BCUMUEUN EUR Ycuts PUTT AA VINESH UG ASI TWO UN Mathematics PETC CMR Tt eT OP roam errant aot Cera estat HT Principal, Rayat Bahra International School, Hoshierpur ‘Sister Concern: since 1982 Ne Si ln Cr Mj re Ga, dbdhar16003 Perla ey ORE TIT mee ea oval eteaeo@ynoen New Debi 265 Gal Ne. 3, Mole Pant, Art Pod. sya Go. Dl | Ph: O11-22250608, 25250058, o-nal:ednechaehnGgnat con engolre N60, 2d Wa, 11 Cross, Vl Nips, Beagaara Ph. OBD-25788085 oa adhstergore@redtinacom , ani + Sut Son Stet, asd Sink Onl 18 Rou, Tapas, Ranehi-t Ph: O851-2211394 esi lresaniareeti@yral can hin + AY/16, Armano aad, Ner KSAT, Easla-B82005 Ph: 484-485 1453 a-al: drestcctneogal cam Vnesh Jen, Near Sitia Mandi, Cirodar Road, Mii Hiren Gate, Jotandhar-1 44008 Ph, :0187-4806107, 08, 08, 7710711711 Convenient Printers, Mubarkour Sheikh, JlendharLab. Activity 1 Objective Lab. Activity 2 Objective Lab. Activity3 Objective Lab. Activity 4 Objective Lab. Activity 5 Objective Lab. Activity 6 Objective Lab. Activity 7 Objective CONTENTS ‘TypesofRelations L— 1-3 + Toverify that the relation Rin the set L ofalllines ina plane, defined by R = { (l,m) :LLm} issymmetric butneither reflexive nor transitive, + Equivalence Relations \-4-6 + Toverify that the relation Rin : Functions (One- theset ofalllinesina plane, defined by R= {(1,m) :I||m} isan equivalence relation. 1-9 One/Onto)-1 + Todemonstratea function : Funetions (One- whichis not one-one butis ‘onto. 10-12 ‘One/Onto)-t1 + Todemonstratea function whichis one-one but not onto. + Graphofinverse \__43-15 ‘Trigonometrical Functions : Todraw the graph ofssin'x, using the graph of sin xand demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the liney =x) t Principal Valueof \_— 16-20 Inverse Trigonometrical Functions + Toexplore the principal value : Caleulus (Sketching ofthe function sin 'xusinga unitcircle. 21=23 of Graph) + Tosketch the graphs ofa" and log.x,0 > 0,0 and toexamine Lab. Activity 8 Objective Lab. Activity 9 Objective Lab. Activity 10: Objective Lab. Activity 1 Objective Lab. Activity 12 : + Toverify Lagrange’s mean Objective Lab. Activity 13: Objective Lab. Activity 14 Objective + Limits + Tofind analytically the limit that they are mirror images of eachother. + Relationshipbetween 24-26 ‘Common logarithm and Natural logarithm + Toestablish a relationship between common logarithm (tothe base 10) andnatural logarithm (to the basee) of the numberx. 27-28 of afunetion ix) atx= a and to check its continuity at that point. Continuity {= 29-31 + Toverify practically that for afunctionf to be continuous atagiven pont x, Ay = IF Go Ax) -F()| isarbitrarily ‘small, if Axis sufficiently small. + Rolle’s Theorem L—~ 32-34 + Toverify Rolle’s theorem practically. Mean Value Theorem (35 -37 value theorem practically. Increasing and 38-39 Decreasing function + Tounderstand the concepts of decreasing andincreasing functions. Local Maxima and Minima 40-41 + Tounderstand the concepts oflocal maxima, local minima and point of inflection.+ Tounderstand the concepts ofabsolute maximum and minimum values of a function inagiven closed interval through its graph. + Toconstructan open box ‘of maximum volume froma given rectangular sheetby ‘cutting equal squares from each corner practically. 1 Tofindtime when thearea ofarectangle of given dimensions becomes ‘maximum, ifthe lengthis. decreasing and the breadth isincreasing atgiven rates. + Toverify thatamongstall therectangles of thesame perimeter, the square has ‘the maximum area, + Toevaluate the definite integral b {oa asthe limitofasum and verifyit by actual integration. : Toverify geometrically that & (+8)-cue oe. Objective: Toverifypractically that angleinasemi-circleisa rightangle, using vector method. si-s4 + Tolocate the pointsto given coordinatesinspace, measure the distance between two space and thento verify the distance using distance formula. 