Radius of ring = 5 m. Total charge Ot, © as = Ser age The ring is shown in the Fig. 4.7.4. Consider the differential length dL’ on the ring at point P. dQ = pdt’ But dL’ = r/dp = 5 do dl’ = 5dpay dQ = 3.183 x 10° x 5 dp Avge oe ~ dne9R where R = Distance between A and Pet = 0 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for knowledge_ 3183x1071 x5 do = 2.0228 do Amey x50 " on 2.0228 do = 2.0228 019" = 2 nx 2.0228 = 12.7101 V 0 vx Now the same charge is distributed over a disc of r’ = 5 m = Totalcharge _ 10% _ 10% _ 3 9739 x 107 C/m? s Area (r)2- X25 Let the disc is placed in x-y plane as shown in the Fig. 4.7.5 with z-axis as its axis. Consider differential surface dS’ at point P having radial distance r’ from the origin. dS’ = r’ dr’ do dQ = Ps dS’=p., r’ dr’ do _ dQ __psr’dr’ dg dV, = pos FEOR ane. ery? +22 ‘R = Distance AP a 5 Pa Mae fdVa = — Asides g-0r'=0 4m 9 y(t’)? +25 Fig. 4.7.5 uw? ie. 2r’ dr’ = 2u du Zz Put (r)? + 25 5m Forr’=0,u,=5 and r’=5,u) = 50 Psududd _ p. bMg= Ps a Ff ssgauee 4nequ~ Ine, Mu; (Ol = _1.2732x10710 4nx8.854x 10-12 ee emetic I x[V50-5] [2n - 0] = 14.8909 V Example 4.7.4 Show that the potential at the o density Ps over a ring 2 = independent of R. rigin due to the uniform surface 0 and radius between R 1.5, - 50a, for-0.5 V2>V3>-.. AS we move away Fig 4482 from the charge, the E decreases hence potential of equipotential surfaces goes on decreasing. While potential of equipotential surfaces goes on increasing as we move against the direction of electric field. For a uniform field E, the equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to E and are equispaced for fixed increment of voltages. Thus if we move a charge along a circular path of radius r as shown in ay direction, then work done is zero. This is because E and dL are perpendicular. Thus E and equipotential surface are at right angles to each other For a nonuniform field, the field lines tends to diverge in the direction of decreasing E Hence equipotential surfaces are still perpendicular to E but are not equispaced, for fixed inerement of voltages. The equipotential surfaces for uniform and nonuniform field are shown in the Fig, 4.10.3 (a) and (b). av] av] av] Av av Lat l ) es Equispaced Unequally spaced equipotential lines. ‘equipotential lines se. Leaeenaal ay. Exit Equipotential surfaces (a) Uniform field (b) Non-uniform field Fig. 4.10.3 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An ip thrust for knowledge41. Explain the concept of equipotential surfaces Conservative Field It is seen that, the work done in moving a test charge around any closed path in g static field E is zero. This is because starting and terminating point is same for a closeq path. Hence upper and lower limit of integration becomes same hence the work done becomes zero. Such an integral over a closed path is denoted as, EedL = 0 Closed | ~ 4111) path | (EID 1% f sign indicates integral over a closed path. Such a field having given by equation (4.11.1), associated with it, is called conservative field or lamellar field, This indicates that the work done in E and hence potential between two points is independent of the path joining the two points. Review Question 1. Define conservative field. (4) Potential Gradient aE ERECTA TIERE Consider an electric field E due to a positive charge placed at the origin of a sphere. Then, Real - 2 V = -[ Bedi = area The potential decreases as distance of point from the charge increases. This is shown in the Fig, 4.12.1. It is known that the line integral of .E between the two points gives a potential --!--| difference between the two points. For an AV elementary length AL we can write, et Vap = TECHIICAL PUBLICATIONS”. Anup thus! or inowedgerelation namely the change of aes ei 2 pL must be related to E, as AL 0, ae a © qhe rate of change of potential with respect to the distance is called the potential agosiet dv tn AV db Potential gra Potential gradient is nothing but the slope of the graph of potential against distance aja point where elementary length is considered. Let us see how this potential gradient is related to the electric field. [5551 Relation between E and V a Consider E due to a particular charge distribution in space. The electric field E and yotental V is changing from point to point in ee spe. Consider a vector incremental length ‘AL making.an angle ® with respect to the ee eee direction of E, as shown in the Fig. 4.12.2. SN ale raw To find incremental potential we use, nme e (412.1) AV = -EeAL Fig. 4.12.2 Incremental length at an angle 0 Now AL = AL a, (4.12.2) where a= Unit vector in the direction of AL. Now the dot product means product of magnitudes of one quantity and component of other in the direction of first. So E*AL is the product of component of E in the direction of a, and AL. EeAL = (Ey a.) *(ALaz) ay eat = EeAL = E, AL AV = -E, AL - (4.12.3) where E, = Component of E in the direction of ay. In other words, dot product can be expressed in terms of cos 0 as. ‘ was EoAL=|E||AL AV = -EAL cos® av. awe -Ecos@ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” &n up thrust for knowiodge 4x = Potential gradient — = -Ecos8 nsidered, E has a fixed value while AL is also constany At a point P where AL is co =-1 ie, 6 =+180° Ths Hence potential gradient w can be maximum only when cos indicates that AL must be in the direction opposite to E aF E ~~ (4129) aL This equation shows that, 1. Maximum value of the potential gradient gives the magnitude of the electric fed intensity E. > The maximum value of rate of change of potential with distance ie. potenti gradient is possible only when the direction of increment in distance is opposite a the direction of E. Thus if @, is the unit vector in the direc urface then E can be expressed as, tion of increasing potential normal equipotential st a] 5 an max E=- ‘As E and potential gradient are in opposite direction, equation (4. sign. The equation shows that the magnitude of E is given by change of V while the direction of E is normal to the equipo! direction of decreasing potential. ‘The maximum value of rate of change of potential gradient of V. wi The mathematical operation on V by which —E is obtair denoted as, ' Gradient of V = Grad V=VV TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” ‘An up trust for knowledge