Week 1

Energy Management
Lecture
–
Energy Sources
Dr Joseph Amoako-Attah
(PhD, MSc, MBA, BSc, CEng, MCIBSE, MIBPSA, FHEA)

J.AmoakoAttah@ljmu.ac.uk
Room 2.01, Peter Jost Enterprise Centre, Byrom Street
Tel. 01519041537
 Welcome to the Module

I WELCOME you to the module of

Energy Management

Dr Joseph Amoako-Attah
(PhD, MSc, MBA, BSc, CEng, MCIBSE, MIBPSA, FHEA)
 Introduction
to
Energy Management
&
energy sources
Introduction to Energy Management
& Energy Sources
Highlights of Presentation
 Why study Energy Management?
 Sources of Energy
 Renewable energy (RE) and Non-renewable energy
 Types of Energy
 Fundamentals of Electricity
 Energy pathways
 The future of renewable energy
 Week 1 Curricula Design
Why study Energy Management?
Module Aim
To provide the necessary skills for the selection and the
effective management of energy in the construction industry,
business environment and the energy supply sector.
Civil Engineering
The creation and maintenance of infrastructure – designing,
building and maintaining roads, bridges, railway lines, flood
defences, energy systems, water supply, sewage systems and
more.
Why study Energy Management?
Energy Management Definition
Efficient and effective use of energy to maximise profits
(minimise costs) and enhance competitive positions
(Barney et al, 2016)

The need for energy management systems according to ISO 50001 are obvious:
Rising energy prices, the discussion about phasing out of nuclear power, the limited
fossil of energy resources are motivating politicians and society to reconsider the use of
energy fundamentally.
 Why study Energy Management?
Energy [capacity, or ability to do work - describes consumption and harnessing of resources]
Energy and its use determine the shape of human civilization
The form of energy used to fulfill humanity’s demands greatly affects the
health of society and the environment
Energy enables the manufacture and transport of goods and materials
necessary for all aspects of society. Reliable energy is essential for lighting,
heating, communications, computers, industrial equipment, etc.
The shift to fossil fuels in the eighteenth century set the stage for the
Industrial Revolution
Energy supplies from renewables (such as from biofuels, solar heat,
photovoltaics, wind, hydro, wave, tidal, geothermal and ocean-thermal) are essential
components of every nation’s energy strategy, not least because of concerns for the
local and global environment, for energy security and for sustainability.
Why study Energy Management?
Understanding the threats facing the world
The next few decades promise to be amongst the most challenging ever for the Civil Engineering community

Within 40 years, many of the natural resources such as oil and water will be in
very short supply.

The energy supply sector (energy extraction, conversion, storage, transmission,

and distribution processes) is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas
emissions - responsible for approximately 35% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions.

The buildings and buildings construction sectors combined are responsible

for over one-third of global final energy consumption and nearly 40% of total direct
and indirect CO2 emissions.
Climate change will fundamentally change the way that people live and do
business. - Britain will need £234 billion investment in new energy infrastructure (Ernst & Young)
Why study Energy Management?
Understanding the threats facing the world
 Alternative energy technology will undergo unprecedented growth
replacing conventional fossil fuel and nuclear energy.
Educate professionals to meet these imminent challenges, providing
ecologically friendly renewable-energy resources.
Energy management is always important to improve overall efficiency
and reduce economic losses.
No energy supply is free, and renewable supplies are capital intensive.
Why study Energy Management?
Main Objectives of Energy Management
 Improving Energy efficiency and reducing energy use,
thereby reducing cost

 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air

quality

 Finding new and better ways to increase returns of

energy investments through research and development
Energy hierarchy
- provides the most practical and cost effective methodology to achieve a low carbon development

1. Energy Reduction
Reduce the amount of energy used. In the simplest form this means turning off
equipment which is not needed. Looking at intelligent lighting systems, timing
the heating system for optimum operation, ensuring air conditioning does not
turn on at the same time as heating.
2. Energy Efficiency
Using energy efficient systems, such as A rated electrical appliances and
insulating the building as much as possible. Additionally, it means looking at
passive design elements such as south facing windows and overhangs to capture
solar energy efficiently.
3. Renewable Energy
Having reduced the energy demand of a building as much as possible, the reminder
of power must be generated. This phase involves generating heat and electricity
from renewable generators. This includes photovoltaic panels and wind turbines
for electricity, solar thermal for water heating.
4. Low Carbon Energy
For the energy which can not be generated through renewables, low carbon
technologies can be used. These include ground/air/water source heat pumps.
5. Conventional Energy
With no other options left, the final part of a building’s energy demand will be
generated through using conventional polluting options. In an optimum
development this final phase will not be reached.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
 Sources of Energy
There are five ultimate primary sources of useful energy:
1 The Sun.
2 The motion and gravitational potential of the Sun, Moon, and
Earth.
3 Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions, and natural
radioactive decay.
4 Nuclear reactions on the Earth.
5 Chemical reactions from mineral sources.
 Sources of Energy
Primary Energy Source: Secondary Energy Source:
o Primary energy (PE) is o Secondary sources derive from the
an energy form found in nature transformation of primary energy
that has not been subjected to sources.
any human engineered conversion o For example,
process. (i) petrol - from the treatment of
o It is energy contained in raw fuels, crude oil
and other forms of energy received (ii) electric energy - from the
as input to a system. conversion of hydropower.
o Primary energy can be non-
renewable or renewable.
 Primary Energy Source
Renewable Energy: Non Renewable Energy:
o Energy from sources that are Non-renewable energy comes
naturally replenishing but flow- from sources that will run out or will
limited. not be replenished in our lifetimes.
 Renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible E.g.
in duration but limited in the amount of energy
that is available per unit of time.
E.g. OIL COAL
SUN WIND WATER

