MATHEMATICS I.

EXERCISES (Part I)

Academic year 2021/22

 Contents

1 Preliminaries............................................................................................................................... 3
2 Real-valued functions of a single variable ................................................................................. 4
3 Derivatives ................................................................................................................................. 9
Optimization ............................................................................................................................. 13

Solutions to the exercises .............................................................................................................. 17

1 Preliminaries

1.- Simplify the following expressions:

x +1 x +1 x +1 x3 y 2 3
a7 ax1b +1 x2 a 1 a
, , , , , , (x y ) .
a b b
x2 + 1 x2 + x x2 −1 xy 2 a2 bx1b x2 a −1

2.- Solve the following equations for the corresponding variables:

3
a= (b − 2) + b , variable b.
4
ax − b = cx + d , variable x.

ab 3 x = c , variable x.
1
−x
a = z , variable a.
1
−y
a

3.- Find the values of x ∈  such that 3 x − 2 > 4 x + 5 ?

4.- Find the values of x ∈  for which x 2 < 3 ?

5.- Find the values of x ∈  such that x3 ≤ 8 ?

6.- Find the values of x ∈  for which ( x − 3)( x + 5) > 0 ?

x +1
7.- Find the values of x ∈  such that ≤ 0?
x −5
( x + 1)( x − 5)
8.- Find the values of x ∈  such that ≥ 0?
x −3

9.- Find the values of x ∈  such that x − 4 ≤ 3 ?

10.- Find the values of x ∈  for which x + 4 > 3 ?

11.- Find the values of x ∈  for which x5 ≤ 6 ?

3
2 Real-valued functions of a single variable

1.- Consider the fuction f ( x) = 11 . Evaluate f (0) , f ( 3) , f (a ) and f (a + h) − f (a ) , a, h ∈  .

2
2.- Consider the function f ( x) = 1 − x . Evaluate f (0) , f (−1) , f ( 3) and f (1/ 3) . Find all x-
values for which the following equalities hold.
a) ) f (− x) .
f ( x=
b) = f ( x) − f (1) .
f ( x − 1)
c) f (2 x) = 2 f ( x) .

x
3.- Consider the function f ( x) = .
2 + x2

Evaluate f (0) , f (−1) , f ( 3) and f (1/ 3) .

Prove that f (− x) =− f ( x) for all x-values, and f (2 / x) = f ( x) if x ≠ 0 .

4.- Determine the domains of the following functions:

a) f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 .
1
b) g ( x) = .
x −1
c) h( x=
) 3− x .
4x + 2
d) m( x ) = .
2 x2 − 4
e) ( x) ln( x − 1) .
p=

x+3
f) q( x) = 4 .
x −3

g) t ( x) = ( x − 1)1/2 − ( x + 2) −1/2 .
h) ( x ) h( x ) + t ( x ) .
r=
i) ( x) q( x) + t ( x) .
v=

x+2 x+2
5.- Find the domains of the functions f ( x) = and g ( x) = . Are they equal?
x−4 x−4
For what values of x is f ( x) = g ( x) ?

4
Graphs
6.- Graph the following functions:
a) f ( x)= x + 2 .
b) g ( x=
) 3x − 1 .
c) h( x)= 2 − x .
1
d) m( x ) = .
x
1
e) n( x ) = .
x2
1
f) p( x) = .
x −1

g) ) x2 −1.
q( x=

h) ) ( x − 1) 2 .
s ( x=

i) t ( x)= 2 − x 2 .

2
7.- ) ( x + 1) 2 , h( x) =
Use the graph of f ( x) = x to graph g ( x= −( x + 1) 2 and j ( x) =−(1 − x) 2 .

Linear functions
8.- ) ax + b , where a, b ∈  .
A function f ( x) is linear if f ( x=
a) Find a linear function f ( x) such that f (2) = 4 and f (4) = 2 .
b) The cost of producing x units of a product is a linear function of x. Producing 200 units
costs 500 € and producing 500 units costs 1100 €. Find the linear function that represents the
cost as a function of the quantity produced.

9.- a) Determine the equation of the straight line that passes through (2,1) and (3,4). Which is
its slope?
b) Determine the equation of the straight line with slope 3 that passes through (1, −2).
c) Determine the equation of the straight line that crosses the axis at points (0,3) and (4,0).
Which is its slope?
d) Determine the equation of the straight line that passes through (1,1) and (4,−1).
e) Determine the equation of the straight line that passes through (1,−1) and (2,1).
f) Determine the equation of the straight line with slope 2 that passes through (3,3).

5
Polynomial functions
10.- Expand the following expressions ( a ∈  ) as polynomials:
( x + 1) 2 ; ( x − a) 2 ; ( x − 2)3 ; ( x + a)3 ; ( x + a) 4 .