1 Tedemonstrate the equation of aplane in the normal form. ‘Lab. Activity24 + Anglebetween Planes, 66-67, Objective __: Toverifythattheangle between two planesissame asthe angle between their normals. Lab Activity25': Planet 68-70) Objective + Tofind the distance ofagiven point (in space) fromaplane (passing through three non- collinear points) analytically and by actual measurement. Distance) + Tomeasurethe shortest Objective distance betweentwoskew linesand verity itanalytically. |LabActivity27 : Probability = 74-76 Objective: Toexplainthe computation of conditional probability of anevent A, when event Bhas already occurred by an ‘example ofrollingadice. * Projects suggested by NCERT 7-80) | PROJECTS: Project-! Calculus,” 1 Project-II_ Differential Equations 78 Project-III ThreeDimensionalGeometry 79 Project-IV Linear Programming Problem 80 * List of Mathematicians 1-87 w,tes — : © © INDEX: ENTS AND A oc = 1, ti "es CBSE. qualifying examination, Date: Names of the batchmates: Signature of the Teacher-in-charge 1. 2 3. 4. ii)=> Types of Relations “B® Onjective : ‘To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R= { (I,m) :/L m} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor 1. A wooden board transitive. 2. Some pieces of metal wires (10) Pre-requisite Knowledge 3. Iron nails Students must be familiar with relation and its types. 4. White chart paper Method of Construction V 1. Ona piece of wooden board, paste the white chart paper with fevi-stick (ig. (i). Fig. @ 2. Take the metal wires and fix them randomly on the wooden board (fig. (if). Fig. 3. Fix the wires in such a manner that some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined (fig. (i).Fig. (iii) Procedure : 1, Let the metal wires represent the lines ly, lp, fy ssnunume lg ii the plane L. 2, [gis perpendicular to each of the lines J), /y and Jy (refer fig (ii). 3. Ir is perpendicular tor/g (refer fig (ii). 4. 1; is parallel to />, /, is parallel to /, and J, is parallel to /s. 5. (hy Leds Cay dads Gy bah (hy bg) € Re. Observation : 1. We observe that in figures (ii) and (iti), none of the lines is perpendicular to itself, ieee hence the relation R = {(J, m) : 1 L m} reflexive. (is/is not) 2. We observe that in fig (iii), /1 1), Isl L hg? (Yes/No) And (Ig, 1h) € R => (hy, Ig) R (ele) Similarly, fy 1 Ig. Is Ig Lh? (Yes/No) 1 (gy) € R => (Ly le) R (e/e) Also, Ig h.Ishy 4 ig? (Yes/No) Ugh) R= &) R (2/2) The relation R symmetric. (isis not) 3. Infig. (iti), y L dgand i, 1 ly. Ishi h? : (Yes/No) Sa el ies (hy fe) € Rand (/g,,) eR VINESH Nace Lal: Manual’ it Mathematies-XI /2yt) R (e/-) The relation R transitive, (islis not) Application : This activity can be applied to check the equivalence of the given relation. Q2 Ans, Q3 Ans, Q4 Ans. Q5. Ans. Q6. Ans. Q7 Ans. Q8. Ans. Qe Ans, Q 10, Ans. Qu. Ans, a VIVA-VOCE id to be an identity relation, . What is identity relation ? Arelation I= { (a, a):a€ A} iss What is empty relation ? Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then R is said to be an empty relation, ifno element of A is related to any element of B. What is universal relation ? If all elements of set A are related to every element of set B, then it is said to be a universal relation. Define a function. A function is a rule which associates for every x ¢ A if Ja unique y € B such that, flx) = y. Is every function a relation ? Yes, every function is a relation. Is every relation a function ? No, every function is not a relation. How do we denote the cartesian product of two non-empty sets ? The cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B is denoted by A * B. Define domain of a rel It is the set of all the first entries of ordered pairs. Define range of a relation. It is the set of all second entries of ordered pairs. What is the relation between range and co-domain in an onto funetion ? Range is always equal to the co-domain. State the necessary condition for the composition of functions. ‘The co-domain of the first function should be equal to the domain of the second function. nm, 1 B10)" Fm No. All functions have an inverse. True or false. False. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /3=> “€B Opjective : To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R= {(/,m): || m} is an equivalence relation, Pre-requisite Knowledge = 2. Some pieces of metal wires (8) ‘Students must be familiar with types of relations. a eae at Method of Construction : a atthe 1. Paste a white chart paper on a piece of wooden board with the help of a fevistick (fig. (i)) Fig.) 3. Fix the wires in such a manner that some of them are parallel, some are L to each other and some are incline¢ (fig. (iii)). 4 “VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematies-XII /4 : ]Fig. (it) Procedure : 1. Let the metal wires represent the lines 1, [y,I3, ...usnsmn fg in the plane L. 2. Ig is perpendicular to each of the lines /,, 1p and /; (refer fig. (ii). 