NATURAL NUCLEAR
GEOTHERMAL BIOMAS GAS
Total primary energy supply (TPES) by source,
World 1990-2018
Total primary energy supply (TPES) by source,
United Kingdom 1990-2018 - https://www.iea.org
  The overwhelming majority of all
Sources of Energy energy available to people on earth
comes from the sun. Most of energy
flows is the solar radiation incident on
the earth’s surface.
 Sunlight accounts for:
wind energy (arises from thermal
gradients across the earth’s surface)
wave energy (interaction between the
winds and the oceans)
hydro energy (potential energy stored
in the hydrological cycle)
bio-energy (or biomass energy)
(chemical energy stored in living
organisms (usually plants) via the
process of photosynthesis)
 Fossil fuels represent millions of years
of concentrated solar energy
Sources of Energy Exceptions – Non solar
dependant energy forms:

 (1) Tidal power which results from the

gravitational force between the moon
and the earth
 (2) Geothermal energy which flows
from the heat which is continually
discharged from the core of the earth.

(Scott Grinnell)
1TW = 1 trillion watts (1x1012 watts)
 Renewable Energy (Green energy or Sustainable energy)
General definition:
Renewable energy is energy obtained from naturally repetitive and
persistent flows of energy occurring in the local environment.
It is continual (though time-varying).
It is any type of energy produced from geophysical or biological
sources that are naturally replenished.
Aslong as the rate of extraction of this energy does not exceed the natural
energy flow rate, then the resource is sustainable.
 It is possible to utilize biomass at a greater rate than it can grow, or to draw heat from a
geothermal field at a faster rate than heat flows can replenish it in which case, these
“renewable” resources are unsustainable.
 By contrast, the rate of utilization of solar energy has no bearing on the rate at which it
reaches the earth.
Sources of Energy
(Natural energy currents on the Earth - Renewable Energy Systems)
Renewable energy supply systems
3 Broad Classes Examples Proportion of Power in the
Environment Extracted
Hydro ~80%
Mechanical (proportions relate to the capacity
supplies factor and load hours of the devices)
Wind ~35%
Wave ~30%,
Tidal ~60%
Biomass combustion and Heat provided at high efficiency.
Heat supplies solar collectors However, maximum mechanical
power produced in a dynamic
process is less ~35%
Photosynthesis and Conversion Efficiencies of 25%
Photon processes Photochemistry are considered good
and Photovoltaic Conversion
 Non Renewable Energy
General definition:
Non-renewable energy is energy obtained from static stores of
energy that remain underground unless released by human
interaction.
- Finite supplies or brown energy

 Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are generally believed to
have been formed from decayed biomass.
 The energy which is stored chemically within such fuels is therefore also
solar in origin.
 Critical difference between
Renewable and Non Renewable Energy
 The critical difference between renewable and fossil energies is analogous to the difference
between a current account and a deposit account.
 The renewable "current" account is constantly replenished by incoming solar (and gravitational)
energy. However, the "deposit account" of fossil fuels was accumulated over many thousands
of years of biological activity and is replenished, if at all, only very slowly.
 An energy system which relies mainly on fossil fuel resources has been likened to an economy
which survives by depleting its capital reserves.
 From this perspective, the development of renewable energy resources – generating the ability
to live within the constraints of the solar budget – is the path of long-term economic prudence.
 Renewable energy sources offer, in principle, the prospect of cleaner, more sustainable ways of
meeting the demand for electricity, heat and transport fuels than conventional fuels. The
physical resource base is enormous.
 At the global level, the recoverable resource exceeds the demand for commercial energy by a
factor of more than 100.
Comparison of
Renewable
and
Conventional
energy
systems

In general finite
energy is most easily
‘produced’ centrally
and is expensive to
distribute.
Renewable energy
is most easily
‘produced’ in
dispersed locations
and is expensive to
concentrate.
Sources Energy Selection – situational dependence
 No single renewable energy system is universally applicable, since the
ability of the local environment to supply the energy and the suitability of
society to accept the energy vary greatly.

