CGE 61 a CST Seem A AOS Sec cea eee ee eae Ce ead meat Ce) DE eC eel © Sketch the reciprocal function Coe © Sketch curves of functions to show points of intersection and solutions to equations SCC Onc key Sketch these curves. gost y= 208 +1) yaar? y= ae 1 £nae You need to be able to sketch equations of the form yaar + bx? + ox + dory =(x + allx + Ole +o) ‘This involves finding the points where the curve crosses the x- and y-axes. ‘These types of curves are knowin as cubic curves and the general shape is as follows: ” y= y =~) a reflection in the rani, as all the y values are positive cubic curve: negative cubic curve now negative FEED stetch te cre wa tne equation = tr ~ ate — thr + Put y = 0 and solve for x to find the roots of the equation. (Where the curve crosses the x-axis) Hy=0 O= & ~ 2x — 1x + 1) Sox=2,10r—1 (-1,.0)(1, 0) and (2, 0) Put x = 0 to find out where the curve crosses the y-atis Hx =O, y = (0 — 240 - 1)0 + 1) soy 0,2) Now plot these coordinates on a Cartesian graph. y= @ — Xe — 1)(e + 1) crosses the y-axis at (0, ~2) and the x-axis at (-1, 0)(1, 0) @, 0) Next draw a curve through all these points “This scaled the masiimum point ~~ the grasien! changes tom | postive 10.0 to negative Poe This is called a minimum point, ‘The gradiont changes from negative o 010 positive. Note: You will earn more about maximum and minimum points in Chapter 9.Eran MURS rare) E> Sketch the curve of y = x — 2)(1 — a){1 + x) and show the points where it crosses the coordinate axes. Put y = O and solve for x to find the roots of the equati Hy =0,0=(—2y1 - yl +x) Sox=2,10r-1 (1,0)(1, 0) and (2, 0) Put x = 0 to find out whore the curve crosses the y-azis. Hx =0,y=(0-2\1 - 1 +0) Soy @.-2) Now plot these coordinates on a Cartesian graph. The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, ~2) and the x-axis at (1, 0) (1, 0)(2, 0) (where the curve crosses the x-axis), Now draw the curve through all these points. Sketon hese curves a y= e+) b y=2°- 2x? - ar a y=@- e+) Ky=o O= @— 1 +1) Sox=1orx=—1 Points are 1, 0) and (1, 0). Repeated root from ( — 1% lx=0 y= @-170+1) Soy=1 Point is (0,1). Piot the points and sketch the curve.Conary Rare Guana b y=2*-2x?- ar y=a(r? — 2r ~3) yn ais — oye) Famterse Ity=0 O= ar — ar +1) Sox=0,30r—1 Points are (0, 0), (3, 0) and (~1, Op. Ifx=0 y= 010 ~ 30 + 1) Soy Point is (0, 0). Plot the points and sketch the curve FERED «> siete nese cures anindcate clo the points of teraction wih the ake 2 YAM Aet b ya les Me Ne-9} © y= Wh Ae Hee 42) ADAPTIVE doy xe e+ 1) e@ y= Bx(x — 12x + 1) f ym xl2x + 1-3) — 8 yn ArQx— Wet 2 hye + 1H y= 0-2-4) 1 y= +26 +a) kK y= 23 +2) 1 y= ape + 9) 2. > ‘Sketch these functions and indicate the points of intersection withthe axes. a ya ast 2e by=+st+ar 6 yaa? 4 y=Sr+2xt— 2 e y= tex? ar ff y=2-9r 9 y=x— x Sasa eS ee SO 2 Below is a sketch of the graph y x — Notice that a2 x noreeses, _yincreasee rapily ‘Tho curveie tat at (0,0). This point ie caled a point of inflxion. Tho gaciontis positive ust before 0,0) and positve ust ate (©, 0 FEED steich the cures ofthese equations and show ter relative poston toy = 2. col by=Gr1P © y=(3-x) agy=ICES ALU rare) HINT You do not noed 10 plot any points. Itis quicker to realise that the cure y = ~Pis a reflection of the curve y= a The curve i til fat at (0, 0} HINT You do not need to plot any points. Instead realise that this ie a translation of the eurve y = 3. Whon a value ‘a’ is added to a cubic, inside brackets, it creates a horizontal shitt of Feflooted in the x axe HINT y=B-way=-a tg Horizontal shit, 30 the Aight When x = 0: y = (8 ~ 0)°, so that y = 27 PEED siete thse curves and show thirlative postions ination toy = 23 E> b y=(@-x) © y=(r-3) a y=arap s . " nice? - sour fy--@-4 gg yw ho y=(-aP Sat B taht me eg WHERE KIS A CONSTANT The curves