OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM PREPARED BY: ENGR. KATHERINE GRACE . PENAINTRODUCTION | A mixture of water, cement sand and gravel, crushed rock, or other CONCRETE aggregates Asa structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile stresses (as beamin flexure). Itisnecessary to provide steel bars to provide the | Tensile strengtl lacking in concrete. REINFORCED CONCRETE AGGREGATES used in concrete may be fine (usually sand) which BLOT Pass through ano. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size), Materials retained are coarse aggregates Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious y amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, sas orpanle ater pistesMODULUS OF ELASTICITY According to NSCP (Section 408.6), modulus of elasticity E. for concrete for values of w. between 1500 and 2500 ke/m*may Be taken as Where Fc = 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa, We = unit weight on concrete in kg/m for normal concret i = 4700/7 forno prestressed reinforcement —* [ E = 200,000 MPaDETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT ‘STANDARD HOOKS, 12d, —_ g R 90° bend plus 180° plus 4d, extension nice QE a Suvari free end of bar. at the free end of bar, | ES | Bea Telo.cd a - ls i Q 4) 16 mm diameter bar and smaller, 90-degree bend plus 6dp extension at free end of bar, or bb) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus 12d), extension at free end of bar ©) 25 mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree bend plus 6d, extension at free end of bar,MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS ( SECTION 407.3) Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 10 mm through 15 mm, shall not be less than the values in Table 1.1 Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4d), for 16 mm bar and smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with Table 1.1 Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4d» for deformed wire larger than D6 and 2d, for all other wires. Bends with inside diameter of less than 8d, shall not be less than 4d), from nearest welded intersection. "Bar Size Minimum Diameter 40mm to 25 mm 6dy 28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm 8dy Table 1.1- Minimum Diameters of BendSPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT According to Section 407.7, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer = Shall be d,, but not less than 25 mm. | Compression face ISS Where parallel reinforcement is aced in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers should be placed Directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance Between layers not less than 25 mm. When spirally reinforcement or tied compression members, a clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less Tension than 1.5 dy nor 40 mm. faceBUNDLED BARS Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited o four in any one bundle. we » Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars larger than 32 mm shall Not be bundled in beams. The individuals bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should terminate at different points at least 40d, stagger. 3} Bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived frm the equivalent total area. o SH & 82 * © 3-25mm Equivalent Figure 1.1 Bundled-bar arrangement Beran ®(95)3 x 3=2 D2 7 (25)? x 3=7D D=43.3 mmREQUIRED STRENGTH (FACTORED LOAD), U Required strength U to resist dead load (0) and love load (L) shall be at least equal to Eq.1-2 U=1404L7L If resistance to structural effects specified wind load W are included in design, the following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U. £q.1-3 U=0.75(1.40 + 1.7 L+1,7W) Where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more severe condition, and Eq.1-4 U=0.90+1.3W but for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-2 Ifresistance to specified earthquake loads or forces E are included in design , the following combin: D, Land E shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U: Eq.1-5 U=1.1D+1.3L+11EREQUIRED STRENGTH (FACTORED LOAD), U Where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more severe Condition, and Eq.1-6 U=0.90+11E But for any combination of D, Land €, required strength U shall be less than Eq. 1-2 IFresistance to earth pressure H is included | the design, required strength U shall be at least equal to: Fq.1-7 U=140+1.7L+1.7H Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.90 shall be substituted for 1.4D and zero value of L shall be Substituted for 1.40 and zero value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U, for any combination of D, Land H, required strength U shall no be less than. Fq.1-8 U=1.75(1.4D 4 1.41T+ 1.71) but required strength U shall not be less than £q.1-8 U=1.4(0+T) Estimations of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage., expansion of shrinkage compensating concrete or temperature change shall be based on a realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service.STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, 6 (PHI) a. Flexure without axial load b. Axial tension, and axial tension with flexur c. Axial compression and axial compression with flexure: 1) Spiral reinforcement... 