3. [pis perpendicular to lg [refer fig (ii)] 4. 1; is parallel to 1,,/> is parallel to J, and 1, is parallel to /s. Se (lh, Lays (lay Ig) (lg ds) © R- Observation : We observe that 1, In figs. (i) and (ii), every line is parallel to itself. So the relation R= {(J, m):1 || m} reflexive. 2. In fig. (ii), we observe that J || />, L 4 So, (hb) € R= (hy) R Similarly, | 4 b So, (ay by) € R= (hy) “4 and (gy ts) © R= (sy ta) R The relation R symmetric, 3. In figures. (ii) and (iii), we observe that 4 pand fy lI > 4 4 VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /5 (isis not) (parallelV/not parallel } (e/e) (paralleVnot parallel) (ele) (e/e) (isis not) (parailel/not parallel)So, (hy) € Rand (bh) € R > Gs) R (ele) Similarly, Ly] 5 and |, = h (parallel/not parallel) So, (ahyeR, GyheR = yh) R (e/e) Thus, the relation R transitive. (isvis not) Hence, the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So, R is an equivalence relation. Application : This activity is applicable in the understanding of the concept of equivalence relation. a Aivavoce ‘Ans, Ifall elements of set A are related to itself, then the relation is said to be a reflexive relation. Q. 2. What is symmetric relation ? ‘Ans. A relation R is said to be symmetric if aRb = bRay (a, b)eR. Q. 3. What is transitive relation ? ‘Ans. A relation R is said to be transitive if aRb and bRe => aRev a, b, ¢ ER. Q. 4. What is antisymmetric relation ? ‘Ans. A relation R on set A is said to anti-symmetric relation if (a, b) €R and (6, a) €R, then a= b. Q. 5. Define equivalence relation. Ans. The relation which is relexive, symmetric and transitive is called equivalence relation, Q. 6. Is intersection of two equivalence relations a reflexive relation ? Ans. Yes. Q. 7. Is intersection of two equivalence relations symmetric rel Ans. Yes. Q. 8 Is union of two symmetric relations a symmetric ? Ans, Yes. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /6fp “GB Objective : ‘To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto. Pre-requisite Knowledge : ‘Students must be familiar with existence of one-one and onto function. Method of Construction : 1. On the wooden board, paste a paper strip on the left side. 2, Fix five iron nails on it, as shown in fig (i). Name the iron nails on the strip as a, b, c, d and e respectively. a f 5 ce i ? ee Fig. 3. Take another strip and paste it'on the right side of the wooden board. + Wooderi board (of suitable measurement) - Iron nails }. Strings |. Glue . Paper Strips. 4, Fix three iron nails on the paper strip, as shown in fig (if). Name the iron nails asx, y, z respectively, fe fe oe aS Fig. (ii) 5. Then, join the iron nails on the left strip with the iron nails on the right strip with the strings as shown in (fig. (itf)), VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XIl /7Procedure : 1, Take set A= {a, b, c,d, e} : 2, Take set B= {x, », 2) 5. Join the elements of set Ato the elements of set B as shown in fig i). Observation ; We observe that 1, The image of the element a of A in B is aaa The image of the element 6 of A in B is Ean] ‘The image of the element c of A in B is Bae] ‘The image of the element d of A in B is Sess) The image of the element ¢ of A in B is [iene cea So, fig. (iii) represents a 2. Every element in A has a image in B. So the function is (one-one/not one-one) 3. The pre-image of each element of B in A| (exists/does not e So, the function is (onto/not onto) Application: | This activity helps in the understanding of the concept of one-one and onto function.Qi. Ans. Q2 Ans, Q3 Ans. Q4 Ans. Qs. Ans. Q6 Ans, Q7 Ans. QR Ans. Q9 Ans. fe * VIVA-VOCE Is the relation given below a function ? {2, 1), (5, 1), 8, D, G1, 1), 4, 1), 17, D} Yes, For a function f: A——> B, an onto function, n(B) nA). Less than or equal to. IfA = (1, 2, 3,}, B= {4, 5} and f= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 5)}. Is fa function from A to B? No. ly=11 yet What is the range of the function fly) = Range is {-1, 1}. Find the number of one-one functions for two sets A and B, where O(A) = 2 and O(B) BB e Serr it No, of one-one functions = 9P = Fy 5°= jp Define an onto-function. A funtion /: A B is said to be an onto funetion if the range of fis equal to B. Find the number of bijective functions from A to B, @ O(A) =3,0@)=2 i) O() = 4 = 01). (d There is no bijective function since for a bijective finetion O(A) = O(B). (ii) No. of bijective functions = [4 = 24. If A= {1, 2, 3}, how many functions from A to A are possible ? Four. Iff : A B is an injection s.t. range of f= {1, 2}, find the number of elements in A. ‘Two elements. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /9= Functions (One-One/Onto)-II “GB Objective : er To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto. Loess ten board (of suitable Pre-requisite Knowledge : measurement) Students must be familiar with one-one and onto function. 2. Ironnails Method of Construction : 3 ee 1. On the wooden board, paste a paper strip on the left side. : 2. Fix three iron nails on it, as shown in fig. ()..Name the iron nails on the strip as x, y and z respectively. Fig. (0, 3. Take another strip and paste it on the right side of the wooden board. 4. Fix five iron nails on the paper strip, as shown in fig. (7). Name the iron nails as a, b, ¢, d and e respectively. Fig. 5. Then, join the iron nails on the left strip with the iron nails on the right strip with the strings, as shown in fig. (ii). VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematies-XI1 /10Fig. (iil) Procedure : 1, Take set A = {2 y, 2} 2. Take set B= {a, b, ¢, d, e} 3. Join the elements of set A to the elements of set B as shown is fig. (ti). Observation : We observe that 1, The image of the element x of A in B is ‘The image of the element y of Ain B is The image of the element z of A in B is 2. Every element in A has a image in B. So, the function is (one-one/not one-one) . The pre-image of the element a of set B in A\ (exists/does not exist) Sten aT] fated od, Thus, fig. (if) represents a function which is Application : ‘This activity helps in the understanding of the concept of one-one but not onto function. 1: aes but not onto.QL Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4 Ans. Qs. Ans. Q6. Ans. Q7. Ans. Qs Ans. Q9. Ans. Q. 10. Ans. ‘Anva-voce ‘A one to one function crosses a horizontal line how many times ? One time. ‘There exists more than one identity clement. for a set. True/false. False. Identity element is unique for a set. ‘What is the number of binary operations on a set having order? 2 W Define a one-one function. ‘A function f: A -> B is said to be a one-one function if different elements of A have different images in B. Define a many-one function, ‘A function fA B is said to be a many-one function if two or more elements of set A have the same imate in. Define an onto function. ‘A function f: A+ B is said to be an onto function if the range of fis equal to B How many functions from A to B ean be composed, if A and B are two non-empty sets containing and n elements respectively ? nm, How many one-one functions from A to B can be composed, if A and B are two non-empty set containing m and elements respectively ? "Py ‘A function can have more than one inverse function. True/False. False. There exists a unique inverse function for a given function. ‘What is the number of relations from A to B, if O(A) = m and O(B) ="? ann VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /12ob} "GR Objective : To draw the graph of sin“! x, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = x) Pre-requisite Knowledge : Students must be familiar with drawing of trigonometrical graphs and symmetry. Method of Construction : 1. Take a cardboard of dimensions 40 cm x 40 cm approx. 2, Paste a white chart paper on it of size 30 cm x 30 cm approx. Also paste a graph paper of suitable size on white chart paper as shown in fig. (). 1, Cardboard 2. Iron nails 3. Strings 4. Pencil 5. Eraser 6. Measuring scale 7. White paper 8. Coloured pens 9. Cutter 10. Glue. 7 Fig.(@ 3. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the white chart paper using a scale. 4, Name them as X'OX and YOY’ as rectangular axes [refer fig ()}. 5. Then approximately, graduate the axes by taking unit on x-axis = 1:5 times the unit of y-axis, as shown is fig (i). Fig. (i) VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI /13,6, Mark the points to the nearest approximation © in®|,{ 2, sin qt (Ein =) (Ein * : ‘ (Bsn) in the co-ordinate plane. 