Complex Numbers 3.

CHAPTER

3 Complex Numbers

Chapter Highlights
Imaginary numbers, Integral powers of i, Complex numbers, Conjugate of a complex number, Modulus of a
complex number, Square roots of a complex number, Argand plane and geometrical representation of complex
numbers, Polar form of a complex number, Particular cases of polar form, Eulerian representation of a complex
number, Logarithm of a complex number, Vectorial representation of a complex number, Roots of a complex
number, Geometry of complex numbers.

IMAGINARY NUMBERS TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

Square root of a negative number is called an imaginary
 For any n ∈ N
number.
⎡ 1, when n is even⎤
1. i2n = (i2)n = (–1)n = ⎢ ⎥
Illustration 1 ⎣ − 1, when n is odd ⎦
−1, −4 , −7 , −18 , and so on are all imaginary ⎡ i, when n is even⎤
2. i2n+1 = (i2n) i = (–1)ni = ⎢ ⎥.
numbers. ⎣ − i, when n is odd ⎦
−1 is denoted by the Greek letter i (pronounced as  The sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero. For
example,
iota), where i is a number such that i2 = –1. Thus,
i10 + i11 + i13 + i14 = 0
−2 = 2i , −3 = 3i , −4 = 2i.
 Also, for any n ∈ N, the value of i–n is found out by writing
1
this as n and solving i n.
NOTE i
 Thus, any integral power of i can be expressed in terms of
±1 or ± i.
If a < 0, then a = |a| i.
The symbol ‘i’ was first introduced by the famous
mathematician, Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) in 1748, For any two real numbers a and b, a × b = ab is true
possibly because ‘i’ is the first letter of the Latin word only when at least one of a and b is either zero or positive. If
‘imaginarius’. both a and b are positive real numbers, then the calculation
− a × − b = ( − a) ( − b ) = ab is wrong.
The correct calculation is
INTEGRAL POWERS OF I
− a × − b = ( − 1 a )( − 1 b )
We have
i= −1 , i2 = –1. = (i a ) (i b )
Therefore,
= i2( a × b ) = (–1) ( ab )
i3 = i2 × i = (–1) × i = –i,
i4 = i2 × i2 = (–1) × (–1) = 1 = – ab
3.2 Chapter 3

Thus, the calculation −2 × −3 = ( −2) × ( −3) ⎡ i (1 − i ) ⎤

= (1 + i) ⎢ ⎥
= 6 is wrong. ⎣ 1− i ⎦
= (1 + i) i = –1 + i
The correct result is −2 × −3 = (i 2 ) (i 3 )
4. The least positive integer n for which
= i2( 2 × 3) n
⎛1+ i⎞ 2 −1 1 + x 2
=– 6 ⎜⎝ 1 − i ⎟⎠ = sin , where x > 0, is
p 2x
(A) 1 (B) 2
SOLVED EXAMPLES (C) 4 (D) None of these

⎛1+ i ⎞ ⎛1− i ⎞
8 8 Solution: (C)
1. The value of ⎜ + is equal to
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 1 + x2
–1
For sin 2 x to be defined,
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 2
1+ x 2
Solution: (D) –1 ≤ ≤1
2x
8 8
⎛1+ i ⎞ ⎛1− i ⎞ 1 + x2
We have, ⎜ + or ≤1
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2x
p p⎤ ⎡
8
p p⎤
8 or 1 + x2 ≤ 2x
⎡
= ⎢cos + i sin ⎥ + ⎢cos − i sin ⎥ or (1 – x)2 ≤ 0 or x = 1
⎣ 4 4⎦ ⎣ 4 4⎦
= cos 2p + i sin 2p + cos 2p – i sin 2p Now,
n
⎛1+ i ⎞
n
⎛ (1 + i ) 2 ⎞ n
= 2 cos 2p = 2 (1) = 2 [By De-Moivre’s theorem] ⎜⎝ 1 − i ⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ ⎜ 2 ⎟ =1⇒i =1
⎝ ⎠
2. i − −i is equal to
1 COMPLEX NUMBERS
(A) i 2 (B) (C) 0 (D) – i 2
i 2 An expression of the form x + iy, where x and y are real
Solution: (A, D)
numbers and i = −1 , is called a complex number. It is
1
We have, i=0+i⋅1= (0 + 2i) usually denoted by z, i.e.,
2
1 1 z = x + iy
=(1 + i2 + 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ i) = (1 + i)2
2 2 x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z and
1 may be denoted by Re (z) and Im (z) respectively.
\ i =± (1 + i) If y = 0, z is called purely real and if x = 0, z is called
2
purely imaginary.
1
\ −i = ± (1 – i) The set of complex numbers is denoted by C.
2 If x = 0 and y = 0, the complex number reduces to
Hence, 0 + i ⋅ 0 = 0, which is called the zero complex number.
1
i − −i = ± [(1 + i) – (1 – i)] = ± 2i
2 I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
13
3. The value of the sum ∑ (i n + i n +1 ), where i = −1,  We observe that the system of complex numbers includes
equals n =1 the system of real numbers, i.e., R ⊂ C.
(A) i (B) i – 1 (C) –i (D) 0  Every real number is a complex number.
 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary number.
Solution: (B)  A complex number is an imaginary number if and only if its
13 13
imaginary part is non-zero. Here, real part may or may not be
∑ (i n + i n +1 ) = ∑ i n (1 + i) zero. 4 + 3i is an imaginary number but not purely imaginary.
n =1 n =1
 All purely imaginary numbers except zero are imaginary
⎡ i (1 − i13 ) ⎤ numbers but an imaginary number may or may not be
= (1 + i) ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1− i ⎦ purely imaginary.
 Complex Numbers 3.3

EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS x 1x 2 + y 1y 2 + i ( x 2 y 1 − x 1y 2 )

=
Two complex numbers are said to be equal if and only if x 22 + y 22
their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. x1 x2 + y1 y2 i ( x2 y1 − x1 y2 )
= +
i.e., a + ib = c + id x22 + y22 x22 + y22
⇔ a = c and b = d. Multiplicative Inverse of a Non-zero
i.e., z1 = z2 Complex Number
⇔ Re (z1) = Re (z2) and Im (z1) = Im (z2) Multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number z = a
+ ib is defined as
1 1 1 a − ib a − ib
CAUTION z–1 = = = × = 2
z a + ib a + ib a − ib a + b2
Inequality relation does not hold good in case of complex a b
numbers having non-zero imaginary parts. For example, the = 2 2
−i
statement 8 + 5i > 4 + 2i makes no sense. a +b a + b2
2

Re (z ) [ − Im (z )]
i.e., z– 1 = +i
| z |2 | z |2
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Addition SOLVED EXAMPLES
For two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2,
their sum is defined as 5. The number of integral solutions of the equation
z = z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2) (1 – i)x = 2x are
(A) 1 (B) 2
Subtraction (C) 0 (D) None of these
For two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, the Solution: (C)
subtraction of z2 from z1 is defined as
Let k be an integral solution of the given equation.
z1 – z2 = z1 + (– z2) = (a1 – a2) + i (b1 – b2)
( 2)
k
Then, (1 – i)k = 2k ⇒ | (1 – i)k | = 2k ⇒ = 2k,
Multiplication which is possible only if k = 0.
Multiplication of two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and
6. Let z1 and z2 be two non real complex cube roots of
z2 = c + id is defined as
unity and |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = l be the equation of a
z1z2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc) circle with z1, z2 as ends of a diameter, then the value
of l is
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2
Solution: (B)
The product of complex numbers can be easily computed if
we actually carry out the multiplication as given below:
We have,
(a + ib) (c + id) = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd |z – w |2 + |z – w2|2 = l
= ac + i (ad + bc) – bd (∵ i2 = − 1) ⇒ l = |w – w2|2 = |w2 + w4 – 2w3|
= (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)
= |w2 + w – 2| = |– 1 – 2| = 3

Division
CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Division of two complex numbers
z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2, Conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib is defined as
where x2 + iy2 ≠ 0, is defined as z = a – ib.
z1 x + iy 1 ( x + iy1 ) ( x2 − iy2 )
= 1 = 1 For example, 4 + 5i = 4 – 5i and 4 − 5i = 4 + 5i.
z2 x 2 + iy 2 ( x2 + iy2 ) ( x2 − iy2 )
3.4 Chapter 3

where
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S ac + bd
A=
c2 + d 2
Geometrically, the conjugate of z is the reflection or point and
image of z in the real axis.
bc − ad
B= .
Y c2 + d 2
Imaginary axis

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

P(z)
a + ib
To put the complex number in the form A + iB we
c + id
θ should multiply the numerator and the denominator by the
O X
–θ conjugate of the denominator.