11.- Determine the integer roots of the following polynomials and decompose them into products
of linear factors:

a) f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 .

b) g ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 4 .

c) h( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 4 x + 4 .

d) m( x ) = x 4 − 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x + 4 .
1 3 1 2
e) n( x=
) x − x − x +1.
4 4

f) p( x) =x3 − 3x 2 + 2 x .

g) q( x) = 2 x3 + 3x 2 − 18 x + 8 .

x3 − 2 x + 1 3x3 + 2 x 2 + 1
12.- Divide: and .
x +1 x +1

13.- Determine the vertices and axis of the following parabolas.

(a) x 2= y + 2 ; (b) y = x2 − 2x + 2 ; (c) y = x2 ;

(d) y x2 + 2 ;
= (e) y= ( x − 1) 2 ; (f) y = ( x − 1) 2 + 3 .

Power functions
14.- Simplify the following expressions until you get a single factor:

( (2a) ) ( (4a) )
−2 −1 −1 −2

( )
4/5
 1/2 2/3 3/4
 3
a ⋅ a 3/4
 (a )  ; a1/2 a 2/3 a 3/4 a 4/5 ;
a −2
, a 4/3 .
  a1/12 a

Exponential and logarithmic functions

15.- Say whether each of the following expressions is true or false:
2 1 1 1
(3x ) 2 = 3x ; =
21/ x ( x ≠ 0) ; 5=
−1/ x
( x ≠ 0) ; =
4−1/ x ( x ≠ 0) ;
2 x
5 x
41/ x
xy y
b x + 2 y = b x (b y ) 2 ; a = a xa (x,y positive).

6
16.- Find the domains of the following functions:
 2x 
a) f ( x) = ln  .
 2− x
b) g ( x) = ln x .

c) h( x) = ln(ln( x)) .

d) ( )
t ( x) = ln ln ( x 2 ) .

e) f ( x) + g ( x) .

17.- Solve the following equations for x:

a) 5x = 8 .
b) 2 x 3x+1 = 5 .
c) ln( x − 3) =
5.

d) 3ln( x) − 2 ln( x 2 ) =
4.

18.- Say whether each of the following expressions is true or false:

 a+b
a) ln   = ln(a ) + ln(b) − ln(c) .
 c 
 a+b
b) ln  = ln(a + b) − ln(c) .
 c 
a b
c) 0.
ln   + ln   =
b a

d) ln(ln(a)) ln(ln(a k )), (a > 1, k > 0) .

k=

k ln(ln(a)) ln((ln(a)) k ), (a > 1) .

e)=
ln(a )
f) = ln(a (bc) −1 ) .
ln(b) + ln(c)

Continuity and intermediate values (Bolzanos’s Theorem)

19.- Discuss the continuity of each function:
a) f ( x) = 3x 2 + 2 x − 1 .
1
b) g ( x) = .
x

7
  x, x<0
c) h( x ) =  2
.
3 + x , x ≥ 0
 2 x, x < 2
d) k ( x) =  .
 2 + x, x ≥ 2

20.- Graph each function and find the x-values at which each function is continuous:
a) f ( x) = x .

x
b) g ( x) = .
x

21.- Check that the following equations have at least one solution within the interval indicated:
a) x7 − 4 x6 + 6 x2 − 2 =0 , within (−1,1).
b) x3 + 2 x − 7 =0 , within (0,2).

c) x + 4 = x + 1 , within (1,2).

22.- a) Show that the equation x3 + x − 5 =0 has at least one solution within the interval (1,2).
3 2
b) Consider the function f ( x) = x − x + 1 . Is it possible to conclude that f has a zero in
the interval (1,2) (in other words, there exists a point c in the interval (1,2) such that f (c) = 0
)?

1
23.- Let f be the function f ( x) = . Evidently, f (−1) < 0 and f (1) > 0 , but there is no point in
x
[−1,1] such that f ( x) = 0 .
Does this contradict Bolzano’s theorem?

8
3 Derivatives

Concept and meaning

1.- If f ( x=
) 3 x − 1 , calculate f '(2) applying the definition of derivative.

2.- If f ( x=
) 2 x + 1 , calculate f '( x) applying the definition of derivative.

2 f ( x + h) − f ( x )
3.- If f ( x) = 2 x + 3 x − 1 , check that = 4 x + 3 + 2h , and calculate f '( x) applying
h
the definition of derivative.
Determine the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f at point (1,4).

4.- Applying the definition of derivative, check that f ( x) = x is not derivable at point 0, but

g ( x) = x x is.