7. Fix an iron nail at each point and name them as Ny, No, N3, Ny. 8. Repeat the above process on the other side of x-axis by marking the points as ( n(-2)}, Sasn( 2 )anno{ sin ee aan ae 9. Fix the nails on these points and name them as Nj, No’, Nj’, Ny’, Also fix a nail at O- nt 10. Join the nails with the help of tight string on both sides of x-axis to get the graph of sin x from —~(0->- 11. Then, plot the points (I, 1), (2, 2)uunnnn {0 get the graph of line y = x. Fix a string on these points. 12, Draw perpendiculars from the points N,, Np, N3,N, on the line y=x and produce these lines such that the leng! of perpendiculars on both sides of the line y =x is same. z 13. Again fix nails at these points and name them as P), P2, Ps, Py. 14. Similarly, fix nails on the other side of x-axis and name them as Pj, PJ, P3, P4. 15. Join the nails on both sides of the line y =x by a tight string. 16. This string represents the graph of y = sin“! x. Procedure : 1, Place a mirror on the line y= x 2. ‘The image of the graph of sin x represents the graph of sin! x. 3. The graph of sin”! x is the mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa. Observation : Name of the point Image in the ror Ny + The image of the graph of sin x in y = x is the graph of + The image of the graph of sin-! x in y = x is the graph of 5 Application : This acivity can be used to plot the graphs of cos“! x, tan“! x etc, VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /14Qi. Ans. Q2 Ans, Q3. Ans, Qs Ans, Qs Ans. a6 Ans, a7 Ans. Qs Ans. Fivavoce What is the inverse of sin x ? sin“! x, 1 Is sin! x = —— ? Yes/No. sin ily toe No, sin“Ix # =. Express cos~lx in terms of sin-1x, coslx = sin-! J — x? Express sin~! x in terms of tan7lx, x leer sine = tar (5 If sin (sin x) = x, then what is the domain of x ? © 2<[24]. If sin (sin-1x) = x, then what is the domain of x ? xe(, 1) What is the domain of sin-! x ? Domain of sin~!x=[-1, 1]. ‘What is the range of sin-!x ? VINESH Nace Lab Manual in Mathematies-XII /15Principal Value of Inverse Trigonometrical Functions Objective “To explore the principal value of the function sin~1 x using a unit circle. Pre-requisite Knowledge Students must be familiar with inverse trigonometric functions and their principal values. 1. Wooden board 2. White Method of Construction chart papers 3. Rails 4. Glue 1. Ona wooden board (suitable dimensions) paste a white chart 5. Metal wire 6. Scale paper using glue. 7. Needle 2, Draw a unit circle with centre O on the paper. 3. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY’ passing through =< the centre of the circle, Let these represent the x-axis and a maxis [refer fig (1. 4. Mark the points of interseotion of the x-axis and y-axis on the circle as P, Q, R and S respectively. [refer fig (i). Fig. 5. Fix two rails on opposite sides of the wooden board parallel to y-axis. ‘Also fix a metal wire between the rails, which can be moved parallel to the x-axis [refer fig (ii)}- Fig. i) VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /166. Fix aneedle of unit length at the centre of the circle, to move freely along the circle. [fig (i). Procedure : 1, With the positive direction of x-axis, place the unit needle at a random angle, say 0. 2. Now slide the metal wire between the rails, such that it meets with the free end of the needle at point N; (say) [refer fig. (iif)]. Fig. (i) 3. Name the y-coordinate of the point N; asy;. Here y is the perpendicular distance of the metal wire from x-axis, of the unit circle such that y, = sin 6). 4. Further rotate the needle anticlockwise at an angle x — 0). Name the point as Nz and then find the value of ‘y-coordinate of Ny by sliding the metal wire. (refer fig. (i) Fig. (iv) 5. You will observe that the value of y-coordinate for points Ny and N; is same for the different angles, y= sind, and y, = sin (x 0). This demonstrates that sin function is not one-one for the angles considered in the first and second quadrants, 6. Now get points N; and N, by sliding down the metal wire and adjusting the needle at angles ~ 0, and (-x + 03), refer fig. (») This demonstrate that y-coordinates for the points Nand N, are the same and hence sine ftnetion is not one-to- ‘one for the points considered in the third and fourth quadrants, [refer fig. (¥)] VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /17Fis.) 7. The y-coordinates of points N; and N, are however different. Slide the metal wire parallel to x-axis and stuc the behaviour of the y-coordinates of points Ns, Ng, Ny and Ng by moving the needle in