Q( z ) MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Modulus of a complex number z = a + ib, denoted as mod
(z) or |z|, is defined as
Properties of Conjugate
1. (z ) = z |z| = a2 + b 2 , where a = Re (z), b = Im (z).
2. z = z if and only if z is purely real
Sometimes, |z| is called absolute value of z. Note that |z| ≥ 0.
3. z = – z if and only if z is purely imaginary
4. z + z = 2 Re (z) and z – z = 2i Im (z) For example, if z = 3 + 2i, then |z| = 32 + 2 2 = 13.
5. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
Properties of Modulus
6. z1 − z2 = z1 − z2
1. |z| ≥ 0 and |z| = 0 if and only if z = 0, i.e., x = 0, y = 0
7. z1 z2 = z1 ⋅ z2
2. |z| = | z | = |– z| = | − z | .
⎛z ⎞ z 3. z z = |z|2
8. ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1 , z2 ≠ 0
⎝ z2 ⎠ z2 4. –|z| ≤ Re (z) ≤ |z| and – |z| ≤ Im (z) ≤ |z|
9. If z = f (z1), then z = f (z1 ) 5. |zn| = |z|n

( )
10. z n = ( z ) n
6. |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|

11. z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 2 Re ( z1 z2) = 2 Re (z1 z2 ) z1 |z |

7. = 1
z2 | z2 |
a + ib
Method of Writing the Complex Number
c + id 8. |z1 ± z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|
in the form A + iB
9. |z1 – z2| ≥ |z1| – |z2|
We have, 10. |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2 (|z1|2 + |z2|2)
a + ib (a + ib ) ( c − id )
=
c + id (c + id ) (c − id ) 11. |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re (z1 z )
2
2 2 2
[Multiplying the Nu. and the Dn. by 12. |z1 – z2| = |z1| + |z2| – 2 Re (z1 z )
2
the conjugate of the Dn.] 2 2 2
13. |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|
( ac + bd ) + i (bc − ad )
= z1 ⎛z ⎞
c2 + d 2 ⇒ is purely imaginary or Re ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 0
ac + bd bc − ad z2 ⎝ z2 ⎠
= 2 +i 2
c + d2 c + d2
= A + iB,
 Complex Numbers 3.5

z +1 1
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S ⇒ =
z −1 iy
Geometrically |z| represents the distance of point P from 2 z 1 + iy
the origin. i.e., |z| = OP
⇒ = (by componendo and dividendo)
2 1 − iy
Y
1 + iy 1 + y2
⇒ z= ⇒ |z| = =1
P(z) 1 − iy 1 + y2
9. If |z – i| < 1, then |z + 12 – 6i|
(A) <14 (B) <16
(C) >14 (D) =14
X Solution: (A)
O M
Given, |z – i| < 1
Now, |z + 12 – 6i| = | (z – i) + (12 – 5i)|
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING ≤ |z – i| + |12 – 5i|
Most of the complex equations are solved using the property
zz = |z|2. (∵ |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|)
< 1 + 13 = 14
Hence |z + 12 – 6i| < 14.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
10. The maximum value of |z| when z satisfies the condi-
7. The solution of the equation |z| – z = 1 + 2i is 2
tion z + = 2 is
3 3 z
(A) – 2i (B) + 2i
2 2 (A) 3–1 (B) 3 +1
3
(C) 2 – i (D) None of these (C) 3 (D) 2+ 3
2
Solution: (A) Solution: (B)
We have, |z| – z = 1 + 2i 2 2 2 2
We have, |z| = z + − ≤ z+ + .
z z z | z|
⇒ x 2 + y 2 – (x + iy) = 1 + 2i, 2
⇒ |z| ≤ 2 + ⇒ |z|2 ≤ 2|z| + 2
where z = x + iy |z |
⇒ |z|2 – 2|z| + 1 ≤ 1 + 2 ⇒ (|z| – 1)2 ≤ 3
⇒ x 2 + y 2 – x = 1 and y = – 2
⇒ – 3 ≤ |z| – 1 ≤ 3 ⇒ 1 – 3 ≤ |z| ≤ 1 + 3
[Comparing real and imaginary parts]
That is, the maximum value of |z| is 1 + 3.
3
⇒ x= and y = – 2.
2 11. If |z| = Max. {|z – 1|, |z + 1|}, then
3 1
\ The solution of the given equation is – 2i. (A) |z + z | = (B) z + z = 1
2 2
z −1
8. If is purely imaginary, then (C) |z + z | = 1 (D) None of these
z +1
(A) |z| > 1 (B) |z| < 1 Solution: (C)
(C) |z| = 1 (D) None of these We have, |z| = |z – 1|
Solution: (C) ⇒ |z|2 = |z – 1|2 ⇒ z z = (z – 1) ( z – 1)
z −1
Let = iy, where y is real ⇒ zz = zz – z –z + 1 ⇒ z +z = 1
z +1
3.6 Chapter 3

Also, |z| = |z + 1| ⇒ |z|2 = |z + 1|2 From Eq. (2), we can determine the sign of xy. If xy > 0,
then x and y will have same sign. Thus,
⇒ z z = (z + 1) ( z + 1) = z z + z + z + 1
⇒ z + z = –1, ⎡ ⎛ 2
a + b2 + a⎞ ⎛ a2 + b 2 − a ⎞ ⎤
a + ib = ± ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ +i ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎥
\ |z + z | = 1 ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎥⎦
z −2 If xy < 0, then
12. If (z ≠ –2) is purely imaginary then |z| is equal to
z +2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
⎡ ⎛ 2
a + b2 + a ⎞ ⎛ a2 + b2 − a ⎞ ⎤
a + ib = ± ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ −i ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Solution: (B) ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎥⎦
Let z = x + iy
z−2 x + iy − 2 ( x − 2) + iy TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Then, = =
z+2 x + iy + 2 ( x + 2) + iy Square roots of z = a + ib are:
[( x − 2) + iy ][( x + 2) − iy ] ⎡ |z| + a |z| − a ⎤
= ± ⎢ +i
( x + 2) 2 + y 2 ⎥ for b > 0 and
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
( x 2 + y 2 − 4) + i ( 4 y )
= ⎡ |z| + a |z| − a ⎤
( x + 2) 2 + y 2 ± ⎢ −i ⎥ for b < 0
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
z −2
Since is purely imaginary, ⎧ ⎫
z +2 a + tb + a − tb = ± 2⎨ a2 + b2 + a ⎬
⎩ ⎭
\ x2 + y2 – 4 = 0 where b > 0