Calculation of derivatives
5.- Derive the following functions:

a) y = 3x3 .

b) y =π5.

c) y = 3x −5 .
4
d) y= .
x
3
e) y= − .
x3 x

6.- Derive the following functions:

a) x) 2 x3 − 7 x .
f (=

b) g (=
x) x − 2x .

x 2 x3
c) h( x) =x + − .
2 12
d) (2 x − 7)(3x3 + 4 x) .
m( x ) =
 1 3
e)  x +  (3 x − x) .
n( x ) =
 x

9
 f) p ( x) x −2 ( x + 4) x .
=

g) ) x 2 − ln( x) .
q( x=

h) r ( x) = e x x .

ex
i) s ( x) = .
x

7.- Derive the following functions and simplify the result if possible:
x +1
a) y= .
x −1
3x − 1
b) y= 2
.
x − 2x +1

x +1
c) y= .
x −1
1 1 
d) y =(2 x + 1)  − 2  .
x x 
x2 −1
e) y= .
x2 + 1

8.- Find the domain of each function and the intervals where the function is increasing and where
it is decreasing.

a) f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 4 .
b) g ( x) = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 12 x + 4 .

c) ) x 4 − 3x 2 .
h( x=
3x + 1
d) j ( x) = .
2 x2 −1
5
e) k ( x) = .
( x − 1) 2
5
f) t ( x) = .
( x − 1)3

9.- Are the following functions derivable at any point of  ?

 1 + x2 , x < 0
a) f ( x) =  3
.
1 + 2 x , x ≥ 0

10
 1 + x 2 , x < 0
b) g ( x) =  .
1 + 2 x, x ≥ 0
 2 + x2 , x < 0
c) h( x ) =  3
.
4 + 2 x , x ≥ 0
 ax, x < 0
d) p( x) =  .
2ax, x ≥ 0

Tangent line. Linear approximation

10.- a) Determine the linear approximation of f ( x)= (1 + x) −1 in the neighbourhood of x0 = 0 .

b) Determine the linear approximation of g ( x)= (1 − x)1/3 in the neighbourhood of x0 = 2 .

c) Obtain the equation of the tangent line to the graph of h( x)= (1 + x 2 )1/2 at the point

where x0 = 0 .

d) Determine the linear approximation of j ( x) = e x in the neighbourhood of x0 = 0 .

e) Obtain the equation of the tangent line to the graph of k ( x) = ln( x) at the point where

x0 = e .

f) Obtain the equation of the tangent line to the graph of t ( x) = x at the point where

x0 = 1.

1/4
11.- a) Obtain the linear approximation of the function f ( x)= (1 + x) in the neighbourhood

of the point 0. By using this approximation, obtain the approximate value of 4 1, 02 .

15
b) Obtain the linear approximation of the function f ( x)= (1 + x) in the neighbourhood of
15
the point 0. By using this approximation, obtain the approximate value of (1, 03) .

Composition of functions: the chain rule

12.- Calculate each derivative by applying the chain rule.
2
a) y= .
( x + x − 1) 4
2

b) y
= x+ x .

c) =y ( 3 x + x )3 .

d)=y sin 2 ( x) + cos 2 ( x) .

11
 e)=y sin 3 ( x) + cos( x3 ) .

1
f) y= .
x

g) =y 4
x2 + 1 .
h) y = sin(cos( x)) .

1
i) y = tan   .
x

j) y = cos( x 3 ) .

cos( x)
k) y= .
x
x
l) y= .
cos( x)

m) y = esin( x ) .

 x2 
n) y = cos  .
 ln( x) 

o) y = 3ln( x ) .

p) y = sin(ln( x3 )) .
2
q) y = esin ( x)
.

Logarithmic deviation
13.- By means of logarithmic derivation, calculate the derivative of the following functions:

a) y = x x ( x > 0 ).

b) y = xsin( x ) .
c) y (2 x + 1)1/ x .
=

d) y = 5− x .

e) y= (1 + x 2 )1− x .
2
f) y = ( x3 + 4 x − 5) x +5
.

g) y = ln x ( x) .

h) y = x ln( x ) .

i) y = x f ( x ) (f is a derivable function).

12
 j) y = f ( x) g ( x ) , where f ( x) > 0 .
x 2 (1 − x)3
k) y= 3 .
2x + 2

l) y= x + 2( x3 − 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 5) .

m) =y x −2 ( x + 4) x .

Higher order derivatives

d2y
14.- Calculate (that is, y '' ), where:
dx 2
1
a) y
= x− .
x
x+3
b) y= .
x −1
x2
c) y= .
x +1

15.- Calculate the derivatives of sin( x) and cos( x) up to those of order four. Which are their
derivatives of order 17th?

16.- Calculate the sixth derivative of p ( x) =x5 − 3 x3 + 2 x 2 − 4 . Which is its fifth derivative?

17.- Prove that f ( x) = x3 x is derivable at point 0 up to order three but it is not fourth-order

derivable.