with the equations y = & fal into two categories. Type ty = where k > 0 y iben {s undefined axes, hen y = 0, undefined, The curve tends towards erty oD the s-anie when 2 large x45 y-70 and positive o lege and yo enaed fystez0 tne yale when #16 ge and psitve or large ans nogatve. ‘Those are the hoizontal and vorieal asymptotos (hore the graph ‘ever reaches the x- arc y-exe3nae Srareriean kone Type 2: y ~ where k <0 y ‘ne cunes behave nth sane way a6 pe , bit ar cated 0 0 detent quserante 9 * a Sketch the graph y = Sketch the graph y , but further out from the origin. Its asymptotes are, however, the same. Sketch the graph of the function y = HINT The curve will be the same as y = 1, but reflected in the x-axis.SKET SKETCH CURVES OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS TO SHOW POINTS eee SR See 2. Ontho some aga sch te ounes win the equatonsy — alr ~ 9) andy = a1 ~ a © Fin the coorinates ofthe pons of itection Tg DCL rare) HINT <= 8-9) ‘The quadratic 'U' shape crosses the x-axis at #=Oandx=-3 <= 0-9) ‘The cubic ‘negative’ shape crosses the x-axis atx =Oandx =. b y=ate- Sandy = x41 - 9 ‘The coordinates of the points of intersection are the points where the two functions have the same value, xe 3) = x%(1 — 2) x2 8r Expand brackets, x- 32-0 Collect iks terms and equate to 0 x(e? = 3) Factorise re Oor= 23 You can use the equation y ~ a(x ~ 8) 10 find the y-coordinates: te= 3, y= ~v8(-V3 — 3) y=3433 treo, y= 00-3) y=0 He=3, y = v3(V3 — 3) y=3-33 The coordinates of the points of intersection are (—v3, 3 + 313), (0, 0) and (V3, 3 ~ v3).Meigen Usy FEDIED = onthe sume cing setch he curves with uations = 2%: ~ andy Explain why your sketch shows there are two roots to the equation 2%(¢ ~ 1 i) ‘The cubic ‘positive! shape crosses the ya? The reciprocal ‘positive! shape does not cross any axes. wis at x = Oand x b From the sketch there are only two points of intersection of the curves. This means there are only two values of x where 7 So this equation has two roots. Note: You would not be expected fo solve this equation, 4 > Consider the pairs of equations, a-f, below. In each case SoG i sketch the two curves on the same axes venir i state the number of points of intersection, if any sown {ii write down a suitable equation which would give the x-coordinates of these points. You do not need to soive the equation. a y=ay=2 b y=ae+2.y=-2 © y=a%t-a,y=-2 a y=ae-4ay=@-2)° e yn ey epee Ris 2 > a Onthe same axes sketch the curves given by y 2 ~ 4) andy = x(4 ~ 2), Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 3 > a Onthe same axes sketch the curves given by y = (x ~ 1) and y= x? ~ 1. b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 4 > Onthe same axes sketch y = 2 and y = —x(¢ ~ 1)? and use your sketch to explain why there is no solution to 2 = —ax(x ~ 49. 5 > Sketch the curves of y = 1 ~ 4x? and y = x(x ~ 2° and use your sketch to explain how many solutions there are to the equation 1 ~ 4x? = xix ~ 29. 6 > Sketch the curves y = x? ~ 2x? — x +2 and the line y = intersection. I4x + 2 and find the points ofSKET Tg DCL rare) AM UE ay Applying transformations to curves is beyond the scope of the specification and won't be examined, However this exercise can be set as an extension activity. Polynomial curves can be transformed in four basic ways. Th is oxplained in more detail bolow. NAME L_ DESCRIPTION Horizontal translation of -a f(x + a) | The value of « is subtracted from all the x-coordinates, but the y-coordinates stay unchanged. In other words the curve moves «units to the let. Vertical translation of +a fle) +a | The value of a is added to all the y-coordinates, but the x-coordinates stay unchanged. In other words the curve moves a units up. Horizontal stretch of scale | flax) | Allthe x coordinates are multiplied