 Particular sites can have remarkably different environments and possibilities

for harnessing renewable energy.

 Practical renewable energy systems have to be matched to particular local

environmental energy flows occurring in a particular region.
Sources Energy Selection – situational dependence
 Selecting an Energy Source means a particular end-use needs and local
renewable energy supplies should be matched, subject to economic and
environmental constraints.
 To illustrate: Renewable energy is similar to agriculture. Particular environments and
soils are suitable for some crops and not for others, and the market pull for selling
the produce will depend upon particular needs.
 Solar energy systems in southern Italy should be quite different from those in
Belgium or indeed in northern Italy.
 Flat regions, such as Denmark, have little opportunity for hydropower but may have
wind power. Yet neighbouring regions (e.g. Norway) may have vast hydro potential.
 Tropical rain forests may have biomass energy sources, but deserts at the same
latitude have none (moreover, forests must not be destroyed, which would make
more deserts).
Sources Energy Selection – Alternative energy systems and Sustainability
Sustainable development:
may be broadly defined as living, producing, and consuming in a manner that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
o For a renewable energy resource to be sustainable, it must be inexhaustible and not
damage the delivery of environmental goods and services including the climate system.
For example, to be sustainable, biofuel production should not increase net CO2
emissions, should not adversely affect food security, nor require excessive use of
water and chemicals, nor threaten biodiversity.

o To be sustainable, energy must also be economically affordable over the long term; it must
meet societal needs and be compatible with social norms now and in the future.

o Indeed, as use of RE technologies accelerates, a balance will have to be struck among the
several dimensions of sustainable development. It is important to assess the entire
lifecycle of each energy source to ensure that all of the dimensions of sustainability are
met.

(IPCC 2011, §1.1.5)

Take a Quiz
Introduction to Energy Management
& Energy Sources

END OF PART ONE MICRO LECTURE

Introduction to Energy Management
& Energy Sources

PART TWO MICRO LECTURE

Introduction to Energy Management
& Energy Sources
Highlights of Presentation
 Why study Energy Management?
 Sources of Energy
 Renewable energy (RE) and Non-renewable energy
 Types of Energy
 Fundamentals of Electricity
 Energy pathways
 The future of renewable energy
 Week 1 Curricula Design
TYPES OF ENERGY
Types of Energy

• Three fundamental sources

− Solar
− Tidal
− Geothermal
Types of Energy

• Electrical energy
− Electricity
− Chemical energy
− Electromagnetic energy
• Nuclear energy
− Process that creates sunlight
− Splitting large elements into
smaller ones
Types of Energy
• Kinetic energy
− Energy of motion
− All moving objects
− Thermal energy
• Gravitational energy
− Position of objects
− Potential energy
First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

− Energy is neither created nor destroyed
− Simply converted from one form to another
Energy Conversion

• Energy can be converted from one form into any other form

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

− In any conversion, the energy of a system always changes
from a more ordered form to a less ordered form

• Conventional power generation

Energy Conversion

• Solar hot water

• Photovoltaic (solar electric)
• Wind turbines
• Hydroelectric turbines
• Biomass energy
Take a Quiz
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
Fundamentals of Electricity
• Ohm’s law
− Electricity is the movement of electrons
− Voltage
− Current = voltage/resistance
• Electrical power and energy
− Power = Voltage x Current
− Energy = Power x Time
Fundamentals of Electricity

• Standard units
− International System of Units
− British thermal units (Btu)
• Currents
− Direct current (DC)
− Alternating current (AC)
− Machines and appliances
Definitions - Efficiency
• Efficiency
Efficiency = useful energy supplied as a fraction of the
input energy
Definitions – Capacity factor (Z) and full load hours (TF)
(Assessing annual production of a device at particular sites)

Note also that values

of Z and TF are both
independent of the
capacity of the device,
Take a Quiz
ENERGY PATHWAYS
Energy pathways - From source to end use
(Sankey diagrams)
 All energy systems may be visualized as a series of pipes or circuits through
which the energy currents are channelled and transformed to become
useful in domestic, industrial, and agricultural circumstances.
 For instance, to meet a requirement for domestic energy service
(e.g., lighting) a primary [renewable] energy source (e.g., geothermal
energy) is transformed into a secondary energy carrier (e.g., electricity) that
can be transformed again into a form (e.g., light) that performs the desired
service.
 The Sankey diagrams indicate the range of sources, carriers, services and
sectors. It points to the kind of energy we use and how we use it.
 World
Energy
flow
diagrams
World Energy:
Where It Comes From?
Where It Goes?