2) Tie reinforcement and other reinforced members. d. Shear and torsion ... e. Bearing on concrete f, Post-tensioned anchorage zonesREINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM BEHAVIORELASTIC BEHAVIOR 2 Stoo! 2 Concrete fast loasing Saree, stow oadng Because the compression strain inthe concrete, at anygiven oad, is equal to the compression strain in the steel Se Ss bo =f seek oe ese From which the relation between the steel stress f, and the concrete f. is obtained as f= Bhemfe where n= B/E, known as the modular ratioLet A, = net area of concrete, i.e., gross area minus area ‘occupied by reinforcing bars A, = gross area ‘Ase= total area of reinforcing bars P = axial load ST P= felAc + MAst) transformedarea, Jus concrete crosssection P= felAg + (n= 1)Ag) STRESSES ELASTIC AND SECTION UNCRACKED ‘Aslongas the tensile stress in the concrete issmaller than the modulus of rupture, sono tension cracks develop, the strain and stressis essentially the same in an elastic. ‘Once the transformed section has been obtained, the usual Methods of analysis of elastic homogeneous beams apply.STRESS ELASTIC AND SECTION CRACKED To compute stresses, and strains if desired, the device of the transformed Section can still be used, One need only take account of the fact that all Ofthe concrete that is stressed in tension is assumed cracked, and Therefore effectively absent. ‘As shown in the figure the transformed section then consists of the concretein compression on one side of the axis and n timesthe steel area on the other. The distance to the neutral axis, in this stage, Is. conventionally expressesas a fraction kd of the effective depth d. Once the concrete is cracked, any material located below the steel is ineffective, which iswhy dis effective depth of the beam.)ASSUMPTIONS IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE 1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to distance from the neutral axis. Except for deep flexural members with overall depth to clear span ratio, h/L>2/5 for continuous spans and h/L> 4/5 For simple span, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered, 2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, ¢¢ shall be assumed equal to 0.003 3. For f; below f,, f, shall be taken as E, x &,.For &, > &y, f.= fy 4, Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations. 5. Relationship between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain maybe assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other form that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests, 6. For rectangular distribution of stress:ASSUMPTIONS IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE 6. For rectangular distribution of stress: 8) Concrete stress of 0.85 f'c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance of a =B,¢ from the fiber of maximum compressive strain. b) Distance ¢ from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in the direction perpendicular to N.A. ) Factor B; shall be taken as 0.85 for f'c < 30 Mpa and B, shall be reduced continuously at arate of 0.05 for each 7 Mpa of strength in excess of 30 Mpa, but B, shall not be taken less than 0.65 i.e. (i) For Fe< 30 MPa, B, = 0.85 Forf’c > 30 Mpa, By = 0.85 -°2° (F’e~ 30) but shall not be less than 0.65RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (GINGLY REINFORCED) Figure 2.1 Stress~ strain diagram for singly reinforced rectangular beam £4.24 a= fie For f'c < 30 MPa, By =0.85 Forf’c> 30MPa B, =0.85- than 0.65 908 (f'¢— 30) but shall not be less (oF, = 0] cs y Oasfcab=AsfyRECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) =A a= Fass Multiplying Eq.2-2by d/d Assy d ae KS 085 fred “a Ashy fy bd 0.857% a= The term A iscaled the ati of steel reinforcement andi denotedasRECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) Ta £9.23 e=e and Eq. 24 a= ir Let wth m2 £4.25 a=et Nominal Moment Capacity: From the stress diagram in Figure 2.1:RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) Nominal Moment Capacity: From the stress diagram in Figure 2.1: My = x (d-5) mex (d= 5) My = 0.85 f'cab (d+) od 1 od My = 085 f cab (4-3 a) £9.26 My = f'cwbd? (1 — 0.59 w)RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) Ultimate Moment Capacity(Design Strength): My = OM,( where @ = 0.90 for flexure) £9. 