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6 Soil Classification

Soils can be classified into groups based on their textural properties and engineering behavior. The textural classification system names soils after their principal components such as sand, silt, and clay. An example textural classification involves determining that a soil with 30% sand, 40% silt, and 30% clay is a clay loam. Other classification systems include the AASHTO system that categorizes soils into 7 major groups based on grain size, and the Unified Soil Classification System that separates soils into coarse-grained or fine-grained groups depending on their passing through a #200 sieve.

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83 views21 pages

6 Soil Classification

Soils can be classified into groups based on their textural properties and engineering behavior. The textural classification system names soils after their principal components such as sand, silt, and clay. An example textural classification involves determining that a soil with 30% sand, 40% silt, and 30% clay is a clay loam. Other classification systems include the AASHTO system that categorizes soils into 7 major groups based on grain size, and the Unified Soil Classification System that separates soils into coarse-grained or fine-grained groups depending on their passing through a #200 sieve.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

Soil Classification
•Different Soils with similar properties may be
classified into groups and sub-groups according to their engineering behavior.

•Classification systems provide a common language to concisely express the


general characteristics of soils, which are infinitely varied, without detailed
descriptions.
Textural Classification

•Texture of soil refers to its surface appearance. Soil texture is influenced by the size of
the individual particles present in it.

•Table 2.3 divided soils into gravel, sand, silt, and clay categories on the basis of particle
size. In most cases, natural soils are mixtures of particles from several size groups.
Textural Classification

In the textural classification system, the soils are named


after their principal components, such as sandy clay, silty
clay, and so forth.
This chart is based only on the fraction of soil that passes through the No. 10 sieve
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Example.
If the particle-size distribution of soil A shows 30% sand, 40% silt, and 30% clay-size
particles, determine its textural classification?
Solution.
This soil falls into the zone of clay loam
Example:
if a soil has a particle size distribution of 20% gravel, 10% sand, 30% silt,
and 40% clay, classify the soil according to textural classification system;
Solution:
the modified textural compositions is needed

Clay or gravely Clay


AASHTO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

•Soil is classified into seven major groups: A-1 through A-.7

•Soils classified under groups A-1, A-2, and A-3 are granular materials of which
35% or less of the particles pass through the No. 200 sieve.

•Soils of which more than 35% pass through the No. 200 sieve are classified
under groups A-4, A-5, A-6, and A-7 .These soils are mostly silt and clay-type
materials.
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Unified Soil Classification System

This system classifies soils into two broad categories:

•Coarse-grained soils that are gravelly and sandy in nature with less than
50% passing through the No. 200 sieve.
.The group symbols start with a prefix of G or S. G stands for gravel or
gravelly soil, and S for sand or sandy soil.
•Fine-grained soils are with 50% or more passing through the No. 200 sieve.
.The group symbols start with prefixes of M, which stands for inorganic silt, C
for inorganic clay, or O for organic silts and clays.
.The symbol Pt is used for peat, muck, and other highly organic soils.
Other symbols used for the classification are
:
•W—well graded

•P—poorly graded

•L—low plasticity (liquid limit less than 50)

•H—high plasticity (liquid limit more than 50)


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