Optimization. Maxima and minima

18.- The function f ( x=

) 1 − x 2 , where x ∈ [−1,1] , has its global minima at points x = −1 and
x = 1, because for the other values of x the value of f ( x) is always positive, and its

maximum at 0 because 1 − x 2 ≤ 1 . Determine the global maxima and/or minima of the

following functions by using similar arguments.
a) f ( x) =5 − ( x − 1) 2 .

b) g ( x) = 3( x + 1) 4 − 2 .
2
c) h( x ) = 2
.
3x + 1

13
 d) j ( x) =3 − x + 2 , on [ 0, 2] .

−3
e) k ( x) = , on [1,3] .
2x2 −1

19.- Determine the local maxima and minima of the following functions on their domain:
a) f ( x) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 12 x + 4 .
3x
b) g ( x) = .
2x2 + 5
x
c) h( x ) = 2
.
x +1

d) p( x) = 3x 4 − 8 x3 − 6 x 2 + 24 x + 4 .

20.- Determine the local maxima and minima (values and points where they are reached) on their
domains of the following functions:
a) f ( x) =5 − ( x − 1) 2 .

b) g ( x) = 2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 .
4
c) h( x)= x + .
x
x +1
d) j ( x) = .
x −1
x −1
e) k ( x) = .
( x + 1) 2

21.- Obtain the global maxima and minima (values and points where they are reached) of each
function on the interval indicated:
a) f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 2 , on [1,3] .

b) g ( x) = x3 − 6 x + 4 , on [1, 4] .

2x2 + 6
c) h( x ) = , on [2, 4] .
x −1
d) ) x5 − 10 x3 , on [−1,3] .
j ( x=

22.- Determine the local and global extremes of the function f (t ) = (t 2 − 3t + 3)e − t , for t ≥ 0 .

14
23.- Among all the pairs of real not negative numbers whose addition is 40, obtain the pair(s) for
which the product is maximum and the pair(s) whose product is minimum.

24.- Among all the rectangles whose area is 100 cm2, which are the lengths of the sides of the
rectangle(s) with the smallest perimeter? Does (Do) the rectangle(s) with the maximum
perimeter exist?

25.- A football team hires a plane with 150 seats to attend a match. The price of each ticket is 150
euros if less than 100 followers buy it, and if this amount is exceeded, a discount of one euro
is applied to all travelers.
a) What is the ticket price if the plane is full?
b) What is the profit with 100 + x travelers?
c) What is the number of travelers that provides the maximum profit?

Study and representation of functions

26.- For each of the following functions:
Determine its domain. In what intervals is continuous?
Calculate its limits at the extremes of the intervals where the function is continuous.
In what intervals is derivable?
Determine the local and global extremes.
Determine the intervals where the function is concave and where it is convex, and the
inflection points.
Graph the function.
a) f ( x) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 12 x + 4 .

b) f ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 4 .

c) f ( x) =− x3 + 3x 2 − 3x + 4 .

d) f ( x) = 3 x 4 − 8 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 24 x + 4 .

e) f ( x) = x 4 − 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2 .

f) f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 2 .
2x +1
g) f ( x) = .
2− x

27.- For each of the following functions:

Determine its domain. In what intervals is continuous?

15
Calculate its limits at the extremes of the intervals where the function is continuous.
In what intervals is derivable?
Determine the local and global extremes.
Determine the intervals where the function is concave and where it is convex, and the
inflection points.
Graph the function without determining the inflection points.
2x +1
a) f ( x) = .
x2 + 1
2x +1
b) g ( x) = .
x2 −1
x −3
c) h( x ) = .
x2 − 5

16
 SOLUTIONS TO THE EXERCISES

1st chapter

x +1 1 1 a
1.- , , , x 2 , 3 a , x1 x2 , b x y a .
x + 1 x x −1
2 b
4a + 6 b+d c
3
1− z
2.- b= , x= , x =   , a = .
7 a−c  ab  x − zy
3.- x < −7 , or equivalently, x ∈ (−∞, −7) .
4.- − 3 < x < 3 , or equivalently, x∈ (− 3, 3) .
5.- x ≤ 2 , or equivalently, x∈ (−∞,2] .
6.- (−∞, −5) ∪ (3, ∞) .
7.- [−1,5) .
8.- (−1,3] ∪ [5, ∞) .
9.- 1 ≤ x ≤ 7 , or equivalently, x ∈[1,7] .
10.- x ∈ (−∞, −7) ∪ (−1, +∞) .
11.- {x ∈  / x5 ≤ 6} = (−∞, 5 6] .

2nd chapter

1.- f (0) = 11, f ( 3) = 11, f (a) = 11, f (a + h) − f (a) = 11 − 11 = 0 .