2-6 My = Of'cwbd?(1—0.59 @)RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCEMENT FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) Coefficient of Resistance Eq. 2-8 Ry = fe w(l = 0.59 w) £29 My = OR,ba® Solving for in Eq 2-8 and replacing it with 27, yields the following formula for the steel ratio p:BALANCED c AND BALANCED STEEL RATIO p, In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously. in this condition the strain in concrete reached. its maximum usable value of 0.003 and the strain in steel ratio fy/Es, wre Ec = 200,000 MPa tT al Figure 2.2 Balanced Condition By ratio and proportionin the triangle shown in Fig 2.2 c 0.003 0.003 NOTE: E, = 200,000 e ae = 200, d 0.003 + f,/E, 0.003 seb ‘ona &q.2-11 araraBALANCED c AND BALANCED STEEL RATIO p, Buta= Bye: pfyd cnt naessle By caeeae 0.85 f’cBi cre pfyd _ _600_ 085 f’cB, 600+fy 085 Fe 600 ez Po FAGo0~hy) NOTE: Eq. 2-12is for singly reinforced rectangular section only.MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT Eq. 2-13 Pmax = 0.75 Py Eq. 244 Ay max = 0.75 Ph MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS Eq. 2-15 As min = Lena OF Pmin = ps £q.2-16 and not less than. as OF Pmin = 75 5 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area A. min shall be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by: Eq. 2-17[- N OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM PREPARED BY: ENGR. KATHERINE GRACE . PENA1. DESIGN ASSUMPTION 1.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on assumptions given in 2 and 7, and on satisfaction of applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains. 41.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except that, for deep beam, an analysis that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-and-tie model. 1.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. 1.4 Stress in reinforcement below fy shall be taken as Es times the steel strain, For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy. 4.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of reinforced concrete. 1.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests. 4.7 Requirements of 6 are satisfied by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined by the following: 7.4 Concrete stress of 0.85f'c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a = Bic from the fiber of maximum compressive strain. 7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, ¢, shall be measured in a direction perpendicular tothe neutral axis, 7.3 For fc between 17 and 28 MPa, fj; shall be taken as 0.85. For f'c above 28 MPa, fi shall be taken as 0.85. For fc above 28 MPa, f; shall be reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa‘of strength in excess of 28 MPa, but fi; shall not be taken less than 0.6524 22 23 28 2. General principles and requirements Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined flexure and axial loads, shall be based on stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in 1.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain of 0.003. Sections are compression-controlied if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, &, is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to. 0,002, Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, «, is equal to or greater than (0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with e;between the compression-controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections.2. General principles and requirements Derivation: € = 200 GPa The beam is tension-controlled when & = 0,005 (or fs = 1000 MPa) ro — 0.005 2-21 cid Eq. a a= fic =fyed For rectangular beam: Men = Cd —a/2) where = 0.90 Men = 0.90 X 0.85 f’c ab (d — a/2)Min = 120 x 085 Fe x 2d xb[d = Eq. 2-22 Mey = 2 fi f'cbd? (1 2.5, For nonprestressed flexural members and nonprestressed members with factored axial compressive load less than 0.10 fe A,, steel strain ¢ at nominal strength shall not be less than 0.004. 2.5.1 Use compression reinforcement shall be permitted in conjunction with additional tension with additional tension reinforcement to increase the strength of flexural members. Derivation: € = 200 GPa Maximum steel area and My, max when beam is singly reinforced: 0.003 0.007 Fe = 0.004 or fs = eX E= 800 MPa i 008 0.008 Strain diagram for minimum steel strainEq. 