anti-clockwise directio SEeR gh ‘We will observe that the y-coordinates of Ns, Ng, Nz, Ng are different {refer fig. (vi)]. Hence, sine function starting from | one-to-one in the domain S05 and its range lies between —1 and 1. Fig.) 8. Keep the needle at any arbitrary angle, say 9, lying in the interval [ intersecting point Ng as y. [refer fig (vif)] VINESH Xaet Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /18Fig. (vii) | and range a Then y = sin @ or 6 = sin! y as sine function is one-one and onto in the domain [= (1, 1). nm So, its inverse sine function exists. The domain of arc sine function is [-1, 1] and range (4 ] This range is called the principal value of are sine function (or sin! function) Observation We observe that : For the third and fourth quadrants, sine function is 2. The sine function is non-negative in and quadrants. 3. The domains of sine function on which it is one-one and onto provides for sin function. 4. 1f0=sinly then y= where <0< Application: This activity can also be used to find the principal value of arc cosine function i.e. cos! & VIVA-VOCE Ans. A unit circle is a circle of radius one unit centred at the origin (0, 0) in the cartesian coordinate system Q 2. Define radian. 7: Ans. A radian is a unit of measurement of angles equal to about 57-3°, equivalent to the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an are equal in length to the radius. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /19Q3. Ans. Q4 Ans, Qs. Ans. Q6 Ans. Q7 Ans, Qs Ans, Define Pi (n). The symbol x is used to show the relation between the circumference of a circle and its diameter. Th of pi is 314159 (approx.). What is the range of sine and cosine functions ? The range i all real from —1 to +1 inclusive ie, [-1, +1}, What is the domain of sine and cosine function ? The domain for both sine and cosine functions is the set of all real numbers. ‘What is the value of sine function in the first and second quadrants ? The value of sine function is positive in both the first and second quadrants. Is sine function an onto function ? Yes/No. ‘Yes. Is arc sine the same as cosecant function ? No. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII 120Activity-9 arenes => re ina PE “GB Objective : To find analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x= a and to check its continuity at that point. Pre-requisite Knowledge : Students must be familiar with concept of limit and continuity. Method of Construction : 1. Consider a function 1. Pencil 2. Calculator 3. Notebook , x¥5| f0)=} 524 Wie 10, x=5 2, ‘Take some points very near to a (= 5), some on the left side and some on the right side of a 3. For each point taken in step 2, find the corresponding value of fix). 4, Record the values corresponding to the points on the left and right sides of a in two separate tables. Procedure : 1, Table 1 For the points on the right side of a (= 5) x _|49 | 499 | 4.999 | 4.9999 | 4.99999 | 4.999999 | 4-9999999 F() | 99 | 9-99 | 9-999 | 9-9999 | 9-99999 | 9.999999 | 9-9999999 2. Table 2 For the points on the left side of a (= 5) x_| 51| 501 | 5001 | sooo1 | 500001 | 5000001 F() | 101 | 1001 | 10-001 | 10-0001 | 10.0001 | 10.000001 Observation : 1, Asx 5 from the right, the value of (x) approaches to 2, Asx 5 from the left, the'value of /(x) approaches to | 3. lim fx) [ and lim fe) =| yos ze 4. tim fa) and | | 5. Is, 5) = Jim fs) ' (True/False) 6. The function fx) is Since fa) # lim fx), therefore, function flx) is . (continuous/not continuous) a Application : This activity is helpful in studying the concept of limit and continuity ofa function at a point. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /27Qi. Ans, a2 Ans. Q3 Ans, Qa Ans. Qs. Ans, Q6 Ans, Qt. Ans. & e VIVA-VOCE How does we write left hand limit of function f{x) ? Lt__ fx) is left hand limit of function fx). How does we write right hand limit of function lx) 2 iL Aa) is right hand limit off). When Lt fix) exists ? Lt fis) exists if Lt fay = Mf) = fo. ‘Can we write Lt fix) < Lt g(x), if fl) < gx) Vx. Yes. Write the condition for Lt oe a>0,aal. Write the value of Lt @80+2)_ ok 1 Complete the following : Lt VINESH Xaet Lab Manual in Mathematics—XII /28[B) Activity- 10 = Continuity sah “GB Objective : To verify practically that for a function / to be continuous at a given pont xo, Ay = (xo + Axo) —f (xo), is arbitrarily small, if Ax is 1. Wooden board/Thermoco! sufficiently small. 2. Pencil 3, Scale ‘Students must be familiar with continuity of graph. 4. White Chart Papers Pre-requisite Knowledge : 5. Glue 6. Calculator Students must be familiar with continuity of functions. 7, Drawing pins. Method of Construction! Procedure : 1, Take a wooden board of suitable dimensions and paste a white ‘chart paper on it with the help of glue [fig. (i). aera rae“ Fig. 2. As shown in fig. (ii), draw the graph/curve of the given continuous function fix) [Refer fig. (i)]. Fig i) 3. Now on the positive side of x-axis, take a pont A(x, 0). Then make a point B (ip, ¥4) on the curve, corresponding to point A (Refer fig, (ii). VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /29Ilustration : 1. Consider another point Aj (x9 + Ax, 0) on the right side of A such that, x, isan increment in.x [Refer fig, (i H " OX 2, From A,, draw a perpendicular on the curve at point B,. Take the coordinates of point By as (¥9 + Ax), + A [Refer fig. (iv)}. Fig. (») 3. As shown in fig. (i), draw a perpendicular from point B(x, yy) on A,B). Name it as BT). 4. Let AA, = Ar, and B,T, = Ay;. Record both the measurements. '5. Take another point A by reducing the increment in x to Avy such that, Ax, < Ax,. Let the coordinates of A, (59+ Axa, 0), ‘Then obtain point By by drawing a perpendicular from Ay on the curve [Refer fig. (V)]. AA ABO asad bn) a | Fig. (») Let the perpendicular BT, intersect AB, at point T>, 6. Let A,Ay = Av, and BT, = Ay, (say). Record the observations. 7. Repeat the above steps by reducing the increment in x in each step. Observation Table : We observe that : S.No. Increment in x Corresponding increment in y 1 [ax = lay4l a [ax = lava! 10. Axiol = |avr0l VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /30+ As Ax becomes smaller the value of Ay “Hence lim Ay=0, fora continuous function. Axo Application : This activity helps in understanding the concept of derivatives (right hand or left hand) at any point on the curve corresponding to agiven function, Qt. Ans, Q2 Ans. a3 ‘Ans. a4. Ans. Q5. Ans. a6. Ans, Q7. Ans, Qs Ans, Fva-voce ‘When a function is said to be continuous ? ‘A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point if the graph of the function has no break or jump. When a function /{x) is said to be left continuous atx = a? A function of fix) is said to be left continuous at x= a if lim_f(x)= fla). When a function f(x) is said to be right continuous at a? A function f(x) is said to be right continuous atx=aif Lt fx) =fla), + sod What is removable discontinuity of function flx) atx = a ? A function (x) is said to have removal discontinuity atx =a if Lt f(x) exists but not equal to f(a). What is non-removal discontinuity of function f(x) at x =a? A function {x) is said to have non removal discontinuity atx =a, if Lt lx) does not exist. Is product of two continuous function is also continuous at x= a? Yes. Is reciprocal of continuous function is continuous at x = a ? Yes, Given f; g are continuous function. Is & continuous at x ~ a, given g(a) #0? g Yes, VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /31Activity-] ] = i _ Rolle’s Theorem ® - “GB Objective : To verify Rolle’s theorem practically. 1. A piece of cardboard Pre-requisite Knowledge : 2. Thin metal wires of different lengths ‘Students must be familiar with continuity, differentiability of function | 3, White sheets 4. Coloured sketch pen and tangents to curve. 5. Glue 6. Nails Method of Construction : Hammer —_8, Drawing pi 1. Onapiece of cardboard (suitable dimensions), paste a white sheet a with glue, Fig.() 2, Take two thin metal wires of same length and fix them on the white sheet to represent the rectangular ax [Refer fig. (ii)]. Name these axes as X'OX and Y'OY Fig. id VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /324, Take another set of wires of same length. Fix them perpendicularly to the X-axis at points M and N intersecting the curve at points P and Q respectively [Refer fig. (iv)]. Fig. () Iustratior 1. Let the curve represent the function y= f(x), where OM = m units and ON = units (say) therefore, coordinates of M = (m, 0) and coordinates of N = (n, 0). 2. In between the points x = m and x ~ n the curve is absolutely smooth, Hence; a tangents can be drawn at each point, With coloured sketch pens draw these tangents [Refer fig. (»)]. This further illustrates that the function is differentiable in the interval (m, 1). 