ME340A: R&AC:

Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Introduction to
Radiation Heat Transfer

by
Sameer Khandekar
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
© Sameer Khandekar

Kanpur (UP) 208 016 India

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Modes of heat transfer

CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

Ts>T∞
T1>T2
T1
moving fluid , T∞
T1 T2 q 1”
q”
q”
q2”
T2
Ts
© Sameer Khandekar

MIXED MODE HEAT TRANSFER

2

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 1
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Examples: Space, Furnaces, heat treatment….

Space thermal management

Heat treatment furnaces
© Sameer Khandekar

Bread Furnaces 3

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Everything around us emits radiation

© Sameer Khandekar

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 2
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation exchange: Examples

© Sameer Khandekar

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation: Special characteristics

The mechanism of radiation is fundamentally different from conduction
and convection.
Here:

• Electromagnetic theory: needed to describe the wavelike nature of

radiation (Energy and ‘pressure’ associated with electromagnetic waves)

• Thermodynamics: is of course, essential to understand bulk interactions.

• Quantum mechanics: is necessary to describe in detail the atomic and

molecular processes that occur when radiation is produced within matter
© Sameer Khandekar

and when it is absorbed by matter.

• Statistical mechanics: is needed to describe the way in which emery of

radiation is distributed over the wavelength spectrum.
6

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 3
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation: Special characteristics

• Fundamentally different from what we have studied so far
• Conduction and Convection both depend on material medium
• Radiation is an electromagnetic phenomenon--No matter is required
• Rate of energy transfer is proportional to fourth power of temperature difference
• Radiation is long range Phenomena while conduction/convection are short range
• Mixed mode requires integro-differential equations
• Spectral and directional nature of radiation T1

q 1”
© Sameer Khandekar

q2”
T2

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation: Special characteristics

Scales are different!
Conduction and convection are
 short range, molecular mean free path

Radiation  Long range

Partial differential equations vs integro-diferential equations

(problems involving radiation with conduction/convection)

Behavior of radiative properties is quite complex

 Spectral and Directional
 Difficult to measure and show ‘erratic behavior’
© Sameer Khandekar

In contrast, behavior or properties which affect

conduction/convection is rather simple/ ‘well-behaved’
8

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 4
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

For example: Specular/Diffuse mirrors

© Sameer Khandekar

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation spectra
© Sameer Khandekar

10

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 5
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation in opaque solids

Transmissivity (τ)
Reflectivity (ρ)
© Sameer Khandekar

Absorptivity (α)
τ+ρ+α=1

11

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Concept of a black body

A black body is an ideal surface having the following properties

1. It absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction

2. For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit
energy more than a blackbody
3. Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is a function of
wavelength and temperature, it is independent of the direction. Hence,
the blackbody is a diffuse emitter
© Sameer Khandekar

Isothermal surface 12

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 6
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Black body characteristics

• A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic
radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.

• A white body is one that reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions.

• A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits

electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation.

• The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is
determined by the temperature alone, not by the body's shape or composition.

• An ideal black body in thermal equilibrium has two notable properties:

© Sameer Khandekar

• It is an ideal emitter: at every frequency, it emits as much or more thermal radiative energy
as any other body at the same temperature.

• It is a diffuse emitter: the energy is radiated isotropically, independent of direction.

13

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Concept of a black body

© Sameer Khandekar

14

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 7
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Emissive power of a black body

Emittance or Emissive power is the
total amount of thermal energy emitted
per unit area per unit time for all possible
wavelengths.

Emissivity of a body at a given

temperature is the ratio of the
total emissive power of a body to the
total emissive power of a perfectly black
body at that temperature.
© Sameer Khandekar

Spectral  fn(λ)
Directional  fn (angle of incidence)
15

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Stephan Boltzmann Law

The radiation energy emitted by a

black body per unit time and per
b unit surface area, Eb, is called as
the blackbody emissive power.

Proportional to the
© Sameer Khandekar

fourth power of the

absolute temperature

16

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 8
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Planks Law and implications

• Emitted radiation is a continuous function of wavelength.
• At any wavelength, the amount of emitted radiation
increases with temperature
• As the temperature increases, the curves shift to the left, to
the shorter wavelengths. A larger fraction of the radiation is
emitted at shorter wavelengths at higher temperatures.
• Solar radiation  5800 K
π
= Eb, λ
© Sameer Khandekar

Wien’s Law

17

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Color of an object: due to selective reflection

© Sameer Khandekar

For objects below about 800 K, the colour of

the object is not due to emission (emission is
dominated by infra-red), it is due to due to
selective reflection of a particular wavelength
18

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 9
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Color of an object: due to emission

Infra-red camera
> 0.8 micrometer
© Sameer Khandekar

Electric heater
Objects beyond 1000K
Hot steel ingot emit visible radiation
19

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Solar radiation spectrum

© Sameer Khandekar

20

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 10
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Relation between laws of radiation

• Stephan-Boltzmann Law is obtained by
integrating the Planks Law over the entire
range of wavelengths

• That is: the integration of the spectral black

body emissive power Eb,λ over the entire
wavelength spectrum gives the total black
body emissive power Eb
© Sameer Khandekar

21

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Band emissive power

The radiation energy emitted by
a blackbody per unit area over
a wavelength band λ = 0 to λ1 is
determined by this integral

However, a closed form solution is not

possible with the limits 0 to any arbitrary λ1
(Only λ1 = ∞ is possible, as we did earlier)

Only numerical integration is possible

© Sameer Khandekar

which is rather tedious to perform

every time

22

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 11
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Black body radiation function

f0-λ

The above function represents

the fraction of the radiation
emitted from a blackbody at
temperature T in the
wavelength band 0 - λ