2-23 For rectangular section: T= Ay max Y= 0.85f'cab Pmax bd fy = 0851 (B, x2d) Sons Poh, iP Eq. 2-24 ae Mn max = Co(d = a/2) My max = 0.85 f'c ab (d -a/2) 85 ex pax b [ad Mamas * ~ Sp Feb (ie Ee My max = ae Pif'c bd? (1 b 1H Where a= fie Bi)2, 6 Design axial strength OF max, computed by Eq. 10-1 or Eq. 10-2 2.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to composite members: Pr max = 0.85 4[0.85 f'c (Ag — Ast) + fy Ast] 2.6.2 For non prestressed members with tie reinforcement. Fr max = 0.80 ¢ [0.85 f’c (Ag ~ Ast) + fy Ast] 2.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial strength, }P,, shall not be taken greater than 0.85 ( for members with spiral reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero eccentricity, 6P,, 2.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum moment that can accompany the axial load, The factored axial force Pu at given eccentricity shall no exceed that given in 6.3. The maximum factored moment Mu shall be magnified for slenderness effects. »3. Distance between lateral supports of flexural members 3.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the least width of compression flange or face. 3.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in determining spacing of lateral supports. Minimum reinforcement of flexural members 4.4. every section of flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, except as provided in 4.2, 4,3, and 4.4. As provided shall not be less than that given by Eq. 4-1. As min by OF Pmin = hy ‘And not less than, ua Asmin =F bed OF Prin fq. 4-12 4.2 For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, A, ynin shall not be less than the value given by the Eq, 4-1.1, except that by Is replaced by either 2byy or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller.Steps in the design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure |. Determine the value of loads, DL, Lt, and other loads, Il. Approximate the weight of beam (DL as follows: ‘Small beams: 2 kN/m Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m large-sized beams: 7kN/m ‘or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24 kN/m” x beam area in rm? Ill Compute the factored load on different load combinations Example: Factored Load = 1.2 DL +1.6 LL IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, Mu V, Try a value of steel ratio p from 0.7 pmax tO O.8Pnax, but must not le55 than Pin, This value p will provide enough allowance in the actual value of p due to rounding-off of te number of bars to be used so that it will not exceed the maximum p. _ 30.85 f’e By naa 7 oe aleno Pmax = Than 5 f'c Bi By = 0.85 for f’c < 28 MPa 00+ /,) AE Prrin = AEE if tc > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise pnin == By = 0.85 —“5 (f'c — 28) for fc > 28 MPa ny i bVI. Compute the value of 2, VIL. Solve for the reduction factor ): Solve for c: Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam , pis directly proportional to c. c= (assumed factor) K Cinax: where Cmax =2d max =F The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in step V d-c 600: If fs = 1000 MPa, tension — controlled, tp = 0.90 0.65 + 0.25 IFfs> 1000 MPa, transition, by aeVil. Solve for bel: My = Of'cwbd?(1 — 0590) bd? Vill Try a ratio d/b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value to reasonable dimension) Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the Code as given in Table 2.1 7 | | we [Lams | va | ww | After solving for d, substitute its value to Step Vil, and solve for b. Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step Il. IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars. A, = pbd | ED? x number of bars =A, Number of bars (diameter = D)1 Steps in finding the required tension steel area As of a beam with known required moment Mu and other beam properties Given: b, d, fc, fy, and Mu Solve for Prax and My max aS 2s/'eb, Pmex =3— 5, ree 3 Mn max = Se Pif'c ba? (1-5 B,) $= 4 = 0.65 + 0.25 Mn max = IfMuS Min max design as Singly Reinforced (step I!) If Mu > ¢bMin max design as Doubly Reinforcement (Step V) Il, Determine if the section is tension-controlled or transition From Eq. 2— 22: Min = 22 pis'c bd? (1-24) If Mu< ¢hMey then tension controlled, Hf Mu> oie, then tension controlled, § = 90, proceed to Step IIL 1.90, proceed to Step IV Ik Mu=6 Ry ba? Ry = wsy'e(_ [;oam). pet (: e a)-— We Pmin = mn if fc > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pmin = Pa As= phdIV, Solve for cand As: Mu=6C, (d-a/2) oak Where fs = 600. $= 065 +025 To5g— a=Ac 6, = 0.85 f'c ab = 085 fc Bycb [s00¢=4] “fy [ered (0.85 f'c Bycb)(d ~ fre/2) My (as +025 c= Bie= Asfy = 0.85 f'c ab f pn = Ef Fe> 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pan = 2 V. Compression reinforcement is necessary,Steps in finding @M,, of a beam with known tension steel area As and other beam properties: Given: b, d As, Pc fy: |.Solveforp: p= # Ul. Check if steel yields by commuting p) _ 0.85/'cB,(600) Pv =F, (600 + fy) if S py, steel yields, proceed to step IIL ip > pp, steel does not yield, proceed to step IV Note: If p < Pin, the given As is not adequate for the beam dimension. if 'c > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pinin WLP < py Solve for ¢: As fy = 0.85 f'c ab e=a/B, = —_ d-c fs = 600 — c Iffs = 1000MPa, tension — controlled, tp = 0.90 - fy if fs < LOOOMPa, transition, > = 0.65 + 0.25: 7000-5 Mn = 90.85 Pe ab (d—a/2)M0 > Poi ‘compression-controlled = 065 Mn = 6 T(d-a/2) = Aste (d-a/2) or ne 600% Mn = ¢ C(d-a/2) = 0.85 Pe ab (d-a/2) Tac Asfs=0.85 f'cab Buta= Bic As 600 = = 0.85 F'c (Bie) bILLUSTRATIVE. PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 ‘A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 46 mm ands reinforced for tension only. ‘Assuming f'c=21 Mpa and fy = 345 Mpa, determine the balance steel area in sq. mm. SOLUTION 0.85 /'-61600 ? oo = a eRY fh, = 0.85 since fic < 30 MPa 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600) Po = 345(600 + 345) = Ag, = 3,853 mn? py = 0.02792 & Asy = pobd ‘gy = 0.0292(300) (460)PROBLEM 2 A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 480 mm. Concrete compressive strength f'c = 27.6 Mpa and steel yield strength fy = 276 Mpa. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored moment Mu is (a) 20 kN-m, (b) 140 kN-m, (c) 485 kN-m, And (d) 620 kN-m SOLUTION Solve for Pmax and My max _ 0.85 f"-f,600 _ 9.85(27.6) (0.85) (600) Pv = F600 + Fy) Po = ~276(600 + 276) Py = 0.0495 Phinax = 0.75(0.0495) Wax = 0.371 Phmax = 0.0371 Party _ 0.03711(276) "6 ——Ramax = F’co(1 = 0.59 w) My max = Rn max bd? Ma max = Ma max a. Mu= 20 kN+m < Ma max Mu=$R, bd? b Prin Prin = e > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise py, Ra max = 27.6 (0.371) — 0.59)(0.371) Ramax = 8.001 MPa My max = 8.001(300)(490)? My max = 576.29 x 10°N—mm My max = 576.29 KN — mm. Ma max = 0:90 x 576.279 Mu max = 518,65 kN — m. (singly reinforced) 20 x 10° = 0.90 R,, (300)(490)? R, = 0.309 MPa = 0.005072Ruy max = F/e (1 — 0.59 w) Ry max = 27.6 (0.371)(1 — 0.59)(0.371) Ru max = 8.001 MPa Mn max = Rn max bd? My max = 8.001(300)(490)? Ma max = 576.29 x 10°N—mm My max = 576.29 KN — mm Ma max = $ Ma max Mu max = 0.90 x 576.279 Mu max = 518.65 KN =m. a, Mu=20 kN-m< Mu inax (singly reinforced) 0,90 R,, (300)(490) 0.309 MPa. Mu= oR, bd? 20 x 10° R, If fic > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise Prin 0.005072 pebtscro a '=0,000113< 0,0050724,=pbd b. My = 140 KN-m prin A,=pbd —A,=0,00822(300)(490) = A,=1,209 mm? t©. My = 485 KN —m < Mu max A, =pbd My = 620 KN =m > My max ecThe beam will be doubly reinforced. (singly reinforced) 485 x 10%= 0,90 Ry(300)(490)? R, = 7.48 MPa 09s 27.6) Ol 6 9507.6) = 0.003384 > Pin .03384(300)(490) A, = 4,975 mm? (singly reinforced)[- N OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM PREPARED BY: ENGR. KATHERINE GRACE . PENA1. DESIGN ASSUMPTION 1.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on assumptions given in 2 and 7, and on satisfaction of applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains. 41.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except that, for deep beam, an analysis that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-and-tie model. 1.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. 1.4 Stress in reinforcement below fy shall be taken as Es times the steel strain, For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy. 4.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of reinforced concrete. 1.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests. 4.7 Requirements of 6 are satisfied by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined by the following: 7.4 Concrete stress of 0.85f'c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a = Bic from the fiber of maximum compressive strain. 7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, ¢, shall be measured in a direction perpendicular tothe neutral axis, 7.3 For fc between 17 and 28 MPa, fj; shall be taken as 0.85. For f'c above 28 MPa, fi shall be taken as 0.85. For fc above 28 MPa, f; shall be reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa‘of strength in excess of 28 MPa, but fi; shall not be taken less than 0.6524 22 23 28 2. General principles and requirements Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined flexure and axial loads, shall be based on stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in 1.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain of 0.003. Sections are compression-controlied if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, &, is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to. 0,002, Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, «, is equal to or greater than (0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with e;between the compression-controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections.2. General principles and requirements Derivation: € = 200 GPa The beam is tension-controlled when & = 0,005 (or fs = 1000 MPa) ro — 0.005 2-21 cid Eq. a a= fic =fyed For rectangular beam: Men = Cd —a/2) where = 0.90 Men = 0.90 X 0.85 f’c ab (d — a/2)Min = 120 x 085 Fe x 2d xb[d = Eq. 2-22 Mey = 2 fi f'cbd? (1 2.5, For nonprestressed flexural members and nonprestressed members with factored axial compressive load less than 0.10 fe A,, steel strain ¢ at nominal strength shall not be less than 0.004. 2.5.1 Use compression reinforcement shall be permitted in conjunction with additional tension with additional tension reinforcement to increase the strength of flexural members. Derivation: € = 200 GPa Maximum steel area and My, max when beam is singly reinforced: 0.003 0.007 Fe = 0.004 or fs = eX E= 800 MPa i 008 0.008 Strain diagram for minimum steel strainEq. 2-23 For rectangular section: T= Ay max Y= 0.85f'cab Pmax bd fy = 0851 (B, x2d) Sons Poh, iP Eq. 2-24 ae Mn max = Co(d = a/2) My max = 0.85 f'c ab (d -a/2) 85 ex pax b [ad Mamas * ~ Sp Feb (ie Ee My max = ae Pif'c bd? (1 b 1H Where a= fie Bi)2, 6 Design axial strength OF max, computed by Eq. 10-1 or Eq. 10-2 2.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to composite members: Pr max = 0.85 4[0.85 f'c (Ag — Ast) + fy Ast] 2.6.2 For non prestressed members with tie reinforcement. Fr max = 0.80 ¢ [0.85 f’c (Ag ~ Ast) + fy Ast] 2.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial strength, }P,, shall not be taken greater than 0.85 ( for members with spiral reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero eccentricity, 6P,, 2.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum moment that can accompany the axial load, The factored axial force Pu at given eccentricity shall no exceed that given in 6.3. The maximum factored moment Mu shall be magnified for slenderness effects. »3. Distance between lateral supports of flexural members 3.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the least width of compression flange or face. 3.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in determining spacing of lateral supports. Minimum reinforcement of flexural members 4.4. every section of flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, except as provided in 4.2, 4,3, and 4.4. As provided shall not be less than that given by Eq. 4-1. As min by OF Pmin = hy ‘And not less than, ua Asmin =F bed OF Prin fq. 4-12 4.2 For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, A, ynin shall not be less than the value given by the Eq, 4-1.1, except that by Is replaced by either 2byy or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller.Steps in the design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure |. Determine the value of loads, DL, Lt, and other loads, Il. Approximate the weight of beam (DL as follows: ‘Small beams: 2 kN/m Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m large-sized beams: 7kN/m ‘or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24 kN/m” x beam area in rm? Ill Compute the factored load on different load combinations Example: Factored Load = 1.2 DL +1.6 LL IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, Mu V, Try a value of steel ratio p from 0.7 pmax tO O.8Pnax, but must not le55 than Pin, This value p will provide enough allowance in the actual value of p due to rounding-off of te number of bars to be used so that it will not exceed the maximum p. _ 30.85 f’e By naa 7 oe aleno Pmax = Than 5 f'c Bi By = 0.85 for f’c < 28 MPa 00+ /,) AE Prrin = AEE if tc > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise pnin == By = 0.85 —“5 (f'c — 28) for fc > 28 MPa ny i bVI. Compute the value of 2, VIL. Solve for the reduction factor ): Solve for c: Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam , pis directly proportional to c. c= (assumed factor) K Cinax: where Cmax =2d max =F The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in step V d-c 600: If fs = 1000 MPa, tension — controlled, tp = 0.90 0.65 + 0.25 IFfs> 1000 MPa, transition, by aeVil. Solve for bel: My = Of'cwbd?(1 — 0590) bd? Vill Try a ratio d/b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value to reasonable dimension) Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the Code as given in Table 2.1 7 | | we [Lams | va | ww | After solving for d, substitute its value to Step Vil, and solve for b. Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step Il. IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars. A, = pbd | ED? x number of bars =A, Number of bars (diameter = D)1 Steps in finding the required tension steel area As of a beam with known required moment Mu and other beam properties Given: b, d, fc, fy, and Mu Solve for Prax and My max aS 2s/'eb, Pmex =3— 5, ree 3 Mn max = Se Pif'c ba? (1-5 B,) $= 4 = 0.65 + 0.25 Mn max = IfMuS Min max design as Singly Reinforced (step I!) If Mu > ¢bMin max design as Doubly Reinforcement (Step V) Il, Determine if the section is tension-controlled or transition From Eq. 2— 22: Min = 22 pis'c bd? (1-24) If Mu< ¢hMey then tension controlled, Hf Mu> oie, then tension controlled, § = 90, proceed to Step IIL 1.90, proceed to Step IV Ik Mu=6 Ry ba? Ry = wsy'e(_ [;oam). pet (: e a)-— We Pmin = mn if fc > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pmin = Pa As= phdIV, Solve for cand As: Mu=6C, (d-a/2) oak Where fs = 600. $= 065 +025 To5g— a=Ac 6, = 0.85 f'c ab = 085 fc Bycb [s00¢=4] “fy [ered (0.85 f'c Bycb)(d ~ fre/2) My (as +025 c= Bie= Asfy = 0.85 f'c ab f pn = Ef Fe> 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pan = 2 V. Compression reinforcement is necessary,Steps in finding @M,, of a beam with known tension steel area As and other beam properties: Given: b, d As, Pc fy: |.Solveforp: p= # Ul. Check if steel yields by commuting p) _ 0.85/'cB,(600) Pv =F, (600 + fy) if S py, steel yields, proceed to step IIL ip > pp, steel does not yield, proceed to step IV Note: If p < Pin, the given As is not adequate for the beam dimension. if 'c > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pinin WLP < py Solve for ¢: As fy = 0.85 f'c ab e=a/B, = —_ d-c fs = 600 — c Iffs = 1000MPa, tension — controlled, tp = 0.90 - fy if fs < LOOOMPa, transition, > = 0.65 + 0.25: 7000-5 Mn = 90.85 Pe ab (d—a/2)M0 > Poi ‘compression-controlled = 065 Mn = 6 T(d-a/2) = Aste (d-a/2) or ne 600% Mn = ¢ C(d-a/2) = 0.85 Pe ab (d-a/2) Tac Asfs=0.85 f'cab Buta= Bic As 600 = = 0.85 F'c (Bie) bILLUSTRATIVE. PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 ‘A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 46 mm ands reinforced for tension only. ‘Assuming f'c=21 Mpa and fy = 345 Mpa, determine the balance steel area in sq. mm. SOLUTION 0.85 /'-61600 ? oo = a eRY fh, = 0.85 since fic < 30 MPa 0.85 (21)(0.85)(600) Po = 345(600 + 345) = Ag, = 3,853 mn? py = 0.02792 & Asy = pobd ‘gy = 0.0292(300) (460)PROBLEM 2 A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 480 mm. Concrete compressive strength f'c = 27.6 Mpa and steel yield strength fy = 276 Mpa. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored moment Mu is (a) 20 kN-m, (b) 140 kN-m, (c) 485 kN-m, And (d) 620 kN-m SOLUTION Solve for Pmax and My max _ 0.85 f"-f,600 _ 9.85(27.6) (0.85) (600) Pv = F600 + Fy) Po = ~276(600 + 276) Py = 0.0495 Phinax = 0.75(0.0495) Wax = 0.371 Phmax = 0.0371 Party _ 0.03711(276) "6 ——Ramax = F’co(1 = 0.59 w) My max = Rn max bd? Ma max = Ma max a. Mu= 20 kN+m < Ma max Mu=$R, bd? b Prin Prin = e > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise py, Ra max = 27.6 (0.371) — 0.59)(0.371) Ramax = 8.001 MPa My max = 8.001(300)(490)? My max = 576.29 x 10°N—mm My max = 576.29 KN — mm. Ma max = 0:90 x 576.279 Mu max = 518,65 kN — m. (singly reinforced) 20 x 10° = 0.90 R,, (300)(490)? R, = 0.309 MPa = 0.005072Ruy max = F/e (1 — 0.59 w) Ry max = 27.6 (0.371)(1 — 0.59)(0.371) Ru max = 8.001 MPa Mn max = Rn max bd? My max = 8.001(300)(490)? Ma max = 576.29 x 10°N—mm My max = 576.29 KN — mm Ma max = $ Ma max Mu max = 0.90 x 576.279 Mu max = 518.65 KN =m. a, Mu=20 kN-m< Mu inax (singly reinforced) 0,90 R,, (300)(490) 0.309 MPa. Mu= oR, bd? 20 x 10° R, If fic > 31.36 Mpa, otherwise Prin 0.005072 pebtscro a '=0,000113< 0,0050724,=pbd b. My = 140 KN-m prin A,=pbd —A,=0,00822(300)(490) = A,=1,209 mm? t©. My = 485 KN —m < Mu max A, =pbd My = 620 KN =m > My max ecThe beam will be doubly reinforced. (singly reinforced) 485 x 10%= 0,90 Ry(300)(490)? R, = 7.48 MPa 09s 27.6) Ol 6 9507.6) = 0.003384 > Pin .03384(300)(490) A, = 4,975 mm? (singly reinforced)