ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(MTH154S)

Differential Calculus
Chapter 3.1
Review of Differentiation Techniques
Mathematical Defination of Tangent line
to a curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙))
The Derivative of a Function From FPs

f a  h  f a
lim
h 0 h
is called the derivative of f at a .

f a  h  f a
We write: f   x   lim
h 0 h
“The derivative of f with respect to x is …”

Known as differentiation from the first principles

Cont. Notations

f  x “f prime x” or “the derivative of f with respect

to x”
y “y prime”
dy
“dee why dee ecks” or “the derivative of y with
dx respect to x”
df
“dee eff dee ecks” or “the derivative of f with
dx respect to x”
d
f  x  “dee dee ecks uv eff uv ecks” or “the derivative
dx
( d dx of f of x ) of f of x”
Differentiation of the common functions

dy
 dx
is called the differential coefficient or the derivative.
The process of finding the differential coefficient is called
differentiation
 Derivatives are an essential part of calculus, but using the
differentiation coefficient from the first principle (using
limit definition) can be difficult and can take a long time
to evaluate.
 Luckily, we have a few rules that will make finding the
derivative much easier, known as the differentiation of
the common functions.
 The basic rules include: the constant rule, the single
variable rule, etc….
 1. The constant Rule
d
c   0
dx
 Example:
d
4   0
dx
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

y 8 f (x)  0 s (t )   7
y  b 3

y  0 f ( x )  0 s ( t )  0
dy
0
dx
 2.The Single Variable Rule

d
u   1
 Example:
du
d
x   1
dx
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:
f ( x)  x s (t)  t
f ( x )  1 s ( t )  1
 3. The Power Rules

d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1

 Example:
d 8
dx
 
x  8x 7

 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

y  x4
f (x)  x 6
s (t )  t 30
y  x
1
y  4x 3 f ( x )  6 x 5
s ( t )  3 0 t 29
y 
2 x
Cont.

d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1

 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

1
y
1 1
f ( x)  3 s (t )  3
1 y 3
x x t x 4

1 3 1 3
y   2 f ( x )   4 s ( t )   y  
x x 3t  t
3 7
4
4x
 4. The Constant Multiple Rule

d
c f ( x )   c  f  ( x )
dx
 Example:
d
dx
4
 
5x  5 
d 4
dx
x  5 4x  
3
 2 0 x 3

 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

4x3 y  4 x
y  7x 2
f ( x)  s (t)   9 t
3
s ( t )   9 2
y 14x f ( x )  4 x 2 y 
x
Cont.
d
c f ( x )   c  f  ( x )
dx
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

5 5 4  12
y 3 f ( x)  s (t )  y
3x 3 x  3
t x 3 x2
5 5 2 20
y  4 f ( x )  4 s ( t )   y 
x 9x t t x2 3 x2
 5.The Sum/Difference Rules
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )   f ( x )  g ( x )
dx
 Example:
d
dx
 
5 x 4  9 x 2  20 x3  18 x
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

y  x2  5x  3 f (x)  x4  3x3  2x2  x  6

y 2x  5 f ( x )  4 x 3  9 x 2  4 x  1
Cont.
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )   f ( x )  g ( x )
dx
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:

4 4 4
y  2  3 f (x)  (2 x  3) 2

x x x
f (x)  4 x2  12x  9
4 8 12
y   2  3  4 f ( x )  8 x  1 2
x x x
 6. The Sine/Cosine Rules
d
sin x   c o s x d
c o s x    sin x
dx dx
 Example:
d
2 cos x   2  co s x   2  (  s in x )   2 s in x
d
dx dx
 Practice – Find the derivative of the following:
cos x
y   7 c o s x  s in x y  4  2 sin x 
3
y   7 s in x  c o s x y  2 cos x 
sin x
3
 7. Chain Rules

Consider a simple composite function

y  6 x  10 y  6 x  10 y  2u u  3x  5
y  2  3x  5
dy dy du
6 2 3
If u  3x  5 dx du dx
then y  2u
6  23

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 Example 1: Find dy/dx when x=2 for the following
function

f  g  x    sin  x 2  4 
 cos  x 2  4   2 x
dy
y  sin  x 2  4  dx

y  sin u u  x2  4
 cos  22  4   2  2
dy
dy du dx
 cos u  2x
du dx
dy
 cos  0   4
dy dy du dx
 
dx du dx
dy
4
dy dx
 cos u  2 x
dx
Example 2:

If x  3cos t and y  2sin t

Solution:

dx dy
 3sin t  2 cos t
dt dt
dy 2 cos t 2
   cot t
dx 3sin t 3
 8.The Product Rules
y  uv
 y   uv  vu 
In words:

“Keep the first, + “Keep the second,

differentiate the second” differentiate the first”
Examples: 1. Differentiate y  x cos x

u  x v  cos x
y  x cos x u  1 v    s in x
 y  uv vu
 y   x (  s in x )  c o s x ( 1 )
 y    x s in x  c o s x
 y   c o s x  x s in x
Example 2: Differentiate y  x s in 3 x
2

u  x2 v  s in 3 x
y  x sin 3x
2
u 2x v  3 cos 3 x
 y  uv vu


 y  x ( 3 c o s 3 x )  s in 3 x ( 2 x )
2


 y  3 x c o s 3 x  2 x s in 3 x
2
 9. The Quotient Rules
u
y
v
vu   u v 
 y  2
v
In words:

“Keep the denominator, – “Keep the numerator,

differentiate the numerator” differentiate the denominator”

Denominator 2
 x 1
2
Example 1: Differentiate y 2
vu   uv x 1
 y  2
v
u  x 1
 x  1 ( 2 x )   x  1 ( 2 x )
2
2 2
 y  u 2x
x  1
2 2

v  x2 1
2 x  x  1   x  1
2 2
v  2 x

x 2
 1
2

2 x 2 

x 2
1 
2

4x

x 2
1 
2
 10.Trigonometric Functions
1
Definitions: sec x 
cos x

1
cosec x 
sin x

1
cot x 
tan x
Reminder: sin x
tan x  continue
cos x
 10.Derivatives of se c x , c o se c x and co t x

d
sec x  sec x tan x
dx
d
co sec x   co sec x co t x
dx
d
co t x   co sec 2 x
dx
11.Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
(i) ye x (ii) y  ln x
1
 y 
 y  e x
x
Example 1: Differentiate ye sin x

ye sin x Use the

Chain Rule

y  e cos x
sin x


y  cos x e sin x

Example 2: Differentiate y  x 4e x
y x e 4 x Use the Product
Rule

y  x e  e 4x
4 x x 3


y  x e (x  4)
3 x
 Higher Derivatives

Given that f is differentiable, if f  is also

differentiable then its derivative is denoted by f  .

The two notations are:

1st 2nd nth

function ……
derivative derivative derivative

f f f  …… f (n)
2 n
df d f d f
……
dx dx 2 dx n
 Example:
If y  x e x , write down is first second and third
derivatives and hence make a conjecture about its nth
derivative.
y  xex
dy
 x ex  e x
dx
2
d y
 x e x
 e x
 e x
 x e x
 2 e x

dx 2
3
d y
 x e x
 e x
 2 e x
 x e x
 3 e x

dx 3

dn y
dxn
 xex  nex
dny
dx n  xe  ne
x x
Conjecture: The nth derivative is
Thank You