2.- f (0) = 1, f (−1) =0, f ( 3) = −2, f (1/ 3) = 8/9.
a) For all x.
b) x = 1/ 2 .
c) For no x.
−1 3 1 3
3.- f (0)= 0, f (−1)= , f ( 3)= ,f =  .
3 5  3  19
4.- a) E ( f ) =  . f) E (q) = (−∞, −3] ∪ (3, +∞) .
b) E ( g )=  − {1} . g) E (t =
) [1, +∞) .
c) E (h) = (−∞,3] . h) E (h + t ) = [1,3] .
d) E (m) =  − {− 2, 2} . i) E (q + t=
) (3, +∞) .
e) E ( p= ) (1, +∞) .
5.- E ( f ) = (−∞, −2] ∪ (4, +∞) .
E ( g=) (4, +∞) .
f and g are not equal, their domains do not coincide.
For x > 4 the equality f ( x) = g ( x) holds.
6.-
a) f)
5
75
4
50
3 25

2 0.5 1 1.5 2
-25
1
-50
-75
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-100
-1

17
 b) g)
7.5 8

5
6
2.5

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2.5

-5 2

-7.5

-10 3 2 1 1 2 3

c) h)
5

4 8

3 6

2
4
1

2
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
2 1 1 2 3 4

d)
30
i)
20 2

10
3 2 1 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-10 2

-20
4
-30

e)
20
17.5
15
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

7.-
f ( x) = x 2 ) ( x + 1) 2
g ( x=
4 4

3 3

2
2

1
1

-3 -2 -1 1
-2 -1 1 2

h( x ) =−( x + 1) 2 j ( x) =−(1 − x) 2

18
 -3 -2 -1 1 -1 1 2 3

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

8.- a) f ( x)= 6 − x . b) f ( x= ) 2 x + 100

9.- y 3x − 5 . Its slope is 3.
a) =
y 3x − 5 .
b) =
3 3
c) y = − x + 3 . Its slope is − .
4 4
−2 5
d)=y x+ .
3 3
y 2x − 3 .
e) =
y 2x − 3 .
f) =
10.- ( x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 .
( x − a ) 2 =x 2 − 2ax + a 2 .
( x − 2)3 =x3 − 6 x 2 + 12 x − 8 .
( x + a )3 =x 3 + 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x + a 3 .
( x + a ) 4 =x 4 + 4ax 3 + 6a 2 x 2 + 4a 3 x + a 4 .
11.- a) Integer roots: 1, 2.
f ( x) =( x − 1)( x − 2)
b) Integer roots: − 1, − 4.
g ( x) =( x + 1)( x + 4)
c) Integer roots: 1, 2, − 2.
h( x) =( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)
d) Integer roots: − 1, 2.
m( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 2) 2
e) Integer roots: − 2, 1, 2.
1
n( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 1)( x − 2)
4
f) Integer roots: 0, 1, 2.
p ( x) = x( x − 1)( x − 2) .
g) Roots: 2, − 4, ½.
q( x) = ( x − 2)( x + 4)(2 x − 1) .
x3 − 2 x + 1 2
12.- = x2 − x −1 + .
x +1 x +1
3x3 + 2 x 2 + 1
= 3x 2 − x + 1 .
x +1

19
13.- a) Vertex: (0, −2) . Vertical axis x = 0 .
6

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2

b) Vertex: (1,1) . Vertical axis x = 1 .

c) Vertex: (0,0). Vertical axis x = 0 .
d) Vertex: (0,2). Vertical axis x = 0 .
e) Vertex: (1,0). Vertical axis x = 1 .
f) Vertex: (1,3). Vertical axis x = 1 .
14.- 5 a ; a163/60 ; 64a 6 ; a11/6 .
15.- False; False; False; True, True, False.
16.- a) E = (0, 2) ; b) E=  − {0} ; c) E= (1, +∞) ; d) E = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞) .
ln 8 ln 5 − ln 3
17.- a) x = ; b) x = x (e5 + 3) 2 ; d) x = e −4 .
; c) =
ln 5 ln 2 + ln 3
18.- a) False; b) True; c) True; d) False; e) True; f) False.
19.- a) D =  . f is continuous on its domain.
b) D=  − {0} . g is continuous on its domain.
c) D =  . h is continuous on  − {0} .
d) D =  . k is continuous on its domain.

20.- a) f is continuous on its domain ( D =  ):

2

1.5

0.5

-2 -1 1 2
b) g is continuous on its domain ( D=  − {0}) :
1

0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1

-0.5

-1
22.- b) No.
23.- f is not continuous at x = 0 , and therefore, f is not continuous on [ −1,1] . Hence, Bolzano’s
theorem can not be applied to conclude that f has a zero in [ −1,1] .

20
3rd chapter

1.- f '(2) = 3 .
2.- f '( x) = 2 .
3.- f '( x=
) 4 x + 3.
y 7 x − 3.
=
2 15 2 4
5.- a) y ' = 9 x ; b) y ' = 0 ; c) y ' = − 6
; d) y ' = − ; e) y ' = 2 3 .
x x x (x ) x
6.-
1 x2
a) f '(=
2
x) 6 x − 7 . '( x)
b) g= −2. c) h '( x) =1 + x − .
2 x 4
x + 12
d) m '( x) = 24 x3 − 63 x 2 + 16 x − 28 . n '( x) 4 x(3 x 2 + 1) .
e)= f) p '( x) = − 2 .
2x x
1 (2 x + 1)e x ( x − 1)e x
g) q '( x=
) 2x − . h) r '( x) = . i) s '( x) = .
x 2 x x2
7.-
2 3x + 1 1
a) y ' = − . b) y ' = − . c) y ' = − .
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 3
x ( x − 1) 2
x+2 4x
d) y ' = 3 . e) y ' = 2 .
x ( x + 1) 2
 1 1 
8.- a) D( f ) =  . f ( x) is decreasing if x ∈  −∞,  and increasing if x ∈  , +∞  .
 3 3 
b) D( g ) =  . g ( x) is increasing if x ∈ ( −∞, − 1) ∪ ( 2, +∞ ) and decreasing if x ∈ (−1, 2) .
 3   3 
c) D(h) =  . h( x) is increasing if x ∈  − , 0  ∪  , +∞  and decreasing if
 
2   2 
 
 3  3
x ∈  −∞, −  ∪  0,  .
 2   2 

 1 1 
d) D( j ) =  − − ,  . j ( x) is decreasing at any x ∈ D( j ).

 2 2 

e) D(k =)  − {1} . k ( x) is increasing at x < 1 and decreasing at x > 1 .
)  − {1} . t ( x) is decreasing at x ∈ D(t ) .
f) D(t =
9.- a) It is; b) It is not; c) It is not; d) p ( x) is derivable at any point of  , if a = 0 .
x 1 x 1
10.- a) y = 1 − x ; b) y =− − ; c) y = 1 ; d) y = 1 + x ; e) y = ; f)= y ( x + 1) .
3 3 e 2
1 1
11.- a) y = 1 + x ; 4 1, 02  1 + (0, 02) = 1, 005
4 4
b) y = 1 + 15 x , (1, 03)15  1 + 15(0, 03) = 1, 45
12.-
8(2 x + 1) 1  1 
a) y ' = − 2 5
= b) y ' 1 + 
( x + x − 1) 2 x+ x  2 x 
2 1 
c) y ' = (
3 3 x+x 
3 2
3 x
)
+ 1

d) y ' = 0

21
 1
=e) y ' 3sin 2 ( x) cos( x) − 3 x 2 sin( x3 ) f) y ' = −
2x x
2x
g) y ' = h) y ' = − sin( x) cos(cos( x))
4 4 ( x 2 + 1)3
1
i) y ' = − 3 x 2 sin( x 3 )
1 j) y ' = −
x 2 cos 2   2 cos( x 3 )
x
x sin( x) + cos( x) cos( x) + x sin( x)
k) y ' = − l) y ' =
x2 cos 2 ( x)
x(2 ln( x) − 1)  x 2 
m) y ' = cos( x)esin( x ) n) y ' = − sin  
ln 2 ( x)  ln( x) 
ln(3) ln( x ) 3
o) y ' = 3 p) y ' = cos(ln( x 3 ))
x x
2
q) y ' = 2sin( x) cos( x)esin ( x )
13.- a)
= y ' (ln( x) + 1) x x .
 sin( x)  sin( x )
=b) y '  cos( x) ln( x) + x .
 x 
 ln(2 x + 1) 2  1/ x
c) y ' =
− 2
+  (2 x + 1) .
 x x(2 x + 1) 
d) y ' = −5− x ln(5) .
 2 x(1 − x) 
e) y ' =− 2
 ln(1 + x ) + 2  (1 + x ) .
2 1− x

 1+ x 
 3 ( x 2 + 5)(3 x 2 + 4)  3 x2 +5
f)
= y '  2 x ln( x + 4 x − 5) + 3  ( x + 4 x − 5) .
 x + 4x − 5 
 1  x
=g) y '  ln(ln( x)) +  ln ( x) .
 ln( x) 
2 ln( x) ln( x )
h) y ' = x .
x
 f ( x)  f ( x )
=i) y '  f '( x) ln( x) + x .
 x 
 g ( x) f '( x)  g ( x)
=j) y '  g '( x) ln( f ( x)) +  f ( x) .
 f ( x) 
2 3 1  x 2 (1 − x)3
k) y ' = − −  3 .
 x 1 − x 3( x + 1)  2 x + 2
 1 3x 2 2x + 2  3 2
l) y ' 
= + 3 + 2  x + 2( x − 1)( x + 2 x + 5) .
 2( x + 2) x − 1 x + 2 x + 5 
 2 1 1 
m) y ' = − + +  x −2 ( x + 4) x .
 x x + 4 2x 
x+3 8 2
14.- a) y '' = − 2 ; b) y '' = 3
; c) y '' = .
4x x ( x − 1) ( x + 1)3