“the width of the streams is

proportional to the quantity
of flow, and where the flows
can be combined, split and
traced through a series of
events or stages”
- Sankey diagram

https://blogs.sierraclub.org/sierradaily/2011/06/world-
energy-where-it-comes-from-where-it-goes.html
 What kinds of energy
do we use, and how
do we use it?

- Energy flows from

primary renewable
energy through
carriers to end-uses

Energy flow
diagram for
United
Kingdom

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/903858/Energy_Flow_Chart_2019_WEB.pdfable
United Kingdom Renewable Energy Potential
 Direct insolation rates in the UK are lower than in many other European
nations. Even so, direct solar conversion technologies could supply
enough electricity to meet present levels of demand using less than 3% of
the UK’s land area.

 The accessible wind resource alone could generate twice the current level
of electricity demand.

 Biomass – mainly from energy crops – could supply more than 75% of the
UK’s demand for electricity, or contribute substantially to the demand for
transport fuels.
 The future of renewable energy
 As world population rises, so does the demand for energy in order to power our homes,
businesses and communities.
 Innovation and expansion of renewable sources of energy is key to maintaining a
sustainable level of energy and protect our planet from climate change.
 Renewable energy sources make up 26% of the world’s electricity today, but according to
the International Energy Agency (IEA) its share is expected to reach 30% by 2024.
 “This is a pivotal time for renewable energy,” said the IEA’s executive director, Fatih Birol.

 In 2020, the UK hit a new amazing renewable energy milestone.

On Wednesday 10th June, the country celebrated two months of running purely on
renewable energy for the first time ever.
This is a great step in the right direction for renewables.
In the future, it’s expected that the number of renewable energy sources will continue
to increase as we see an increase in demand for power. This will drive down the price of
renewables – great for the planet, and great for our wallets.
https://www.edfenergy.com/for-home/energywise/renewable-energy-sources
https://studentenergy.org/map/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIoJf51Ire6wIVnIBQBh1UzgjrEAAYAiAAEgLrmfD_BwE
 INDEPENDENT STUDY

Existing procedures for Energy Sources Selection

 STUDENTS’ OUTPUTS FROM
ASYNCHRONOUS DELIVERY AND
INDEPENDENT STUDY

1. Complete All Quizzes in the Asynchronous Lecture.

2. Individually summarize key contents of the following:

(a) Considering primary resources, what distinguishes renewable energy from fossil and nuclear
fuels?
(b) Compare the environmental impact (including noise and pollution) of energy generation
from fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy.
(c) Can we expect renewable energy supplies to be universally applicable?
Clarify your answer by explaining which renewables are most applicable in your home area.
PREPARATION FOR SYNCHRONOUS
DELIVERY
Critical appraisal of Energy Source Selection
The efficient use of renewable energy requires the correct application of certain principles.
For instance, to realize that the potential for a particular renewable energy supply at a site depends
on first understanding and quantifying the natural environmental energy flows at that site (e.g. wind
speeds, solar irradiance). This usually requires at least a year of measurement, but may be evaluated
from established records (e.g. meteorological records). The same is true for the use of wastes (e.g.
animal slurry for biogas).

Cities around the world face a great challenge in establishing a long-term strategy for the
development of energy alternatives. Previous research tried to identify renewable energy across
many different cities. Because each city has unique characteristics in terms of geographic and
environmental conditions, population, economic development, and social and political environment,
the most sustainable energy source for one city might be the least sustainable for another.

Attached is a journal article from Energy, Sustainability and Society, titled A systematic approach for
assessment of renewable energy using analytic hierarchy process.

This paper will form the basis for the live zoom section.
Learning Outcome: 1. Critically appraise the existing procedures for energy management and
energy source selection, and suggest improvements.
Introduction to Energy Management
& Sources of Energy
Review of Presentation Highlights
 Why study Energy Management?
 Sources of Energy
 Types of Energy
 Renewable energy (RE) and Non-renewable energy
 Energy pathways
 The future of renewable energy
 Week 1 Curricula Design
References and Bibliography
Barney et al, (2016) Guide to Energy Management, Eighth Edition

ISO 50001

Gerçek Budak, Xin Chen, Serdar Celik and Berk Ozturk (2019) A systematic approach for
assessment of renewable energy using analytic hierarchy process, Energy, Sustainability
and Society

Scott Grinnell (2006) Renewable Energy and Sustainable Design, Cengage Learning

Peter Gevorkian (2010) Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design, Green Sourcw

John Twidell and Tony Weir (2015) Renewable Energy Resources, Routledge

Duffy et al (2015) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Assessment of Projects and Policies,
JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd