METHOD of

ANALYSIS part 2
NURLIYANA BINTI ABD MUTALIB
SEMESTER 2 2022/2023
4 Learning Objectives

1. Explain the steps of analyzing a DC circuit

by using Nodal and Mesh analysis
techniques.

2. Apply Nodal and Mesh analysis techniques

to analyze DC circuit.
 3
MeshAnalysis

• Mesh analysis provides another general procedure

for analyzing circuits using mesh currents as the
circuit variables.

• Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown

voltages in a given circuit, while mesh analysis
applies KVL to find unknown currents.

• A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other

loops within it.
 4
MeshAnalysis

Steps to determine the mesh current

1. Assign mesh currents i1 , i2 , …, to the n meshes.

2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.

3. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of

the mesh currents.

4. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get

the mesh currents.
4
MeshAnalysis
5
MeshAnalysis

Circuit with independent voltage sources

Note:
i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginative, not measurable directly)
I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
I1 = i1; I2 = i2; I3 = i1 – i2
 6 MeshAnalysis
Example 1:
Circuit with independent voltage sources

Find I1 , I2 , I3
 7 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
STEP 1 Assign mesh current STEP 2,3 Apply KVL at mesh 1 and 2
For Mesh 1:
−15 + 5i1 +10(i 1 − i2 ) +10 = 0
For Mesh 2:
6i2 + 4i2 −10 +10(i 2 −i1 ) = 0

STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations

From Mesh 1:
−15 + 5i1 +10i 1 −10i 2 +10 = 0
− 5 +15i 1 −10i 2 = 0
3i1 − 2i 2 = 1 ------- (1)
From Mesh 2:
6i2 + 4i2 +10i 2 −10i 1 = 10
Answer : −10i 1 + 20i 2 =10
I1 = i1 = 1A; I2 =UTeM
i2 =| Excellence
1A; I3 = iThrough
1 - i 2 =Competency
0 − i1 + 2i2 = 1 ------- (2)
 8 MeshAnalysis
Example 2:
Circuit with independent voltage sources

Calculate the mesh currents I1 and I2 in the circuit

 9 Mesh Analysis
Solution: STEP 2,3 Apply KVL at mesh 1 and 2
STEP 1 Assign mesh current
For Mesh 1:
−12 + 2i1 +12(i 1 − i2 ) + 4i1 = 0

For Mesh 2:
9i2 + 8 + 3i2 +12(i 2 − i1 ) = 0

STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations

From Mesh 1:
18i1 −12i 2 = 12
3i1 − 2i 2 = 2 ------- (1)

From Mesh 2:
8 + 24i 2 −12i 1 = 0
Answer :
2 + 6i2 − 3i1 = 0
I1 = i1 = 0.67A; I2 = i2 = 0; I3 = 0.67A
− 3i1 + 6i2 = −2 -------(2)
 10 MeshAnalysis
Example 3:
Circuit with dependent and independent voltage source

Find i0
 11 MeshAnalysis
STEP 1 Assign mesh current
STEP 2,3 Apply KVL at mesh 1,2 and 3
For Mesh 1:
− 24 +10(i 1 − i2 ) +12(i 1 − i3 ) = 0
For Mesh 2:
24i 2 + 4(i 2 − i3 ) +10(i 2 − i1) = 0
For Mesh 3:
4i0 +12(i 3 − i1) + 4(i3 − i2 ) = 0

STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations

From Mesh 1:
22i1 −10i 2 −12i 3 = 24
Answer : 11i1 − 5i2 − 6i3 = 12
i1 = 2.25A; From Mesh 2: From Mesh 3:
i2= 0.75A; −10i 1 + 38i 2 + 4i3 = 0 4(i1 − i2 ) −12i 1 − 4i 2 +16i 3 = 0
i3 = 1.5A; − 5i1 +19i 2 − 2i3 = 0 − 8i1 − 8i2 +16i 3 = 0
io = i1- i2 =1.5A − i1 − i2 + 2i3 = 0
 12
MeshAnalysis
Example 4:
Circuit with dependent and independent voltage source

Using mesh analysis, find io in the circuit

 MeshAnalysis
13 STEP 2,3

For Mesh 1: STEP 1 Assign mesh current

− 20 + 4(i1 − i3 ) + 2(i1 − i 2 ) = 0
3i1 − i 2 − 2i3 = 10

For Mesh 2:
−10i 0 + 2(i 2 − i1 ) + 8(i2 − i3 ) = 0
−10i 3 − 2i1 +10i 2 − 8i3 = 0
− 2i1 +10i 2 −18i 3 = 0
− i1 + 5i2 − 9i3 = 0

For Mesh 3:
6i3 + 8(i3 − i2 ) + 4(i3 − i1 ) = 0 STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations
6i3 + 8i3 − 8i2 + 4i3 − 4i1 = 0
− 2i1 − 4i2 + 9i3 = 0

Answer : i1 = -3.214A; i2= -9.643A; i3 = -5A; io= i3= -5A

 14 MeshAnalysis
Exercise:
Circuit with the current source

Using mesh analysis, find current through 6Ω resistor in the

circuit above
 SupermeshAnalysis
15
The properties of a supermesh

1. The current source in the supermesh is not completely

ignored; it provides the constraint equation necessary to
solve for the mesh currents.
2 . A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and
KCL.

Steps to solve supermesh circuit

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, …, in to the n meshes.

2. Bring out the supermesh branch and get the KVL.
3. Bring in back the supermesh branch and the KCL in the
supermesh circuit.
 16 SupermeshAnalysis
Example 5:
Circuit with current source in between two meshes
(supermesh)

Using mesh analysis, find current through 6Ω resistor in the

circuit above
 SupermeshAnalysis
17
• A supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent
or independent) current source in common as shown in (a).

• We create a supermesh by excluding the current source and

any elements connected in series with it as shown in (b).

STEP 1 Assign mesh current

 SupermeshAnalysis
18
STEP 2
KVL at supermesh :
− 20 + 6i1 +10i 2 + 4i2 = 0
20 = 6i1 +14i 2
3i1 + 7i2 = 10
STEP 3
KCL in supermesh branch :
i2 − i1 = 6
− i1 + i2 = 6

STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations

Answer : i1 = -3.2A; i2=2.8A
 19 SupermeshAnalysis
Example 6:
Circuit with current source in between two meshes
(supermesh)

Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in circuit above

UTeM | Excellence Through Competency
 STEP 1 Remove current source
& assign mesh current

STEP20
2 Apply KVL

KVL at supermesh:
− 6 + 2(i1 − i3 ) + 4(i2 − i3 ) + 8i2 = 0
2i1 − 2i3 + 4i2 − 4i3 + 8i2 = 6
2i1 +12i 2 − 6i3 = 6

For Mesh 3:
− 2i3 + 4(i3 − i2 ) + 2(i3 − i1 ) = 0
− 2i1 − 4i2 + 8i3 = 0 STEP 3 Apply KCL
KCL in supermesh branch :
i1 = 3 + i2
i1 − i2 = 3
STEP 4 Solve simultaneous equations
Answer : i1 = 3.47A; i2= 0.473A ; i2= 1.105A
 Nodal Analysis vs MeshAnalysis
To 23
select the method that results in the smaller number of
equations:

1. Choose nodal analysis for circuit:

• With fewer nodes than meshes.
• Have networks with parallel-connected elements, current
sources, or supernodes.

2. Choose mesh analysis for circuit:

• With fewer meshes than nodes.
• Have networks that contain many series connected
elements, voltage sources, or supermeshes.

3. If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply

nodal analysis. If branch or mesh currents are required, it may
be better to use mesh analysis.
Thank you