22
15.- If y = sin( x) , the derivative of order 17th is y (17) = cos( x) .
If y = cos( x) , the derivative of order 17th is y (17) = − sin( x) .
16.- The fifth derivative of p ( x) is p (5) ( x) = 120 .
The sixth derivative of p ( x) is p (6) ( x) = 0 .
18.- a) The function f has the global maximum at 1 (and f (1) = 5 ).
b) The function g has the global minimum at −1 (and g (−1) = −2 ).
c) The function h has the global maximum at 0 (and h(0) = 2 ).
d) j has the global maximum at 0 (and j ( 0 )= 3 − 2 ) and the global minimum at 2 (and
j ( 2 ) = 1 ).
3
e) k has the global maximum at 3 (and g ( 3) = − ) and the global minimum at 1 (and
17
k (1) = −3 ).
19.- a) The function f has a local maximum at x = −2 and a local minimum at x = 1 .
5 5
b) g has a local maximum at x = and a local minimum at x = − .
2 2
c) h has a local maximum at x = 1 and a local minimum at x = −1 .
d) p has a local maximum at x = 1 , and a local minimum at x = −1 and x = 2 .
20.- a) f has a local maximum at x = 1 , where f (1) = 5.
b) g has a local maximum at 0 , where f (0) = 2 , and a local minimum at 2 , where
f (2) = −6 .
c) h has a local maximum at −2 , where f (−2) = −4 , and a local minimum at 2 , where
f (2) = 4 .
d) j has no local maximum or minimum.
1
e) k has a local maximum at 3 , where k ( 3) = .
8
21.- a) f has the global maximum on [1,3] at x = 3 and max x∈[1,3] f ( x) = 32 ( f (3) = 32 ); and f has
the global minimum on [1,3] at x = 1 and min x∈[1,3] f ( x) = 4 ( f (1) = 4 ).
b) g has the global maximum on [1, 4] at x = 4 and max x∈[1,4] g ( x) = 44 ( g (4) = 44 ); and g
has the global minimum on [1, 4] at x = 2 and min x∈[1,4] g ( x)= 4 − 4 2 ( g ( 2 )= 4−4 2
).
c) h has the global maximum on [2, 4] at x = 2 and max x∈[2,4] h( x) = 14 ( h(2) = 14 ); and h
has the global minimum on [2, 4] at x = 3 and min x∈[2,4] h( x) = 12 ( h(3) = 12 ).
d) j has the global maximum on [−1,3] at x = −1 and max x∈[ −1,3] j ( x) = 9 ( j (−1) =
9 ); and j
has the global minimum on [−1,3] at x = 6 and min x∈[ −1,3] j ( x) = −24 6 ( j ( 6 ) = −24 6
).
22.- f has local maxima (relative to [0, ∞) ) at t = 0 and t = 3 . The values are f (0) = 3 and
f (3) = 3e −3 . f has a local minimum at t = 2 , and f (2) = e −2 . As the global extremes,
max t∈[0,∞ ) f (t ) = 3 at t = 0 , but there is no minimum.
23.- x = 20 and y = 20 . The product is minimum at x = 0 and y = 40 , and at x = 40 and y = 0 ,
that is, for the numbers 0 and 40.
24.- x = 10 cm, y = 10 cm. There is no rectangle with the maximum perimeter.
25.- a) 100 euro.

23
 b) (150 − x)(100 + x) .
c) 125 travelers.
26.-

a) b)
60
8

40
6
20
4

-4 -2 2 4
2
-20

-40 -4 -2 2 4

c) d)
8
120

6 100
80
4 60
40
2
20

-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4

e) f)
60

40 30

20 20

10
-4 -2 2 4

-20 -4 -2 2 4

27.-
a) b)
100
1.5
75
50 1
25
0.5
1 2 3 4
-25
-50
-10 -5 5 10
-75
-100 -0.5

c) d)

24
 1.5
20 1

10 0.5

-10 -5 5 10
-4 -2 2 4
-0.5
-10
-1
-20 -1.5

-2

25
 la
Derive the following functions:
p

i
3 1
1.- f (x) = x3 2x + 21.- f (x) =

Sa
x sin x
sin x
2.- f (x) = sin(x2 + 5x 1) 22.- f (x) = cos x
p p
3.- f (x) = sin x + sin ( x) 23.- f (x) = e4x (x 1)