3. As there is no break in the interval (m, n), the function f(x) is continuous on [m, 7]. 4, The same length of the wires MP and NQ illustrates that /(m) = fin). 5. Allthe necessary conditions of Rolls theorem are satisfied in steps second, third and fourth. Itis also observed that the tangents at Rand S are parallel to the X-axis, which implies that f"(x) is zero at R and S [Refer fig. (6) Thus, there exists at least one value of x in (m, n) s.t., f" (c) = 0. Hence Rolle’s theorem is verified. Observation : We observe that om= n + rom =[ Son = + Issom=say 2] (Wes / No) + Slope of tangent at R=| VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics—XII /3380f (x) (at R) is Application : This theorem can be applied in finding the roots of an equation, QL Ans. Q2 Ans. Qs Ans. Q4 Ans, Qs Ans. Q6 Ans. : Riva-voce Ifa function (x) is continuous in closed interval [a, 6], differentiable in (a, b)and fla) =), then there atleast one real number ¢ in (a, 6) such that f"(c) = 0. Is Rolle’s theorem applicable for discontinuous function ? No. Is Rolle’s theorem applicable for non-differentiable function ? No. Can we apply Rolle’s theorem for function fla) + f(b) ? No. Is converse of Rolle’s theorem true ? May or may not be. What is geometrical significance of Rolle’s theorem ? ‘There is atleast one point in interval (a, 6), where tangent to the curye is parallel to X-axis. VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /34"GB Objective “To verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem practically. Pre-requisite Knowledge Students must be familiar with continuity, differentiability of function, tangents to curve and chord of curve, 1. Cardboard/thermocol sheet 2. White chart paper 3. Coloured pens 4. Glue 5. Nails 6. Drawing pins 7. Hammer Method of Construction : 8. Metal wires of different lengths 1. Paste a white paper on a cardboard of suitable dimensions, ¥: Clips. > using glue (see fig (i). y Fig. @ 2. Take two wires of same length and fix them on the chart paper to represent the rectangular axes [Refer fig. (i). ‘Name the axes as X'OX and YOY’. ii) FE oh VINESH Xaet Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /354 New Ri ‘more wires of suitable length and fix them parallel to y-axis as shown in fig, (iv). Name t and NQ. ee Join the points P and Q on the cutve with another wire and fix the wire on the chart paper with nails, 5. Take another string of suitable length and fix it on the cardboard in such a way that it is tangent to the cu parallel to wire PQ [Refer fig. (iv)] Iustration : 1. Let the curve represent the function be y = f(x), where OM = m units and ON = n units. Coordinates of point M =(m, 0) Coordinates of point N = (n, 0) 2. Coordinates of point P= (m, #(m)) Coordinates of point Q = (n, f(n)) 3. PQ is a chord joining the points P and Q on the curve. 4. AB is the tangent to the curve at point R (c, f(c)) in the interval (m, n). 8. "(is the slope of the tangent AB at x = c. L(n)- fm) = 6. is the slope of the chord PQ. 7. PQ is parallel to AB a f@~ LOL) This verifies the Lagrange’s mean value theorem. Observation : . m= pm sis shia VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /36(} Since PQ || AB n- = slope of PQ = slope ofa = preys Le). nm Application : This activity is used to explain the concavity of the graph. Aiva-voce Q. 1. Define Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem. ‘Ans. Ifa function /(x) is continuous in closed interval [a, 6], differentiable in (a, b), then there exist atleast one real £0)= F(a) ba” Js Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem applicable for discontinuous functions ? No. . Is Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem applicable for non-differe . No. |. What is geometrical significance of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem ? .. There is atleast one point in interval (a, 5) such that tangent at which is parallel to chord joining points (a, (a) and (6, (5). Q. 5. When Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem get fail ? ‘Ans, Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem fails for the function which does not satisfy even one of the two conditions. number ce(a, 6) such that fc) = fe functions ? VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics—XII /37