1. The basic building block of any computer is a transistor.

Transistors are electronic devices that can

amplify or switch electronic signals and are the fundamental components used to build digital
circuits.

2. The basic architecture of a computer typically consists of several key components:

- Central Processing Unit (CPU): It performs most of the processing inside the computer and
executes instructions.

- Memory: It stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to perform tasks.

- Input/Output (I/O) devices: They allow data to be entered into the computer or output to be
displayed or stored.

- Storage devices: They provide long-term storage for data and programs.

- Motherboard: It connects and allows communication between all the components of the
computer.

- Bus: It is a communication pathway that allows data to be transferred between different

components.

3. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. It carries out instructions and
performs calculations required for the operation of the computer. It performs tasks such as
executing program instructions, performing arithmetic and logical operations, and managing data
flow between different parts of the computer system.

4. Memory in a computer is used to store data and instructions that the CPU needs to perform tasks.
It provides temporary storage for data and programs that are actively being used by the CPU. The
memory is divided into two main types: RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only
Memory).

5. The role of the input unit in a computer is to allow users to enter data and instructions into the
computer system. It provides a means for the computer to receive input from external devices such
as keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, etc.

6. The role of the output unit in a computer is to display or present the results of processing to the
user. It allows the computer to communicate and present information to the user through devices
such as monitors, printers, speakers, etc.
7. Examples of input devices of a computer include:

- Keyboard

- Mouse

- Scanner

- Microphone

- Joystick

- Webcam

- Touchscreen

8. Examples of output devices of a computer include:

- Monitor/Display

- Printer

- Speaker

- Projector

- Plotter

- Headphones

9. The input unit of a computer is responsible for accepting data and instructions from the user or
external devices and passing them to the CPU for processing. The output unit is responsible for
presenting the processed data to the user in a usable form, such as displaying information on a
monitor or printing it on paper.

10. The control unit in a computer performs various functions, including:

- Fetching instructions from memory.

- Decoding instructions and determining the necessary actions.

- Directing the flow of data and instructions between different parts of the computer.

- Coordinating the activities of other components, such as the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and
memory.
 - Controlling the execution of instructions and ensuring they are carried out in the correct
sequence.

11. The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (comparisons, boolean operations) on
data. It is a fundamental component of the CPU and works in conjunction with the control unit to
carry out instructions.

12. Yes, the CPU and ALU are distinct components within a computer. The CPU (Central Processing
Unit) is the overall unit responsible for executing instructions and managing the computer's
operations. It consists of multiple components, including the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), which is a
specific part of the CPU responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.

13. Internal memory refers to the primary storage directly

accessible to the CPU. It includes various types of memory like RAM (Random Access Memory) and
cache memory. External memory, on the other hand, refers to secondary storage devices such as
hard drives, solid-state drives, USB drives, etc., which provide long-term storage for data and
programs but are not directly accessed by the CPU.

14. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory that stores data and instructions
temporarily while the computer is powered on. It allows for quick read and write operations,
providing fast access to data. ROM (Read-Only Memory), on the other hand, is a type of non-volatile
memory that contains permanent instructions or data that cannot be modified. It retains its contents
even when the computer is powered off.

15. Different types of ROMs include:

- PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): It can be programmed once by the user or

manufacturer to store permanent data.

- EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): It can be erased and reprogrammed

multiple times using special equipment.

- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): It can be erased and

reprogrammed electronically, without the need for special equipment.
 - Flash Memory: It is a type of EEPROM that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed in
blocks, making it suitable for storage devices like USB drives and solid-state drives.

16. Four memory units commonly found in computer systems are:

- RAM (Random Access Memory)

- ROM (Read-Only Memory)

- Cache Memory

- Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD)

17. The basic components of a typical mobile system include:

- Mobile Processor (CPU)

- Memory (RAM and internal storage)

- Display (Touchscreen)

- Battery

- Camera

- Sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope)

- Operating System (e.g., Android, iOS)

- Wireless communication modules (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular)

18. Software can be categorized into various types, including:

- System Software: It includes operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs that manage
and control the computer hardware.

- Application Software: It consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications,

such as word processors, web browsers, games, etc.

- Programming Software: It includes tools used by programmers to create, debug, and maintain
software applications.

- Utility Software: It provides additional functionality to the computer system, such as antivirus
software, disk utilities, compression tools, etc.
19. Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications for
end-users. Examples of application software include word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers,
graphics editors, games, etc. It is intended to fulfill specific user needs and can be commercial,
proprietary, or open source.

20. System software refers to software that manages and controls the computer hardware and
provides a platform for running application software. It includes the operating system, device
drivers, utility programs, and other system-level software. System software interacts with the
hardware and provides a bridge between the user and the computer system.

21. An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between
the user and the computer hardware, enabling users to interact with the computer and run
application software. The operating system is essential for any computer as it manages memory,
processes, file systems, and provides a user interface, among other functions.

22. A software library is a collection of precompiled code, routines, and functions that can be used
by software developers to simplify the process of developing applications. It provides reusable
components and saves developers

from writing code from scratch. Software libraries often contain implementations of common
algorithms, data structures, user interface elements, networking functions, and other useful
functionality.

23. Some software libraries of Python include:

- NumPy: A library for scientific computing, providing support for large, multi-dimensional arrays
and mathematical functions.

- Pandas: A library for data manipulation and analysis, offering data structures and operations for
manipulating numerical tables and time series data.

- Matplotlib: A plotting library for creating visualizations and graphs.

- TensorFlow: A library for machine learning and deep learning, providing tools for building and
training neural networks.

- Requests: A library for making HTTP requests and interacting with web APIs.

- Django: A web framework for building web applications.

24. Mobile phones have become increasingly powerful and capable, and they offer a wide range of
functions that were previously exclusive to computers. While mobile phones have certainly
expanded their capabilities and offer convenient ways to access information, communicate, and
perform various tasks, they have not completely replaced computers. Computers still excel in certain
areas that require more processing power, larger screens, complex software, and specific
peripherals. Mobile phones and computers serve different purposes and cater to different needs, so
they coexist and complement each other in many ways.