K
(1 x)2
4.- f (x) = sin2 (x3 + 1) 24.- f (x) = ex
p

A
5.- f (x) = ln(ln x) 25.- f (x) = 2x
p 4
6.- f (x) = x2 x + sin x 26.- f (x) = ln(2x 1)

BO
7.- f (x) = ln 11+sin x
sin x 27.- f (x) = ln(x2 1)
p p p
8.- f (x) = x x + 1 28.- f (x) = ln x 1

TI
1 x ln x
9.- f (x) = 1+x 29.- f (x) = ex

10.- f (x) = ln 11+xx 30.- f (x) = sin2 x2

q
TA
11.- f (x) = 11+xx 31.- f (x) = sin x2 cos2 x
1 tan x sin2 x
12.- f (x) = 1+tan x 32.- f (x) = 1 cos2 x
TI
p 2
13.- f (x) = ln etan x 33.- f (x) = ex +1

p
N

14.- f (x) = 3x+1 34.- f (x) = cos3 (2x + 1)2

2
15.- f (x) = ln (sin x cos x) 35.- f (x) = ln x1
A

p p p
16.- f (x) = sin x + 1 cos x 1 36.- f (x) = 3 sin (x2 )
q
U

2
17.- f (x) = 7sin(x +1)
37.- f (x) = 11+2x 2x
p p p
K

18.- f (x) = cos2 3

x + (3 x)2 38.- f (x) = x x
q
x3 x
19.- f (x) = (x+1)2 39.- f (x) = ln
O

x+1

x2 +1
3 p
20.- f (x) = 40.- f (x) = ln sin ex
D

x
O
ET
M

1
 la
Solutions:

i
1.- f 0 (x) = 3x2 p1 3

Sa
2x x2

2.- f 0 (x) = (2x + 5) cos(x2 + 5x 1)

p
cos x cosp x
3.- f 0 (x) = p
2 sin x
+ 2 x

K
4.- f 0 (x) = 6x2 sin x3 + 1 cos(x3 + 1)

A
1
5.- f 0 (x) = x ln x
p 3 1
6.- f 0 (x) = 4 x2 x + sin x 2x p + cos x

BO
2 x
2
7.- f 0 (x) = cos x
3x+2
8.- f 0 (x) = p
4
42 x (x+1)3

TI
2
9.- f 0 (x) = (x+1)2
2
10.- f 0 (x) = x2 1

1
q
1+x
TA
11.- f 0 (x) = (x+1)2 1 x
2
12.- f 0 (x) = (cos x+sin x)2
TI
1
13.- f 0 (x) = 2 cos2 x
1
p
14.- f 0 (x) = 2 (ln 3) 3x+1
N

15.- f 0 (x) = 1
cos2 x sin2 x
2 cos3 x sin x 2 cos x sin3 x
p p p p
16.-f 0 (x) = p1 cos x 1 cos x + 1 2px1 1 sin x 1 sin x + 1
A

2 x+1
2
17.- f 0 (x) = 2x ln 7 cos x2 + 1 7sin(x +1)
U

q q
2 q 2x 5 2 2
18.- f 0 (x) =
3 3
3 3 2
cos x + (3 x) sin x + (3 x)
(x+(3 x)2 )
K

x2 (x+3)
19.- f 0 (x) = (x+1)3
O

3(x2 +1)2 (x2 1)

20.- f 0 (x) = x4
D
O
ET
M

2
 la
cos x
21.- f 0 (x) = sin2 x
1
22.- f 0 (x) =

i
cos2 x

Sa
23.- f 0 (x) = e4x + 4 (x 1) e4x
2 1 2
24.- f 0 (x) = ex 1) (x ex (1 x)
0 1
p
25.- f (x) = 2 (ln 2) 2x

K
2
26.-f 0 (x) = 2x 1

A
2x
27.- f 0 (x) = x2 1
1
28.- f 0 (x) =

BO
2(x 1)
1 ln x
29.- f 0 (x) = xex ex

30.- f 0 (x) = 4x cos x2 sin x2

TI
31.- f 0 (x) = 2x cos2 x cos x2 2 cos x sin x sin x2
32.- f 0 (x) = 0 TA
2
33.- f 0 (x) = 2xex +1

2 2
34.- f 0 (x) = 12 (2x + 1) cos2 (2x + 1) sin (2x + 1)
1
35.-f 0 (x) =
TI
x
p
x2 3
36.- f 0 (x) = 23 x cos
sin x2 sin x2
q
N

37.- f 0 (x) = 11+2x 2x 2

(1 2x)2
p
4
3 x3
38.- f 0 (x) =
A

4 x
1
39.- f 0 (x) = 2x(x+1)
U

p p
cos p ex ex
40.- f 0 (x) = sin e x 2
K
O
D
O
ET
M