⇒ x2 + y2 = 4 ⇒ |z|2 = 4 ⇒ |z| = 2.
⇒ z+ z =± 2 { z +a }
where lm(z) > 0
⎧ ⎫
Also, a + tb − a − tb = ± 2⎨ a2 + b2 − a ⎬ t
SQUARE ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER ⎩ ⎭
where b > 0
Let z = a + ib and let the square root of z be the complex
number x + iy. Then
⇒ z− z =± 2 { z −a t }
where b > 0
a + ib = x + iy
or (a + ib) = (x + iy)2 = (x2 – y2) + (2xy) i
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Equating real and imaginary part, we get
3
a = x2 – y2 (1) 13. If 3 a − ib = x – iy, then a + ib =
and b = 2xy (2) (A) x + iy (B) x – iy
(C) y + ix (D) y – ix
Now, x2 + y2 = ( x 2 − y 2 )2 + 4 x 2 y 2
Solution: (A)
2 2
= a +b (3) We have, 3
a − ib = x – iy
Solving the equations (1) and (3), we get
⇒ a – ib = (x – iy)3 = x3 – 3x2 ⋅ iy + 3x (iy)2 – (iy)3
⎛ a2 + b 2 + a ⎞ = (x3 – 3xy2) – i (3x2y – y3)
x=± ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ \ a + ib = (x3 – 3xy2) + i (3x2y – y3)
= x3 + 3x2 ⋅ (iy) + 3x (iy)2 + (iy)3
⎛ a2 + b2 − a ⎞
and y=± ⎜ ⎟ = (x + iy)3
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
\ 3
a + ib = x + iy.
 Complex Numbers 3.7

14. The complex number z satisfying the equations |z – i| = 1

or z2 = =–i
|z + 1| = 1 is i
(A) 0 (B) 1 + i Now, z = i ⇒ |z| = |i| = 1
(C) –1 + i (D) 1 – i
and z2 = – i ⇒ |z2| = | –i|
Solution: (A, C)
⇒ |z|2 = 1 ⇒ |z| = 1
Let z = x + iy. Then,
Thus, in both cases |z| = 1.
|(x + iy) – i| = |(x + iy) + 1| = 1
17. The greatest value of |z + 1| if |z + 4| ≤ 3 is
or x 2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x + 1) + y 2 = 1 (A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) None of these
\ x2 + y2 – 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 + 2x + 1
i.e., x=–y (1) Solution: (C)
and x2 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 1 (2) We have,
|z + 1| = |z + 4 – 3| = |(z + 4) + (– 3)|
From Eq. (1) and (2), x2 + x2 + 2x = 0; or x (x + 1) = 0
≤ |z + 4| + |– 3| = |z + 4| + 3
\ x = 0, –1;
≤3+3=6 (∵ |z + 4| ≤ 3)
\ y = 0, 1
Hence, the greatest value of |z + 1| is 6.
\ z = x + iy = 0, –1 + i.
15. The complex number z satisfying the equations ARGAND PLANE AND GEOMETRICAL
|z| – 4 = |z – i| – |z + 5i| = 0, is REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
(A) 3 – i (B) 2 3 – 2i
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and y-axis
(C) – 2 3 – 2i (D) 0 respectively. Then, any complex number z = x + iy = (x, y)
Solution: (B, C) may be represented by a unique point P whose coordinates
We have two equations are (x, y).
The representation of complex numbers as points in a
|z| – 4 = 0 and |z – i| – |z + 5i| = 0 plane forms an Argand diagram.
Putting z = x + iy, these equations become The plane on which complex numbers are repre-
sented is known as the complex plane or Argand’s plane
|x + iy| = 4 i.e., x2 + y2 = 16 (1) or Gaussian plane. The x-axis is called the real axis and
and |x + iy – i| = |x + iy + 5i| y-axis the imaginary axis.
The complex number z = x + iy is known as the affix
or x2 + (y – 1)2 = x2 + (y + 5)2 of the point (x, y) which it represents.
i.e. y = –2 (2)
2
Putting y = –2 in (1), x + 4 = 16 or x = ±2. POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Hence, the complex numbers z satisfying the given
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and y-axis
equations are
respectively. Let z = x + iy be a complex number repre-
z1 = 2 – 2i, and z2 = – 2 – 2i. sented by the point P(x, y).
Draw PM ^ OX. Then,
16. If i z3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then
OM = x and PM = y. Join OP
(A) |z| < 1 (B) |z| > 1
(C) |z| = 1 (D) |z| = 0 Let OP = r and ∠XOP = q.
Solution: (C) Then

Given, iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0 z = x + iy = r (cos q + i sin q)

⇒ i z2 (z – i) – (z – i) = 0 This form of z is called polar or trigonometric form.

⇒ (z – i) (i z2 – 1) = 0 ⇒ z = i
3.8 Chapter 3

Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get

 If x > 0, y < 0 (i.e., z is in fourth quadrant), then
x = r cos q (1) y⎞
⎛||
arg z = q = – tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ .
and y = r sin q (2) ⎝ x⎠
Squaring Eq. (1) and (2) and adding, we get  Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
⎧0, if x > 0
r2 = x2 + y2 or r= x 2 + y 2 = |z|  arg (x + i0) = ⎨
⎩p , if x < 0
Thus, r is known and is equal to the modulus of the complex ⎧p /2, if y > 0
number z.  arg (0 + iy) = ⎨ .
⎩3p /2, if y < 0
Substituting the value of r in Eq. (1) and (2), we get
x y
cos q = and sin q = (3)
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 Properties of Argument
y 1. arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2)
Dividing Eq. (2) by (1), we get tan q = .
x ⎛z ⎞
The form z = r (cos q + i sinq ) = reiq of the complex 2. arg ⎜ 1 ⎟ = arg z1 – arg z2
⎝ z2 ⎠
number z is called exponential form.
Any value of q satisfying (3) is known as amplitude ⎛z⎞
3. arg ⎜ ⎟ = 2 arg z
or argument of z and written as q = arg (z) or q = amp z. ⎝z ⎠
4. arg (zn) = n arg z
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S ⎛z ⎞ ⎛z ⎞
5. If arg ⎜ 2 ⎟ = q, then arg ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 2kp – q where k ∈ I
⎝ z1 ⎠ ⎝ z2 ⎠
The unique value of q such that – p < q ≤ p for which x =
r cos q and y = r sin q, is known as the principal value of 6. arg z = – arg z
the argument.
The general value of the argument is (2np + q),
7. arg ( z z ) = arg z ( ) = arg (positive real number) = 0
2

where n is an integer and q is the principal value of arg (z).

While reducing a complex number to polar form, we SOLVED EXAMPLES
always take the principal value.
The complex number z = r (cos q + i sin q) can also 18. The inequality |z – 4 | < |z – 2| represents the region
be written as rcisq. given by,
(A) Re (z) > 0
r ( c os θ + i s in θ )
(B) Re (z) < 0
(C) Re (z) > 3
(D) None of these
rcis θ
Solution: (C)

Given |z – 4 |2 < |z – 2|2

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING ⇒ |(x – 4) + iy |2 < | (x – 2) + iy |2

 If x > 0, y > 0 (i.e., z is in first quadrant), then ⇒ (x – 4)2 + y2 < (x – 2)2 + y2

⎛ y⎞ ⇒ – 4x < – 12 ⇒ 4x > 12; x > 3
arg z = q = tan– 1 ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ x⎠
 If x < 0, y > 0 (i.e., z is in second quadrant), then ⇒ Re (z) > 3.
⎛ y⎞ ⎛p⎞ ⎛p⎞
arg z = q = p – tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ . 19. If zr = cos ⎜ r ⎟ + i sin
⎝||
x⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ , r = 1, 2, 3, …, then
3
 If x < 0, y < 0 (i.e., z is in third quadrant), then
z1 z2 z3 … ∞ =
⎛ y⎞
arg z = q = – p + tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ . (A) i (B) –i
⎝ x⎠
(C) 1 (D) –1
 Complex Numbers 3.9

Solution: (A) ⇒ |x + iy – 4|2 < |x + iy – 2|2

⎛p⎞ ⎛p⎞ (Putting z = x + iy)
Since zr = cos ⎜ r ⎟ + i sin ⎜ r ⎟ ,
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⇒ (x – 4)2 + y2 < (x – 2)2 + y2
r = 1, 2, 3, … ⇒ x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 < x2 – 4x + 4 + y2
we have, z1 · z2 · z3 … ∞ ⇒ –4x < – 12 ⇒ x > 3 ⇒ Re (z) > 3
⎛ p p⎞ ⎛ p p⎞
= ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ⎜ cos 2 + i sin 2 ⎟ 1− i 3
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 22. The argument of is
1+ i 3
⎛ p p⎞ p 2p 4p 2p
⎜⎝ cos 3 + i sin 3 ⎟⎠ ...∞ (A) (B) (C) (D) –
3 3 3 3 3 3
⎛p p p ⎞ ⎛p p p ⎞ Solution: (D)
= cos ⎜ + 2 + 3 + ...⎟ + i sin ⎜ + 2 + 3 + ...⎟
⎝3 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ 1− i 3 (1 − i 3 )2 −2 − 2 3 i
= =
⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ 1+ i 3 4 4
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
= cos ⎜ 3 ⎟ + i sin ⎜ 1⎟
1
= − −
3
i.
1
⎜1− ⎟ ⎜1− ⎟ 2 2
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 1 3 ⎞ 2p
p p \ arg ⎜ − − i⎟ = – (p – tan–1 3) = –
= cos + i sin = 0 + i ⋅ 1 = i ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 3
2 2
10 23. arg bi (b > 0) is
⎛ 2p k 2p k ⎞ p p
20. The value of ∑ ⎜ sin − i cos is (A) p
11 ⎟⎠
⎝ (B) (C) – (D) 0
k =1 11 2 2
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) i (D) –i Solution: (B)
Since b > 0, bi represents a point on the positive side
Solution: (C)
of the imaginary axis on which the argument of every
We have, p
10 point is .
⎛ 2p k 2p k ⎞ 2
∑ ⎜⎝ sin 11
− i cos
11 ⎟⎠ 24. Let zk (k = 0, 1, 2, …, 6) be the roots of the equation
k =1
10 6
⎛ 2p k 2p k ⎞
= ∑ ⎜⎝ −i 2 sin 11
− i cos
11 ⎟⎠
(z + 1)7 + z7 = 0, then ∑ Re (z k ) is equal to
k =1 k =0
10 2p k 3 7 7
10
⎛ 2p k 2p k ⎞ i (A) 0 (B) (C) – (D)
= –i ∑ ⎜⎝ cos 11
+ i sin
11 ⎟⎠
=–i ∑e 11
2 2 2
k =1 k =1 Solution: (C)
⎡ 10 i 2p k ⎤
= – i ⎢ ∑ e 11 − 1⎥ Let zk = xk + iyk,
⎢ k =0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ we have (zk + 1)7 + z k7 = 0
= – i (sum of 11th roots of unity – 1)
⇒ (zk + 1)7 = – zk7 ⇒ |zk + 1|7 = |zk|7
= – i (0 – 1) = i.
21. The inequality |z – 4| < |z – 2| represents the region ⇒ |zk + 1| = |zk| ⇒ |xk + iyk + 1|2 = |xk + iyk|2
given by
⇒ (xk + 1)2 + y k2 = xk2 + yk2
(A) Re (z) > 0 (B) Re (z) < 0
(C) Re (z) > 2 (D) None of these 1
⇒ 2xk + 1 = 0 or xk = –
Solution: (D) 2
6 6
We have, 7
Thus, ∑ Re ( z k ) = ∑ xk = – 2 .
|z – 4| < |z – 2| ⇒ |z – 4|2 < |z – 2|2 k =0 k =0
3.10 Chapter 3

25. If arg (z) < 0, then arg (–z) – arg (z) =

(A) p (B) –p
NOTE
p p e iq + e − iq e iq − e − iq
(C) – (D) cos q = and sin q =
2 2 2 2i
Solution: (A)
As –q = arg (z) < 0,
SOLVED EXAMPLE
we take z = r [cos (– q ) + i sin (– q )]
= r (cos q – i sinq ) ( 3 + i ) 4 n +1
26. For any integer n, the argument of z = is
(1 − i 3 ) 4 n
(–z) p p
(A) (B)
r 6 3
π –θ
p 2p
(C) (D)
O –θ 2 3
r (E) All of the above
(Z) Solution: (A)
We have,
⇒ – z = r (– cos q + i sinq )
( 3 + i ) 4 n +1
= r [cos (p – q ) + i sin (p – q )] z=
(1 − i 3 ) 4 n
\ arg (–z) = p – q 4 n +1
Thus, ⎛ ip ⎞
arg (–z) – arg (z) = p – q + (q ) = p ⎜ 2e 6 ⎟ i ( 4 n +1)
p
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 2 4 n +1e 6
= 4n
= p
PARTICULAR CASES OF POLAR FORM ⎛ −i p ⎞ − i 4n
⎜ 2e 3 ⎟ 24n e 3
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
1. 1 = 1 + i0 = cos 0 + i sin 0
2. –1 = – 1 + i0 = cos p + i sin p i (12 n +1)
p pi
p p = 2⋅e 6 = 2 ⋅ e 2 np i ⋅ e 6
3. i = 0 + i1 = cos + i sin
2 2 = 2 ⋅ epi/6 (∵ e2npi = 1)
⎛ p⎞ ⎛ p⎞
4. –i = 0 + i (– 1) = cos ⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ p
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ \ arg z = .
6
⎡ ⎛ p⎞ ⎛ p⎞⎤
5. 1 – i = 2 ⎢cos ⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
⎣ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 3p ⎞ ⎛ 3p ⎞ ⎤ log (x + iy) = loge (reiq) = loge eiq = loge r + iq
6. –1 – i = 2 ⎢cos ⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎛ y⎞
= loge ( x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
EULERIAN REPRESENTATION OF A loge (z) = loge |z| + i arg (z)
COMPLEX NUMBER
Since eiq = cos q + i sin q, thus any non zero complex num- CAUTION
ber z = x + iy = r (cos q + i sin q ) can be represented in
Eulerian form as Since the argument of a complex number is not unique, the
log of a complex number cannot be unique. In general,
z = reiq = r (cos q + i sin q ), loge (z) = loge |z| + i [2kp + arg (z)], k ∈ I
where |z| = r and q = arg (z).
 Complex Numbers 3.11

NOTE SOLVED EXAMPLES

ip
ip ⎛ ip ⎞ 27. If z = cos q + i sin q, then
log i = log e 2 = , log (log i) = log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 1
2 (A) z n + n = 2 cos nq
⎛p⎞ ip z
= log i + log ⎜ ⎟ = + log (p/2).
⎝ 2⎠ 2 1
(B) z n + n = 2n cos nq
z
1
(C) z n − n = 2i sin nq
VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A z
COMPLEX NUMBER 1
(D) z n − n = (2i)n sin nq
z
If P is the point (a, b) on the argand plane corresponding to
the complex number z = a + ib. Solution: (A, C)
Then We have,
 1 1
OP i=ˆ aiˆ + bjˆ , = = cos q – i sin q.
z cos q + i sin q

\ OP = a 2 + b 2 = |z| \ zn = (cos q + i sinq)n = cos nq + i sin nq,
1
and and = (cos q – i sinq)n = cos nq – i sin nq
 ⎛ b⎞ zn
arg(z) = direction of the vector OP = tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ . 1
⎝ a⎠ Hence, z n + n = 2 cos nq
z
De’Moivre’s Theorem n 1
and z − n = 2i sin nq.
If n is any integer, then z
z 2n − 1
28. If z = cos q + i sin q, then 2 n =
(cos q + i sin q)n = cos nq + i sin nq z +1
(A) i cot nq (B) i tan nq
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING (C) tan nq (D) cot nq
(n is an integer)
 If n is any rational number, then cos nq + i sin nq is one of
the values of (cos q + i sinq)n. Solution: (B)
 (cos q + i sinq )– n = cos (–n)q + i sin (–n)q We have,
= cos nq – i sin n q z 2n − 1 (cos q + i sin q )2 n − 1
=
 (cos q – isinq )n = [cos (–q ) + i sin (–q )]n z 2n + 1
(cos q + i sin q )2 n + 1
= cos (–nq ) + isin (–nq )
cos 2nq + i sin 2nq − 1
= cos nq – isin nq =
cos 2nq + i sin 2nq + 1
1
 = (cos q + isin q )–1 = cos q – i sin q (Using De Moivre’s Theorem)
cos q + i sinq
 The theorem cannot be applied to (cos q + isinf)n i.e., q (1 − 2 sin 2 nq ) + 2i sin nq cos nq − 1
must be same with cos and sin both.
=
(2 cos2 nq − 1) + 2i sin nq cos nq + 1
 The theorem is not directly applicable to (sin q + i cosq )n,
i sin nq cos nq + i 2 sin 2 nq
rather n = (∵ i2 = –1)
⎡ ⎛p ⎞ ⎛p ⎞⎤ cos 2 nq + i sin nq cos nq
(sin q + icosq )n = ⎢cos ⎜ − q ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − q ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠⎦
i sin nq (cos nq + i sin nq )
= = i tan nq.
⎛p ⎞ ⎛p ⎞ cos nq (cos nq + i sin nq )
= cos n ⎜ − q ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − q ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
 (cosq1 + i sinq1) (cos q2 + isin q2) … (cosqn + isin qn)
29. If a = cos a + i sin a, b = cos b + i sin b,
a b c
= cos (q1 + q2 + … + qn) + isin (q1 + q2 + … + qn) c = cos g + i sin g and + + = – 1, then
b c a
cos (b – g ) + cos (g – a) + cos (a – b ) =
3.12 Chapter 3

(A) 0 (B) 1 31. If (sin q1 + i cos q1) (sin q2 + i cos q2) … (sin qn + i cos
(C) –1 (D) None of these qn) = a + ib, then a2 + b2 =
Solution: (C) (A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) None of these
We have,
1 1 Solution: (C)
= cos a – i sin a, = cos b – i sin b
a b Given expression
a n
⎛ ⎛p ⎞ ⎛p ⎞⎞
= (cos a + i sina) (cos b – i sinb )
Now
b = ∏ ⎜⎝ cos ⎜⎝ 2 − q r ⎟⎠ + i sin ⎜⎝ 2 − q r ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
r =1
a
or = cos (a – b ) + i sin (a – b ) n
⎛p ⎞
n
⎛p ⎞
b = cos ∑ ⎜ − q r ⎟ + i sin ∑ ⎜ − q r ⎟
r =1
⎝ 2 ⎠ r =1
⎝ 2 ⎠
b
Similarly, = cos (b – g ) + i sin (b – g ) = cos a + i sin a,
c
n
c ⎛p ⎞
and
a
= cos (g – a) + i sin (g – a) where a= ∑ ⎜⎝ 2 − q r ⎟⎠
r =1
a b c
Putting these values in + + = –1, = a + ib
b c a
we get \ a2 + b2 = cos2 a + sin2 a = 1.
[cos (a – b ) + cos (b – g ) + cos (g – a)]
32. If z2 – 2zcosq + 1 = 0, then z2 + z–2 is equal to
+ i [sin (a – b ) + sin (b – g ) + sin (g – a)]
(A) 2cos2q (B) 2sin2q (C) 2 cosq (D) 2 sinq
= –1 = – 1 + 0 i
Solution: (A)
Comparing real part on both sides, we get
We have,
cos (a – b ) + cos (b – g ) + cos (g – a) = –1 z2 – 2zcosq + 1 = 0
30. If n is a positive integer, then ( 3 + i)n + ( 3 – i)n is 2 cos q ± 4 cos 2 q − 4
equal to ⇒ z= = cos q ± cos 2 q − 1
np np 2
(A) 2n cos (B) 2n + 1 cos
6 6 = cos q ± − sin 2 q = cos q ± i 2 sin 2 q
n–1 np
(C) 2 cos (D) None of these = cosq ± isinq.
6
Solution: (B) When z = cosq + isinq

Let 3 = r cos q and 1 = r sin q z2 + z–2= cos2q + isin2q + (cos2q – isin2q)

so that = 2cos2q
1 p and when z = cosq – isinq,
r2 = 4 and tan q = ⇒ r = 2, q =
3 6 z + z = cos2q – isin2q + cos2q + isin2q
2 –2
n
⎛ p p⎞ = 2cos2q
\ ( 3 + i)n = 2n ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 6 6⎠
⎧ ⎛ np ⎞ ⎛ np ⎞ ⎫ ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
or ( 3 + i)n = 2n ⎨cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ (1)
⎩ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎭
If z = r (cos q + i sinq ) and n is a positive integer, then
Similarly,
1 1
⎧ ⎛ np ⎞ ⎛ np ⎞ ⎫ ⎡ ⎛ 2k p + q ⎞ ⎛ 2k p + q ⎞ ⎤
( 3 – i)n = 2n ⎨cos ⎜ ⎟ − i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ z n = r n ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟⎠ + i sin ⎜⎝ ,
n ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
(2)
⎩ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎭ ⎣ ⎝ n
Adding Eq. (1) and (2), we obtain where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, … (n – 1).
⎛ np ⎞
( 3 + i)n + ( 3 – i)n = 2 ⋅ 2n cos ⎜ ⎟ Cube Roots of Unity
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ np ⎞ Let z = 11/3 or z3 – 1 = 0
n+1
=2 cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6⎠ ⇒ (z – 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
 Complex Numbers 3.13

−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 5. x2 – xy + y2 = (x + yw) (x + yw2), in particular, x2 – x +

i.e., z = 1, , 1 = (x + w) (x + w2)
2 2
6. x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – xz – yz = (x + yw + zw2) (x + yw2 + zw)
−1 + i 3 7. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + w y + w2z) (x + w2y
Put w= ,
2 + w z)
−1 − i 3
then w2 = .
2 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Thus cube roots of unity are 1, w, w . 2

33. If 1, w, w2 be the three cube roots of unity, then (1 + w)

Properties of Cube Roots of Unity (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) … to 2n factors =
1. 1 + w + w2 = 0 (A) 1 (B) –1
2. w3 = 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
3. w3n = 1, w3n + 1 = w, w3n + 2 = w2 2p i Solution: (A)
4. w = w and ( w ) = w, w w = w , w = e 3 ,
2 2 3
We have,
2p i
−
w2 = e 3 (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) … to 2n factors
5. If a + bw + cw2 = 0, then a = b = c provided a, b, c are = (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w3 ⋅ w) (1 + w6 ⋅ w2) ... to 2n
real. factors
6. If these roots are marked on the argand plane, then
these are vertices of an equilateral triangle with = (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w) (1 + w2) … to 2n factors
circumcentre at origin, as shown in the Fig. 3.1. (∵ w3 = w6 = … = 1)
Imaginary = [(1 + w) (1 + w) … to n factors]
axis
–1 , 3
[(1 + w2) (1 + w2) … to n factors]
2 2 = (1 + w)n (1 + w2)n = [(1 + w) (1 + w2)]n
= (1 + w + w2 + w3)n = (0 + 1)n = 1
2π
3 (∵ 1 + w + w2 = 0, w3 = 1).
Real axis
O 2π (1, 0)
3 34. If 1, w, w2 are the three cube roots of unity, then (1 – w
+ w2) (1 – w2 + w4) (1 – w4 + w8) … to 2n factors =
–1 , 3 (A) 2n (B) 22n
4n
2 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these
Fig. 3.1 Solution: (B)
We have,
Fourth Roots of Unity
(1 – w + w2) (1 – w2 + w4) (1 – w4 + w8)
The four, fourth roots of unity are given by the solution set
of the equation x4 – 1 = 0 (1 – w8 + w16) … to 2n factors
⇒ (x2 – 1) (x2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1, ± i = (1 – w + w2) (1 – w2 + w) (1 – w + w2)
Fourth roots of unity are vertices of a square which lies on (1 – w2 + w) … to 2n factors.
coordinate axes.
[∵ w4 = w, w8 = w2, w16 = w and so on]
Some Useful Relations
1. x2 + y2 = (x + iy) (x – iy) = (– 2w) (– 2w2) (– 2w) (– 2w2) … to 2n factors
2. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + yw) (x + yw 2) = (22 w3) (22 w3) … to n factors
3. x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x – yw) (x – yw 2)
4. x2 + xy + y2 = (x – yw) (x – yw 2), in particular, x2 + x + [∵ (– 2w) (– 2w2) = 22 w3 = 22]
1 = (x – w) (x – w 2) = (22)n = 22n.
3.14 Chapter 3

Solution: (B)
35. − 1 − − 1 − − 1 − ... to ∞ =
We have, (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) w (D) w 2
⇒ (x – 1)3 = – 8
Solution: (C, D) \ x – 1 = (– 8)1/3 = – 2, – 2w, – 2w2
Let x= − 1 − − 1 − − 1 − ... to ∞ Hence, x = –1, 1 – 2w, 1 – 2w2

Then x= −1 − x or x2 = – 1 – x 39. (i + 3 )100 + (i – 3 )100 + 2100 =

or x2 + x + 1 = 0 (A) 1 (B) – 1
(C) 0 (D) None of these
− 1 ± 1 − 4 ⋅1⋅1 −1 ± − 3
\ x= = Solution: (C)
2 ⋅1 2
−1 + 3 i 2 2w
− 1 ± 3i We have, i+ 3 = ⋅ =
= = w or w2. 2 i i
2
−1 − 3 i 2 2w 2
6 6 and i– 3 = ⋅ =
⎛ 3 + i⎞ ⎛ i − 3⎞ 2 i i
36. ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ \ (i + 3 )100 + (i – 3 )100 + 2100
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) 1 100
⎛ 2w 2 ⎞
100
⎛ 2w ⎞
= ⎜ +⎜ + 2100
Solution: (A) ⎝ i ⎟⎠ ⎝ i ⎠
⎟
We have,
2100
2 ⎛ −1 + 3 i ⎞ = (w100 + w200) + 2100
3+i i 3+i i100
= =–i ⎜ ⎟ = –iw
2 2i ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2100 (w + w2) + 2100
i− 3 i2 − i 3 ⎛ −1 − 3 i ⎞
and = =–i ⎜ ⎟ = –iw
2 = –2100 + 2100 = 0.
2 2i ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3 + i⎞
6
⎛ i − 3⎞
6 nth Roots of Unity
⎜ 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2 ⎟ = (–iw) + (–iw )
6 2 6
Hence, Since 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0, therefore,
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(1)1/n = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/n
= i6(w6 + w12)
2p r + 0 2p r + 0
= –1 (1 + 1) = –2. = cos + i sin ; r = 0, 1, 2, …, (n – 1)
n n
37. The common roots of the equations z3 + 2 z2 + 2 z + 1 = 0 2p r 2p r
and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are = cos + i sin ; r = 0, 1, 2, …, (n – 1)
n n
(A) –1, w (B) –1, w2 2 rp
i
(C) w, w 2
(D) None of these =e n ; r = 0, 1, 2, …, (n – 1)
(i2p/n)
Solution: (C) = 1, e , e(i4p/n), …, e[i2(n – 1)p/n]
3 2
We have, z +2z +2z+1=0
= 1, a, a2, a3, …, a n – 1,
⇒ (z + 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
where a = e(i2p/n)
Its roots are – 1, w and w . The root z = – 1 does not
2

satisfy the equation z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 but z = w and Properties of nth Roots of Unity
z  =  w2 satisfy it. Hence, w and w2 are the common 1. 1 + a + a2 + … + a n – 1 = 0
roots. 2. 1 ⋅ a ⋅ a2 ⋅ … a n–1 = (–1)n–1
38. If the cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2, then the roots of 3. The n, nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 and
the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0 are form the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides.
(A) –1, 1 + 2w, 1 + 2w2 (B) –1, 1 – 2w, 1 – 2w2 4. nth roots of unity form a G.P. with common ratio
(C) –1, –1, –1 (D) None of these e(i2p/n).
 Complex Numbers 3.15

2. Section Formula: If R(z) divides the line segment

SOLVED EXAMPLES joining P(z1) and Q(z2) in the ratio m1 : m2(m1, m2 > 0)
then
40. If r is non-real and r = 5 1, then the value of m z + m2z1
(i) For internal division, z = 1 2
(1 + r + r 2 + r −2 − r −1 is equal to ) m1 + m 2
(A) 2 (B) 4 m1z 2 − m 2 z 1
(ii) For external division, z =
(C) 8 (D) None of these m1 − m 2
3. Equation of the Perpendicular Bisector: If P(z1) and
Solution: (B)
Q(z2) are two fixed points and R(z) is moving point
|1 + r + r2 + r–2 – r–1| = |1 + r + r2 + r3 – r4| (see Fig. 3.3) such that it is always at equal distance
from P(z1) and Q(z2) then locus of R(z) is perpendicu-
[∵ r5 = 1 ⇒ r3 ⋅ r2 = 1 or r–2 = r3 lar bisector of PQ
and r4 ⋅ r = 1 or r–1 = r4] i.e., PR = QR or |z – z1| = |z – z2|
= |1 + r + r2 + r3 + r4 – 2r4| ⇒ |z – z1|2 = |z – z2|2
1 − r5 P(z1)
− 2r 4 = 0 − 2r 4 (∵ r5 = 1)
1− r
= 2|r|4 = 2(1) = 2 (∵ |r| = 1 as r5 = 1)
R(z)
2|1+ r + r + r −2 − r −1 |
2

\ = 22 = 4
41. The values of (16)1/4 are
(A) ±2, ±2 i (B) ±4, ±4 i Q(z2)
(C) ±1, ±i (D) None of these
Fig. 3.3
Solution: (A) After solving,
We have
z ( z1 − z2 ) + z ( z1 − z2 ) = |z1|2 – |z2|2
1/4 4 1/4 1/4
(16) = (2 ) = 2 (1)
4. Equation of a Straight Line
= 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/4 (i) Parametric form: Equation of a straight line join-
⎧ 1 1 ⎫ ing the points having affixes z1 and z2 is z = t z1 +
= 2 ⎨cos (2 k p + 0) + i sin (2 k p + 0) ⎬ ,
⎩ 4 4 ⎭ (1 – t)z2, where t ∈ R
k = 0, 1, 2, 3 (ii) Non-parametric form: Equation of a straight
line joining the points having affixes z1 and z2 is
= 2 × 1, 2 × i, 2 × –1, 2 × –i = ±2, ±2i
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0
GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
z2 z2 1
1. Distance Formula: The distance between two points
⇒ z ( z 1 − z 2 ) − z ( z 1 − z 2 ) + z 1z 2 − z 2 z 1 = 0
P(z1) and Q(z2) is given by PQ = |z2 – z1| = |affix of
Q – affix of P| (see Fig. 3.2)
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Q(z2)
 Three points z1, z2 and z3 are collinear if,
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1 = 0
z3 z3 1
 If three points A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are collinear then slope
P(z1) of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC
z1 − z2 z2 − z3 z1 − z3
Fig. 3.2 ⇒ = =
z1 − z2 z2 − z3 z1 − z3
3.16 Chapter 3

(iii) General equation of a straight line: The general

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
equation of a straight line is of the form az + az
+ b, where a is complex number and b is real If z is a variable point and z1, z2 are two fixed points in the
number. argand plane, then
(iv) Slope of a line: The complex slope of the line 1. |z – z1| = |z – z2| ⇒ Locus of z is the perpendicular
a coeff. of z bisector of the line segment joining z1 and z2.
az + az + b = 0 is – =– and real
a coeff. of z 2. |z – z1| + |z – z2| = constant (≠ |z1 – z2|)
Re(a) ⇒ Locus of z is an ellipse
slope of the line az + az + b is – = –i
Im(a) 3. |z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z1 – z2|
(a + a )
. ⇒ Locus of z is the line segment joining z1 and z2
(a − a ) 4. |z – z1| – |z – z2| = |z – z2|
(v) Length of perpendicular: The length of perpen- ⇒ Locus of z is a straight line joining z1 and z2 but z
dicular from a point z1 to the line az + az + b = 0 does not lie between z1 and z2.
az 1 + az 1 + b az 1 + az 1 + b 5. |z – z1| – |z – z2| = constant (≠ |z1 – z2|)
is given by or . ⇒ Locus of z is a hyperbola.
a+a 2a
6. |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2 ⇒ Locus of z is a
5. Equation of a circle circle with z1 and z2 as the extremities of diameter.
(i) The equation of a circle whose centre is at point 7. |z – z1| = k |z – z2|, (k ≠ 1) ⇒ Locus of z is a circle.
having affix z0 and radius r is |z – z0 | = r.
⎛ z − z1 ⎞
(ii) If the centre of the circle is at origin and radius r, 8. arg ⎜ = a (fixed) ⇒ Locus of z is a segment of
then its equation is |z| = r (see Fig. 3.4). ⎝ z − z2 ⎟⎠
circle.
P(z) ⎛ z − z1 ⎞ p
9. arg ⎜ = ± ⇒ Locus of z is a circle with z1 and
r ⎝ z − z2 ⎟⎠ 2
z2 as the vertices of diameter.
C(z0) ⎛ z − z1 ⎞
10. arg ⎜ = 0 or p ⇒ Locus of z is a straight line
⎝ z − z2 ⎟⎠
passing through z1 and z2.
Fig. 3.4

(iii) |z – z0 | < r represents interior of a circle |z – z0| = r

whereas |z – z0| > r represents exterior of the circle TIME SAVING TIPS
|z – z0| = r.
   ||z1| – |z2|| ≤ |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|
A C = AB eiq or (z3 – z1) = (z2 – z1)eiq Thus |z1| + |z2| is the greatest possible value of |z1 + z2|
z3 − z1 and ||z1| – |z2|| is the least possible value of |z1 + z2|.
or = eiq
z2 − z1  If z +
1
= a, the greatest and least values of |z| are
z
(iv) If A, B and C are three points in argand plane such
that AC = AB and ∠CAB = q then use the rota- a + a2 + 4 − a + a2 + 4
respectively and .
tion about A to find eiq, but if AC ≠ AB use coni 2 2
method.  The area of the triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz
1
(v) If four points z1, z2, z3 and z4 are con-cyclic then is |z|2.
2
(z 4 − z 1 ) (z 2 − z 3 )  The area of the triangle with vertices z, wz and z + wz is
= real
(z 4 − z 2 ) (z 1 − z 3 ) 3
|z|2.
4
⎛ (z − z 3 ) (z 4 − z 1 ) ⎞ If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle and z0
or arg ⎜ 2 = ±p, 0 

⎝ ( z 1 − z 3 ) ( z 4 − z 2 ) ⎟⎠ be the circumcentre, then z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02 .

 If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of a triangle, then the triangle is
equilateral iff (z1 – z2)2 + (z2 – z3)2 + (z3 – z1)2 = 0
 Complex Numbers 3.17

z1 z
or z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = (1 + 0 + i – 1 + 0) = 1 i
3 3
1
+
1
+
1
=0 z1 ⎛ p p⎞
or = cos + i sin ⎟
z1 − z2 z2 − z3 z3 − z1 3 ⎜⎝ 2 2⎠
 The equation |z – z|2 + |z – z2|2 = k (where k is a real
43. If z1 and z2 (≠ 0) are two complex numbers such that
1
number) will represent a circle with centre at (z1 + z2) z1 − z2
2 = 1, then
1 1 z1 + z2
and radius 2k − | z1 − z2 |2 provided k ≥ |z – z |2.
2 2 1 2 (A) z2 = ikz1, k ∈ R (B) z2 = kz1, k ∈ R
 The one and only one case in which |z1| + |z2| + … + (C) z2 = z1 (D) None of these
|zn| = |z1 + z2 + … + zn| is that the numbers z1, z2, … zn
have the same amplitude. Solution: (A)
 If three points z1, z2, z3 are connected by relation az1 + We have,
bz2 + cz3 = 0 where a + b + c = 0, then the three points z1 − z 2 z /z − 1
are collinear. =1⇒ 1 2 =1
z1 + z 2 z 1/z 2 + 1
 If z is a complex number, then ez is periodic.
 If three complex numbers are in A.P., then they lie on a z1 z
straight line in the complex plane. ⇒ −1 = 1 +1
z2 z2
z1
⇒ lies on the perpendicular bisector of the
z2
SOLVED EXAMPLES segment joining A (–1 + 0i) and B (1 + 0i).
z1
42. The centre of a square ABCD is at z = 0. If A is z1, then \ = ai for some a ∈ R
z2
the centroid of triangle ABC is
z2 1 −i
z ⎛ p p⎞ ⇒ = =
(A) 1 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ z1 ai a
3 ⎝ 2 2⎠
\ z2 = i kz1 for some k ∈ R
z
(B) 1 (cos p + i sin p) 44. If z = x + iy and ‘a’ is a real number such that |z – ai| =
3
⎛ p p⎞ |z + ai|, then locus of z is
(C) z1 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ (A) x-axis (B) y-axis
(C) x = y (B) x2 + y2 = 1
(D) None of these
Solution: (A)
Solution: (A)
p
Since A is z1 and ∠AOB = We have, |z – ai| = |z + ai|
2
⎛ p p ⎞ ⇒ |x + i (y – a)|2 = |x + i (y + a)|2
\ B is z1 cos + i sin
⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ x2 + (y – a)2 = x2 + (y + a)2
⇒ 4ay = 0; y = 0, which is x-axis.
B B(z1)
45. The locus represented by |z – 1| = |z + i| is
(A) a circle of radius 1
O (0, 0) (B) an ellipse with foci at 1 and –i
(C) a line through the origin
(D) a circle on the join of 1 and –i as diameter
C D
Solution: (C)
Also, c is z1(cos p + i sin p) We have, |z – 1| = |z + i|
\ Centroid of DABC is
⇒ |(x – 1) + iy| = |x + i (y + 1)|
z1 ⎛ p p ⎞
1 + cos + i sin + cos p + i sin p ⎟ ⇒ (x – 1)2 + y2 = x2 + (y + 1)2
3 ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⇒ x + y = 0, which is a line through the origin.
3.18 Chapter 3

46. The centre of a regular polygon of n sides is located at 48. The equation |z – 1|2 + |z + 1|2 = 4 represents on the
the point z = 0, and one of its vertex z1 is known. If z2 Argand plane
be the vertex adjacent to z1, then z2 is equal to (A) a straight line
⎛ 2p 2p ⎞ (B) an ellipse
(A) z1 ⎜ cos ± i sin ⎟ (C) a circle with centre origin and radius 2
⎝ n n⎠
(D) a circle with centre origin and radius unity
⎛ p p⎞
(B) z1 ⎜ cos ± i sin ⎟ Solution: (D)
⎝ n n⎠
We have, |z – 1|2 + |z + 1|2 = 4 (1)
⎛ p p⎞
(C) z1 ⎜ cos ± i sin ⎟ 2 2 2 2
⎝ 2n 2n ⎠ ⇒ (x – 1) + y + (x + 1) + y = 4
(D) None of these (Putting z = x + iy)

Solution: (A) ⇒ 2 (x2 + y2 + 1) = 4

Let A be the vertex with affix z1. There are two possi- \ x2 + y2 = 1 or |z|2 = 1
2p
bilities and can be obtained by rotating z1 through ⇒ |z| = 1 (since |z| cannot be –ve)
either in clockwise or in anti-clockwise direction. n
Thus, the Eq. (1) represents all points z on the circle
12p
± with centre origin and radius unity.
z2 = z1e n (∵ |z2| = |z1|)
49. The locus of the point z satisfying the condition
O
z −1 p
arg = is
z +1 3
(A) a straight line (B) circle
(C) a parabola (D) None of these

C(z2) B(z2) Solution: (B)

A(z1)
z −1 p
We have, arg =
47. The locus of the complex number z in the Argand z +1 3
1− iz x + iy − 1 p
plane if = 1, is ⇒ arg = (Putting z = x + iy)
z −i x + iy + 1 3
(A) a circle (B) x-axis y y p
⇒ tan −1 − tan −1 =
(C) y-axis (D) None of these x −1 x +1 3
Solution: (B) ⎛ z1 ⎞
Let z = x + iy ⎜⎝∵ Arg z = Arg z1 − Arg z2 ⎟⎠
2
1− iz y y
Given, =1 −
z −i ⇒ tan −1 x −1 x +1 = p
1− i ( x + iy ) y2 3
⇒ =1 1+ 2
x + iy − i x −1
2y p
1 + y − ix ⇒ = tan = 3
⇒ =1 2 2
x + y −1 3
x + i ( y − 1)
2
(1 + y )2 + x 2 ⇒ x2 + y2 – y – 1 = 0, which is a circle.
⇒ =1 3
x 2 + ( y − 1)2 ⎛ z −i ⎞
n
50. If w = ⎜ , n integral, then w lies on the unit
⇒ (1 + y)2 + x2 = x2 + (y – 1)2 ⎝ 1 + iz ⎟⎠
⇒ 1 + y2 + 2 y + x2 = x2 + y2 – 2 y + 1 circle for
⇒ 4y=0 (A) only even n (B) only odd n
(C) only positive n (D) all n
⇒ y = 0, which is the equation of x-axis.
 Complex Numbers 3.19

Solution: (D) 54. Let z1 and z2 be two non real complex cube roots of
n
⎛ z −i ⎞
n unity and |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = l be the equation of a
⎛ z −i ⎞
We have, w= ⎜ = ⎜
⎝ 1 + iz ⎟⎠
circle with z1, z2 as ends of a diameter, then the value
⎝ i ( z − i ) ⎟⎠
of l is
n
⎛ 1⎞ (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2
= ⎜ ⎟ = (–i)n
⎝ i⎠
Solution: (B)
\ |w | = |(–i)n| = |–i|n = 1 for all n. We have,
\ w lies on unit circle for all n. |z – w |2 + |z – w2|2 = l
51. The equation z z + a z + a z + b = 0, b ∈ R represents ⇒ l = |w – w2|2 = |w2 + w4 – 2w3|
a circle (not point circle) if = |w2 + w – 2| = |– 1 – 2| = 3
(A) |a|2 > b (B) |a|2 < b
(C) |a| > b (D) |a| < b 55. The region in the Argand diagram defined by |z – 3| +
|z + 3| < 6 is the interior of the ellipse with major axis
Solution: (A) along
We have, z z + az + a z + b = 0 (A) real axis (B) imaginary axis
⇒ zz + az + a z + a a = aa – b (C) y = x (D) y = – x
⇒ (z + a) ( z + a ) = a a – b Solution: (A)
⇒ 2
|z + a| = |a| – b2
The equation |z – (3 + 0i)| + |z – (–3 + 0i)| < 6 rep-
resents the interior of ellipse with foci at (3, 0) and
This represents a circle (not point circle) if |a|2 > b.
(–3, 0). So, major axis is along real axis.
52. If z4 = (z – 1)4, then the roots are represented in the
56. If the area of the triangle on the argand plane formed
argand plane by the points that are
by the complex numbers –z, iz, z – iz is 600 square
(A) collinear units, then |z| is equal to
(B) concyclic
(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) vertices of a parallelogram
(C) 30 (D) None of these
(D) None of these
Solution: (B)
Solution: (A)
Area of the triangle on the argand plane formed by the
We have, z4 = (z – 1)4
2 np i
3 2
complex numbers – z, iz, z – iz is |z| .
⎛ z − 1⎞ 1/4 2
⇒ ⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ = 1 = e
4 , n = 0, 1, 2, 3 3 2
\ |z| = 600 ⇒ |z| = 20
Since for all these values of z, 2
z −1 57. If |z + z | + |z – z | = 8, then z lies on
= 1 so they lie on the line bisecting perpendic-
z (A) a circle
ularly the join of z = 1 and z = 0. (B) a straight line
(C) a square
53. The equation z2 + z 2 – 2|z|2 + z + z = 0 represents a (D) None of these
(A) straight line (B) circle Solution: (C)
(C) hyperbola (D) parabola
We have, |z + z | + |z – z | = 8
Solution: (D)
⇒ 2|x| + 2|y| = 8 or |x| + |y| = 4
We have, z2 + z 2
– 2|z|2 + z + z = 0
⎛ z + 2i ⎞
⇒ (x + iy)2 + (x – iy)2 – 2(x2 + y2) + x + iy + x – iy = 0 58. If Im ⎜ = 0, then z lies on the curve
⎝ z + 2 ⎟⎠
(Putting z = x + iy)
⇒ 2x2 + 2 (iy)2 – 2x2 – 2y2 + 2x = 0 (A) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 0
(B) x2 + y2 – 2x = 0
1
⇒ – 4 y2 + 2x = 0 or y2 = x, (C) x+y+2=0
2 (D) None of these
which is a parabola.
3.20 Chapter 3

Solution: (C) ⎛ 1 i 3⎞
Let z = x + iy and |1 – w2| = 1 − ⎜ − −
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
z + 2i x + iy + 2i x + ( y + 2) i
Then, = =
z+2 x + iy + 2 ( x + 2) + iy 3 i 3
= + = 3.
[ x + ( y + 2) i ] [( x + 2) − iy ] 2 2
=
( x + 2) 2 + y 2 Therefore, 1, w, w2 form an equilateral triangle.
( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y ) + i ( 2 x + 2 y + 4) 60. If |z – 1| + |z + 3| ≤ 8, then the range of values of |z – 4|
=
( x + 2) + y 2 2 is
⎛ z + 2i ⎞ (A) (0, 8) (B) [0, 8]
Since Im ⎜ =0⇒x+y+2=0
⎝ z + 2 ⎟⎠ (C) [1, 9] (D) [5, 9]
which represents a straight line. Solution: (C)
59. The cube roots of unity Given |z – 1| + |z + 3| ≤ 8
(A) lie on the circle |z| = 1 \ z lies inside or on the ellipse whose foci are (1, 0)
(B) are collinear and (– 3, 0) and vertices are (– 5, 0) and (3, 0).
(C) form an equilateral triangle Y
(D) None of these
Solution: (A, C)
(4, 0)
Clearly, cube roots of unity 1, w, w2 satisfy |z| = 1. X
(–5, 0) (–3, 0) O (1, 0) (3, 0)
2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
2
Also, |1 – w |2 = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⇒ |1 – w | = 3 Now, |z – 4| is distance of z from (4, 0). Minimum

distance is 1 and maximum is 9.
|w – w2| = | 3 i| = 3

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. If a, b, c, p, q, r are three complex numbers such that 4. The number of solutions of the equation z2 + |z|2 = 0,
p q r a b c where z ∈ C is
+ + = 1 + i and + + = 0, then the value
a b c p q r (A) one (B) two
p2 q2 r 2 (C) three (D) infinitely many
of 2 + 2 + 2 is
a b c 5. If w is the nth root of unity, then
(A) 2i (B) i (1 + w + w2 + … + wn –1) is
(C) –2i (D) None of these
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) –1
2. The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x –
i sin 2x are conjugate to each other, for 6. The complex number which satisfies the equation
(A) x = np (B) x = 0 z+ 2 |z + 1| + i = 0 is
⎛ 1⎞ (A) 2 – i (B) –2 – i
(C) x = ⎜ n + ⎟ p (D) no value of x
⎝ 2⎠ (C) 2 + i (D) –2 + i
3. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such 7. z1, z2 are two non-real complex numbers such that
that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then arg z1 – arg z2 is equal to z1 z 2
p p + = 1. Then z1, z2 and the origin
(A) – p (B) – (C) p (D) z 2 z1
2 2