CHAPTER 06

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Members subject to combined axial force and bending moment are called beam-column. The bending moment can
be due to lateral loads or an eccentric load.
e

P
P P

w
P P

AXIAL FORCE

e
w
P P
w

BENDING MOMENT
P P

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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 NSCP SECTION 508 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
This Section addresses members subject to axial force and exure about one or both axes, with or without torsion,
and to members subject to torsion only.

NSCP SECTION 508.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry

1. For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a)

Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy

NSCP SECTION 508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric
Members Subject to Flexure and Compression Pr Pr Mrx Mry
2. For < 0.2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a)
The interaction of exure and compression in doubly
Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
symmetric members and singly symmetric members for
which 0.1 ≤ (Iyc / ly) ≤ 0.9, that are constrained to bend where:
about a geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by Pr = required axial compressive strength, N
Eqs. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b, where Iyc is the moment of Pc = available axial compressive strength, N
inertia about the y-axis referred to the compression
ange, mm4. Mr = required exural strength, N
Mc = available exural strength, N
User Note: Section 508.2 is permitted to be used in lieu x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
of the provisions of this section. y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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NSCP SECTION 508 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
NSCP SECTION 508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD)
Pr = required axial compressive strength using LRFD load combinations, N
Pc = ϕcPn = design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with Section 505, N
Mr = required exural strength using LRFD load combination, N•mm
Mc = ϕbMn = design exural strength determined in accordance with Section 506, N•mm
ϕc = resistance factor for compression = 0.90
ϕb = resistance factor for exure = 0.90

For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD)

Pr = required axial compressive strength using ASD load combinations, N
Pc = Pn / Ωc = allowable axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with Section 505,
Mr = N
required exural strength using ASD load combination, N•mm
Mc = Mn / Ωb = allowable exural strength determined in accordance with Section 506, N•mm
Ωc = safety factor for compression = 1.67
Ωb = safety factor for exure = 1.67

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
A 4 meters W12x96 50 ksi steel is used as a beam-column in a braced
frame. It is bent in a single curvature with equal and opposite end moments
and is not subjected with intermediate traverse loads. Is the section
adequate if PD = 780 kN, PL = 1,335 kN, MDx = 80 kN•m, MLx = 80 kN•m?
Cb = 1. Use LRFD.

Refer to AISC 15th Edition Table 2-4

Fy = 50 ksi = 50 ksi (6.895 MPa/ksi) = 345 MPa

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
Section Properties: Refer to AISC 15th Edition

bf Ag = 18,193.51 mm2
y d = 322.58 mm
tf bf = 309.88 mm
tw = 13.97 mm
tf = 22.86 mm
Iy = 112.38 x 106 mm4
x Zx = 2,408.90 x 103 mm3
d
Sx = 2,146.71 x 103 mm3
tw rx = 138.18 mm
ry = 78.49 mm
k k = 38.10 mm
J = 2,851.19 x 103 mm4
W 12 x 96 Cw = 2,526.91 x 109 mm6

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
Pr
Compute for , Use LRFD
Pc
Pc = 4,804.08 kN Pr 3,072
= = 0.639
Pc 4,894.08
Refer to NSCP Section 505:
Design of members for Compression Pr
= 0.639 > 0.2
Pc

Pr = Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
= 1.2(780) + 1.6(1,335) Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pr = 3,072 kN Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
NSCP SECTION 503.2.1.2
Methods of Second-Order Analysis by Ampli ed 1
First-Order Elastic Analysis
Cm B2 = ≥ 1

B1 = Pr
≥ 1
Pstory
1−αP1 1−αP
e estory

CALCULATION PROCEDURE

The required second-order exural strength, Mr, α = 1.0 (LRFD);

α = 1.0 (LRFD);

and axial strength Pr, of all members shall be α = 1.6 (ASD) α = 1.6 (ASD)
determined as:

Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M1 /M2) HL

Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt (A-8-1)
Pestory = RM
2
π EI ΔH
Pr = Pnt + B2Plt (A-8-2)
Pe1 =
(Le1)2

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

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ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01

Mr x = Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M1 /M2)

1.0
+80 B1 =
Mr x = B1Mnt Cm = 0.6 − 0.4( ) 1−
3,072
1.0 42,809
−80
Mnt = 1.2MDx + 1.6MLx Cm = 1 B1 = 1.08
= 1.2(80) + 1.6(80)
2
Mnt = 224 kN•m π EI
Pe1 =
(Le1)2
Mrx = B1Mnt
2 6
Cm π (200,000)(347x10 )
B1 = ≥ 1
Pe1 = = 1.08(224)
Pr (4000)2
1−αP1
e
Pe1 = 42,809,409.09 N Mrx = 241.92 kN•m
α = 1.0 (LRFD) Pe1 = 42,809 kN

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
06 JUNE 2022
EXAMPLE NO. 01
Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
IyCw 112.38x106(2,526.92x109)
Lb = 4 m = 4,000 mm rts2 = = rts = 88.60
Sx 2,146.71x103

E 200,000 tf
Lp = 1.76ry = 1.76(78.49) = 3,325.91 mm ho = d − tf
Fy 345
= 322.58 − 22.86
d ho
ho = 299.72 mm
E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho
2
Lr = 1.95rts 1+ 1 + 6.76( ) c = 1, For doubly symmetric
0.7Fy Sxho E Jc tf I-shaped

3 3
200,000 2,851.19x10 (1.0) 0.7(345) 2,146.71x10 (299.72) 2
Lr = 1.95(88.60) 1+ 1 + 6.76( ∙ )
0.7(345) 2,146.71x103(299.72) 200,000 2,851.19x103(1.0)
Lr = 14,209.17 mm

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling: Plastic Moment:
3
Lp = 3,325.91 mm Lr = 14,209.17 mm
Mp = FyZx = 345(2,410x10 ) Cb = 1.0
Lb ≤ Lp Lp < Lb ≤ Lr Lb > Lr Mp = 831,450,000 N•mm
Lb = 4,000 m

When Lp < Lb ≤ Lr

Lb − Lp
Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
4,000 − 3,327.91
3
Mn = 1.0[831,450,000 − (831,450,000 − 0.7(345)(2,150x10 ))( )]
14,209.17 − 3,327.91

Mn = 812,165,165.3 N•mm < Mp = 831,450,000 N•mm Mn = 812.17 kN•m

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 01
Mn = 812.17 kN•m Pr 8 Mrx
+ ( )
Pc 9 Mcx
Mcx = ϕMn ϕ = 0.90
Pr = 3,072 kN
= 0.90(812.17)
Pc = 4,804.08 kN
Mcx = 730.95 kN•m
Mrx = 241.92 kN•m

Pr Mcx = 730.95 kN•m

= 0.639 > 0.2
Pc
3,072 8 241.92
Pr 8 Mrx Mry + ( ) = 0.934 < 1.0
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0 4,804.08 9 730.91
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
The Section W12x96 is ADEQUATE

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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NSCP SECTION 508 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
NSCP SECTION 508.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension

The interaction of exure and tension in doubly symmetric members and singly symmetric members constrained to
bend about geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by Eqs. 508.1-1a and Eqs. 508.1-1b.

where
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD) For doubly symmetric members,

Pr = required tensile strength using LRFD load combinations, N

Cb in Section 506 may be increased by

Pc = ϕtPn = design tensile strength, determined in accordance

with Section 504.2, N Pu
Mr = required exural strength using LRFD load combination, 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently
N•mm Pey
Mc = ϕbMn = design exural strength determined in accordance 2
with Section 506, N•mm
π EIy
with exure, where Pey =
ϕc = resistance factor for tension = 0.90 Lb2
ϕb = resistance factor for exure = 0.90

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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NSCP SECTION 508 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
NSCP SECTION 508.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension

For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD) For doubly symmetric members,

Pr = required tensile strength using ASD load combinations, N

Cb in Section 506 may be increased by

Pc = Pn / Ωt = allowable tensile strength, determined in

accordance with Section 504.2, N 1.5Pa
Mr = required exural strength using ASD load combinations, 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently
N•mm Pey
Mc = Mn / Ωb = allowable exural strength determined in 2
accordance with Section 506, N•mm
π EIy
with exure, where Pey =
Ωt = safety factor for tension (see Section 504.2) Lb2
Ωb = safety factor for exure = 1.67

A more detailed analysis of the interaction of exure and tension is permitted in lieu of Eq. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

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ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
An A992 Gr. 50 W10x30 member with no holes, has an unbraced length of
4 meters. The member is subjected to tensile service loads of PD = 135 kN
and PL = 230 kN, and service moments of MDx = 30 kN•m and MLx = 55 kN•m.
If Cb=1.0, is the member adequate in LRFD.

Refer to AISC 15th Edition Table 2-4

Fy = 50 ksi = 50 ksi (6.895 MPa/ksi) = 345 MPa

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
Section Properties: Refer to AISC 15th Edition

bf
y Ag = 5,700 mm2
tf d = 267 mm
bf = 147.57 mm
tw = 7.62 mm
tf = 12.95 mm
Iy = 6.95 x 106 mm4
d x
Zx = 600 x 103 mm3
Sx = 531 x 103 mm3
tw
ry = 34.8 mm
k = 20.57mm
k J = 259 x 103 mm4
Cw = 111.17 x 109 mm6
W 10 x 30

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
Pr Pr 530
Compute for , Use LRFD = = 0.2996
Pc Pc 1,769
Mcx = ϕMn ϕ = 0.90
Pr
Pr = Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 0.2996 > 0.2
Pc
= 1.2(135) + 1.6(230) To solve for Mn,

Pr = 530 kN Pr 8 Mrx Mry Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling:

+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pc = ϕPn
Lp Lr
= ϕFy Ag Mrx = 1.2MDx + 1.6MLx
Lb ≤ Lp Lp < Lb ≤ Lr Lb > Lr
= 0.90(345)(5,700) = 1.2(30) + 1.6(55)
Pc = 1,769 kN Mrx = 124 kN•m

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
IyCw 6
6.95x10 (111.17x10 ) 9
Lb = 4 m = 4,000 mm rts2 = = rts = 40.69
Sx 531x103
E 200,000 tf
Lp = 1.76ry = 1.76(34.798) = 1,474.59 mm ho = d − tf
Fy 345
= 267 − 12.95
d ho
ho = 254.05 mm
E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho
2
Lr = 1.95rts 1+ 1 + 6.76( ) c = 1, For doubly symmetric
0.7Fy Sxho E Jc tf I-shaped

3 3
200,000 258.90x10 (1.0) 0.7(345) 531x10 (254.05) 2
Lr = 1.95(40.69) 1+ 1 + 6.76( ∙ )
0.7(345) 531x103(254.05) 200,000 258.90x103(1.0)
Lr = 4,916.57 mm

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

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ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling: Plastic Moment:
3
Lp = 1,474.59 mm Lr = 4,916.57 mm
Mp = FyZx = 345(600x10 ) Cb = 1.0
Lb ≤ Lp Lp < Lb ≤ Lr Lb > Lr Mp = 207,000,000 N•mm
Lb = 4,000 m

When Lp < Lb ≤ Lr

Lb − Lp
Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
4,000 − 1,474.59
Mn = 1.0[207,000,000 − (207,000,000 − 0.7(345)(531x103)( )]
4,916.57 − 1,474.59

Mn = 149,072,193.3 N•mm < Mp = 207,000,000 N•mm Mn = 149.072 kN•m

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

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ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
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EXAMPLE NO. 02
Mn = 149.072 kN•m Pr 8 Mrx
+ ( )
Pc 9 Mcx
Mcx = ϕMn ϕ = 0.90
Pr = 530 kN
= 0.90(149.72)
Pc = 1,769 kN
Mcx = 134.16 kN•m
Mrx = 124 kN•m

Pr Mcx = 134.16 kN•m

= 0.2996 > 0.2
Pc

530 8 124
Pr 8 Mrx Mry + ( ) = 1.12 > 1.0
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0 1,769 9 134.16
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
The Section W10x30 is NOT ADEQUATE

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING STRESSES

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
06 JUNE 2022