The fraction of the radiation

energy emitted by a black
body at temperature T over a
© Sameer Khandekar

finite wavelength band is:

23

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Why an incandescent bulb is inefficient

• White filament ≈ 2500 K
• Visible spectrum 0.4 μm to 0.76 μm
• λ1 T = 0.4 x 2500 = 1000 μmK  hence, fλ1 = 0.000321
• λ 2T = 0.76 x 2500 = 1900 μmK hence, fλ2 = 0.053035
• 0.03 percent of radiation is emitted at wavelengths less than
0.4 μm and 5.3 percent at wavelengths less than 0.76 μm
• Hene, the fraction of the radiation emitted between these
two wavelengths is:
• f λ1 - λ2 = fλ2 - fλ1 = 0.053035 – 0.000321 = 0.0527135
© Sameer Khandekar

Only about 5% of the total emission radiated by the filament is

in the visible spectrum. The rest 95% is all primarily infrared.
HIGHLY INEFFICIENT From Wiens law, the peak emission occurs at a wavelength of
1.16 μm [(λT)max power = 2897.7] 24

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 12
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation intensity in spherical coordinate system

• Radiation is emitted by all parts

of a plane surface into the
hemisphere above the surface.

• The directional distribution of the

Polar emitted (or incident) radiation is
or zenith usually not uniform.

• Therefore, we need a quantity

that describes the magnitude of
Azimuth
radiation emitted (or incident) in a
specified direction in space.
© Sameer Khandekar

This quantity is called as Radiation Intensity, denoted by I

25

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Plane angle vs Solid Angle

radians

• For a circle of unit radius, the length of the

arc is equivalent to the plane angle which it
subtends; both are 2π for a complete circle
of radius r = 1)

steradians

• For a sphere of unit radius, the area on the

© Sameer Khandekar

surface of a sphere is equivalent to the

solid angle which it subtends; both are 4π
for a complete circle of radius r = 1)

26

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 13
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Solid angle for a hemisphere

The emission of radiation from a differential surface element into the
surrounding hemispherical space through a differential solid angle
© Sameer Khandekar

27

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Generalized viewing angle

Radiation intensity is based on the
α projected area, and thus the calculation
of radiation emission from a surface
involves the projection of the surface

α HENCE
In general, the differential solid angle
dω subtended by a differential surface
area dA when viewed from a point at a
distance r from dA is expressed as
© Sameer Khandekar

α is the angle between the normal of the

surface and the direction of viewing

28

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 14
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Intensity of emitted radiation

• The radiation intensity of the emitted radiation Ie(θ,φ) is defined as the rate
at which radiation energy dQe is emitted in the (θ,φ) direction per unit area
normal to this direction and per unit solid angle about this direction.

W/(m2·sr)

• The radiation flux for emitted radiation is the emissive power E, which
can be expressed in the differential form as:

• The emissive power from the surface into the hemisphere surrounding it
can be determined by integration:
© Sameer Khandekar

W/m2

29

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Averaging of quantities
Naming Depends on For example
Wavelength Angle (θ, φ) Intensity
Spectral-Directional Yes Yes Iλ,e (λ, θ, φ, T)
Total-Directional No (Averaged) Yes Ie (θ, φ, T)
Spectral-Hemispherical Yes No (Averaged) Iλ,e (λ, T)
Total-Hemispherical No (Averaged) No (Averaged) Ie (T)

Diffused Systems (no dependency on the angle)

© Sameer Khandekar

Since a black body is a

diffused emitter
30

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 15
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Radiation fluxes
Corresponding intensities are defined as:
• E  Ie
• G  Ii
• R  Ir
• J =(E+R)  Ie+r
• Again there are four possibilities depending on
whether the intensities are dependent on
frequency (specular) and direction.
• If the intensities are diffuse I = constant, then:
• E = πIe
© Sameer Khandekar

• G = πIi
• R = πIr
• J = πIe+r 31

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Spectral and directional nature of emissivity

© Sameer Khandekar

32

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 16
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Spectral and directional nature of emissivity

© Sameer Khandekar

33

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Absorptivity w.r.t. temperature of the source

At room
temperature
© Sameer Khandekar

34

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 17
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Real surfaces: Diffuse and Grey approximations

Real materials emit energy at a fraction of black-body energy levels.
A black body in thermal equilibrium has an emissivity of ε = 1.0.
© Sameer Khandekar

Most first order engineering calculations for

radiation are done with this assumption 35

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Real or Gray Bodies/surfaces

• Real materials emit energy at a fraction

of black-body energy levels.

• By definition, a black body in thermal

equilibrium has an emissivity of ε = 1.0.

• A source with lower emissivity

independent of frequency is often
referred to as a gray body
© Sameer Khandekar

36

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 18
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity

© Sameer Khandekar

Semi-Transparent Material

Here too, we can define spectral, directional, total, hemispherical (four types) of quantities
37

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

Kirchhoff's law
The total hemispherical emissivity of a surface at
temperature T is equal to its total hemispherical
absorptivity for radiation coming from a black
body at the same temperature.
• The radiation incident on any part of the surface of the
small body is equal to the radiation emitted by a black
body at temperature T.

• Hence, G = Eb(T) = σT4

• Gabs = αG = α·σT4
• The radiation emitted by the small body is Eemit = ε·σT4
© Sameer Khandekar

Considering that the small body is in thermal equilibrium with

the enclosure, applying energy equation, we get ε(T) = α (T).
38

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 19
ME340A: R&AC:
Prof. Sameer Khandekar, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur

ME340A Department of Mechanical Engineering

R&AC Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in India

End of Lecture
© Sameer Khandekar

39

Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: SL-109, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA
Tel: +91-512-259-7038 (O) Fax: +91-512-259-7408 (O), E-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/index.htm 20