by 2, but the esse Fasoraas cy carged inate wie curve is squashed in a horizontal direction. Vertical stretch of scale f(z) | Allthe y-coordinates are multiplied by a, but the factor a a-coordinates stay unchanged. In other words the Curve is stretched in a vertical direction. Sketch these functions, a fe) - 2 ga) ~ +3" © ha) =x +8 f(a) = x? is @ standard 9) = (x + 3)?is the same hi) = x2 + 3is the same curve: moved 3 units to the left: curve, moved 3 units up: Iu 2 Yet = te 3 TF fogs at +8 a + SO} 0 t Skeich the graph of y = (c — 2° +8 Y Stop 1: Sketch the oy ‘Step 2: Sketch graph of fe) = 2? 20 the graph of 20- f(z) = @- a Horizontal translation of +2 a2) bbb oF Stop 3: Sketch the graph of fix) = (« — 2F +8 Vertical translation of +3me ons FLED sich tre gap oty = 25-3 ms ‘Step 1: Start with the graph y On fey = and Asymptotes are: x = O.and y = 0 4 Step 2: y= 248 Horizontal shift of -5 On Se +s) and Asymptotes are: x= -5 and y = 0 Sere /oaae Vertical stretch, scale factor 2 Or: afte +5) and Asymptotes are: x = -8 and y =0 a ” 20 See AS a Horizontal translation of -3 or: ale +5) +3 and Asymptotes are: x = ~5 andy = 3 EEEEED sketch these curves Emp tyra INTERPRENATION cy=aar+1e 3 Sur a-e 5 oh y=Sx2+2Bona TOE) 3 ana ne i Phan equation y = 2e + 5 [EBD tre cune Chas equation y 8 Sketch the oraphs of ( and /, indicating clearly the coordinates of any intersections with the axes 4 Find the coorainates ofthe points of intersection of C and nm HEBD Tre cune Chas the equation y = tx + Nur — aXe + 1) Sketch the curve, indicating where the curve crosses the x-axis. fg FED = Sketch the graphs of y = x(¢ + 2)8 — 2) and y = ~2, showing clearly the coordinates of al the points where the curves cross the coordinate axes. rot b Using your sketch, state the number of real solutions to the equation 2 x(x + 2) — 2) = ~2 and give a reason for your answer. m BZD Sketch the graohs of y = x(4 ~ x) and y = x7(6 ~ 2) showing clearly the coordinates of the point of intersection. 8 [ED = Factorise completely x? ~ bx fo b Sketch the curve C with equation y = x? ~ 3r. a HED Tre ciagram below shows a sketch of y = 3. Gopy the diagram. On the same diagram sketch the graph y = —2— + 3 a eH y [EB The diagram below shows a sketch of the curve with equation x aoe Copy the diagram. On the same diagram sketch the curve with equation y = flr ~ 1) and state the equations of the asymptotes of this curve. fl y = f(x) where f(r) yCars Neon (a HED ® 6 4x8 + + 6 = (e+ tart — br + 6). Find a and bby factorsing. Bl bb Hence sketch the curve of y =x? — dx? + x +6. a [ED Skeich these curves on the same axes. ag=x » y=-(e- eym ax (4) [EID Tre diagram below shows a sketch of a curve y = f(t). On the same axes sketch the curves with the equations 1 y= +3) a ti y= -f-a) a FEED © Onthe came axes sketch the curves given by y= 1 and y ~ —a(e ~ 29% a b Explain how your sketch shows that there are no solutions to the equation 1+a%e—1F = 0, 1rE) You need to know the shapes of these basic curves. yar a y 2] be You also need to know the basic rules of transformations. y op y= (ale ~ br 6) y=t NAME ) DESCRIPTION Horizontal translation of —@ | f(r + a) | The value of a is subtracted from all the x-coordinates, bbut the y-coordinates stay unchanged. In other words the curve moves @ units to the left. Vertical ranstation of +a | f(z) +a | The value of a is added to all the y-coordinates, but the x-coordinates stay unchanged. In other words the curve moves a units up. Horizontal stretch of scale | "| au the a-coordinates are multipied by +, but the eee ponder tne ete ee Curve is squashed in a horizontal direction Vertical stetch of scale ai) |Allthe y-coordinates are multiplied by a, butthe factor @ =¥-coordinates stay unchanged. in other words the curve is strotchad in a vertical diraction